Download - ISLAM
ISLAMISLAM
600 - 1200600 - 1200
OriginsOrigins
Mecca – caravan city on Arabian Mecca – caravan city on Arabian PeninsulaPeninsula
Ka’ba – shrine – believed to be site of Ka’ba – shrine – believed to be site of altar Abraham was to sacrifice his son altar Abraham was to sacrifice his son onon
Pilgrimage site for Jews and ChristiansPilgrimage site for Jews and Christians Other shrines to local gods also in cityOther shrines to local gods also in city
MuhammadMuhammad
Born in Mecca – 570Born in Mecca – 570 Orphaned – raised by uncleOrphaned – raised by uncle Married Khadija – widowMarried Khadija – widow Meditated in mountains – Angel Meditated in mountains – Angel
Gabriel visitedGabriel visited Revelations continued until he diedRevelations continued until he died Shared with family Shared with family
FoundationsFoundations
Muslim – one who makes submissionMuslim – one who makes submissionIslam – to the will of GodIslam – to the will of God
5 Pillars of faith5 Pillars of faith::-There is no God but God and Muhammed is his -There is no God but God and Muhammed is his prophetprophet- pray 5 times a day- pray 5 times a day- make the hajj to Mecca- make the hajj to Mecca- give alms to the poor- give alms to the poor- fast during the month of Ramadan- fast during the month of Ramadan
Local EffectLocal Effect
Chased out of Mecca (hijra)Chased out of Mecca (hijra) People of Medina welcomed him – settled People of Medina welcomed him – settled
disputesdisputes Founded an umma – community defined Founded an umma – community defined
by acceptance of Islam and Muhammad as by acceptance of Islam and Muhammad as the “Messenger of God”the “Messenger of God” Jews and Christians – people of the Book Jews and Christians – people of the Book Respect for them led to praying toward Mecca Respect for them led to praying toward Mecca
– site of Ka’ba– site of Ka’ba
Return to MeccaReturn to Mecca
Skirmishes with Mecca – sapped the city’s Skirmishes with Mecca – sapped the city’s strengthstrength
Led to many in Mecca to see Muhammad Led to many in Mecca to see Muhammad as true prophetas true prophet Muhammad and followers able to make hajj to Muhammad and followers able to make hajj to
MeccaMecca Had disagreement with Jews, exiled them from Had disagreement with Jews, exiled them from
MedinaMedina Medina still seen as a holy siteMedina still seen as a holy site
Death of MuhammadDeath of Muhammad
632 – died after brief illness632 – died after brief illness Medina stayed as special site Medina stayed as special site
because of the ummabecause of the umma Abu Bakr – successor to MuhammadAbu Bakr – successor to Muhammad
Father of Muhammad’s favorite wifeFather of Muhammad’s favorite wife Close friendClose friend Given title Given title caliph (khalifa) –caliph (khalifa) – means means
successorsuccessor
QuranQuran
The RecitationThe Recitation Words of God, not MuhammadWords of God, not Muhammad Written after Muhammad’s deathWritten after Muhammad’s death
LeadershipLeadership
Civil wars break out over who should Civil wars break out over who should leadlead
33rdrd Caliph assassinated Caliph assassinated Ali – Muhammad’s son-in-law chosen Ali – Muhammad’s son-in-law chosen
to leadto lead Leads to more warLeads to more war Ali ultimately gets killