Download - Is There Water Pollution Near US?
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Is There Water Pollution Near US?Is There Water Pollution Near US?http://www.catawbariverkeeper.org/issues/current-issues
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Types and Sources of Water Pollution1. disease-causing agents (pathogens)2. oxygen demanding3. water soluble inorganic chemicals4. inorganic plant nutrients5. organic chemicals6. sediment7. water-soluble radioactive isotopes8. heat9. genetic pollution
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Coal Ash
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Scale of Biologic Contaminant Scale of Biologic Contaminant ProblemProblem
• Major cause of infant deaths in third Major cause of infant deaths in third worldworld
• Diarrhea kills 4-15 million Diarrhea kills 4-15 million children/yearchildren/year
• Bacteria, viruses, parasitesBacteria, viruses, parasites
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// http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/envh10.sci.life.eco.deadzone/
MississippiRiver Basin
MissouriRiver
OhioRiver
MississippiRiver
LOUISIANAMississippi
River
Depleted
Oxygen
Gulf of Mexico
HypoxiaHypoxia
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Pollution of LakesPollution of LakesEutrophication Eutrophication
Fig. 22-7 p. 499
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Case Study: The Great Case Study: The Great LakesLakes
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Minamata Diseasehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihFkyPv1jtU
Mercury Poisoning
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Lead Poisoning
Dangers of Lead Poisoninghttp://on.aol.com/video/learn-about-the-dangers-of-lead-poisoning-227680681
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Sources Sources of Water Pollutionof Water Pollution
Point Sources Point Sources Non Point Sources
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Point and Nonpoint SourcesPoint and Nonpoint Sources
NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES
Fig. 22-4 p. 494
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Love CanalLove Canal• Landfill near Niagara Falls, NYLandfill near Niagara Falls, NY• Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation put Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation put
wastes in abandoned canal, covered it, deeded wastes in abandoned canal, covered it, deeded 16 acres to Niagara Falls Board of Education in 16 acres to Niagara Falls Board of Education in 1953.1953.
• Elementary school built on site; houses built Elementary school built on site; houses built around schoolaround school
• 1976—chemicals leaking into basements1976—chemicals leaking into basements• Environmental emergency declared in 1978Environmental emergency declared in 1978• State and federal gov’ts bought >500 State and federal gov’ts bought >500
contaminated houses in 1980; 1989 people contaminated houses in 1980; 1989 people began toreturnbegan toreturn
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXSE9kcBQCIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXSE9kcBQCI
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Solutions: Preventing and Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water PollutionReducing Surface Water Pollution
Nonpoint SourcesNonpoint Sources Point SourcesPoint Sources
Reduce runoff Reduce runoff
Buffer zone vegetation
Buffer zone vegetation
Reduce soil erosion Reduce soil erosion
Clean Water Act Clean Water Act
Safe Drinking Water Act Safe Drinking Water Act
Hazardous and Solid Waste amendments to CERCLA of 1984
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Monitoring water qualityMonitoring water quality
• Number of colonies of fecal coliform Number of colonies of fecal coliform bacteriabacteria
• Measure biological oxygen demand Measure biological oxygen demand (BOD)(BOD)
• Chemical analysisChemical analysis
• Indicator speciesIndicator species
• Genetic development of indicator Genetic development of indicator organismsorganisms
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Biological Oxygen Demand Biological Oxygen Demand Curve (BOD)Curve (BOD)
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Using Macroinvertebrates to Using Macroinvertebrates to determine water qualitydetermine water quality
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Guess Who!Guess Who!
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Solutions
Water Pollution
•Prevent groundwater contamination
•Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff
•Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation
•Find substitutes for toxic pollutants
•Work with nature to treat sewage
•Practice four R's of resource use
(refuse, reduce, recycle, reuse)
•Reduce resource waste
•Reduce air pollution
•Reduce poverty
•Reduce birth rates
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Federal Water LegislationFederal Water Legislation
• Federal Water and Pollution Control Act of Federal Water and Pollution Control Act of 19561956
• Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958consider wildlife in water projectsconsider wildlife in water projects
• National Environmental Policy Act of 1969National Environmental Policy Act of 1969require environmental impact require environmental impact
statementsstatements
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Legislation, continuedLegislation, continued• Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970
----control of oil pollution; work to eliminate control of oil pollution; work to eliminate acid mine drainage, pollution of Great Lakesacid mine drainage, pollution of Great Lakes
• CLEAN WATER ACT OF 1972CLEAN WATER ACT OF 1972----billions of $ to clean up nation’s waters; billions of $ to clean up nation’s waters; modern sewage treatment plants—huge modern sewage treatment plants—huge affectaffect
• Comprehensive Environmental Response, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)(CERCLA)---superfund!---superfund!
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More legislationMore legislation
• Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to CERCLA of 1984to CERCLA of 1984--regulates underground storage tanks--regulates underground storage tanks
• Water Quality Act of 1987Water Quality Act of 1987----national policy for controlling nonpoint national policy for controlling nonpoint sources of water pollutionsources of water pollution
• Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996--risk-based water quality standards, --risk-based water quality standards, consumer awarenessconsumer awareness
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Ocean PollutionOcean Pollution
Fig. 22-11 p. 504
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Dumping wastes in the Dumping wastes in the oceansoceans• Dumping industrial wastes off US coasts has Dumping industrial wastes off US coasts has
stopped, but dredge products are legally stopped, but dredge products are legally dumped at 110 sites in Atlantic, Pacific, and dumped at 110 sites in Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf CoastsGulf Coasts
• US has banned dumping sewage sludge in US has banned dumping sewage sludge in ocean since 1992ocean since 1992
• 50 countries rep ~80% of world’s shipping 50 countries rep ~80% of world’s shipping fleet have agreed not to dump sewage and fleet have agreed not to dump sewage and garbagegarbage
• London Dumping Convention of 1972; 1994London Dumping Convention of 1972; 1994
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Oil SpillsOil Spills Sources: offshore wells, tankers,
pipelines and storage tanks Sources: offshore wells, tankers,
pipelines and storage tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering
Significant economic impacts Significant economic impacts
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents
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Exxon ValdezExxon Valdez
• 1989; contaminated about 1500 km of 1989; contaminated about 1500 km of coastline; Prince William Soundcoastline; Prince William Sound
• $8 billion cost to Exxon$8 billion cost to Exxon
• 2006—17 years later, still toxic 2006—17 years later, still toxic patches of oil along some parts of patches of oil along some parts of shorelineshoreline
• Still—largest source of oil pollution is Still—largest source of oil pollution is runoff from land!runoff from land!
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Gulf of Mexico BP Oil SpillGulf of Mexico BP Oil Spill
• How big was the BP Oil Spill?How big was the BP Oil Spill?
• http://www.teachersdomain.org/http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/envh10.health.oilspillsize/resource/envh10.health.oilspillsize/
• Health RiskHealth Risk
• http://www.teachersdomain.org/http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/envh10.sci.life.eco.spillrisks/resource/envh10.sci.life.eco.spillrisks/
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Prevention Cleanup
Ban dumping of wastes and sewage by maritime and cruise ships in coastal waters
Reduce input of toxic pollutants
Separate sewage and storm lines
Regulate coastal development
Recycle used oil
Require double hulls for oil tankers
Require at least secondary treatment of coastal sewage
Use wetlands, solar-aquatic, orother methods to treat sewage
Sprinkle nanoparticles over an oil or sewage spill to dissolve the oil or sewage without creating harmful byproducts(still under development)
Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil shipping
Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material
Improve oil-spill cleanup capabilities
SolutionsCoastal Water Pollution
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Technological Approach: Septic Technological Approach: Septic SystemsSystems
Require suitable soils and maintenance Require suitable soils and maintenance
Fig. 22-15 p. 510
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Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment
Physical and biological treatment Physical and biological treatment
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Advanced (Tertiary) Sewage Advanced (Tertiary) Sewage TreatmentTreatment
Uses physical and chemical processes Uses physical and chemical processes
Removes nitrate and phosphate Removes nitrate and phosphate
Expensive Expensive
Not widely used Not widely used
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Technological Approach: Using Technological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat SewageWetlands to Treat Sewage
Fig. 22-18 p. 513
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Virtues of WetlandsVirtues of Wetlandshttp://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/lsps07.sci.life.eco.wehttp://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/lsps07.sci.life.eco.wetlands/tlands/
• Home to wildlife and floraHome to wildlife and flora
• Flood protectionFlood protection
• Cycling and storage of chemical and Cycling and storage of chemical and biological substancesbiological substances
• Found at heads of riversFound at heads of rivers
• Remove toxins from sewageRemove toxins from sewage
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Protecting, Sustaining, and Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring WetlandsRestoring Wetlands
Regulations Regulations
Mitigation banking Mitigation banking
Wetlands protection Wetlands protection
Wetlands restoration Wetlands restoration
Control of invasive species
Control of invasive species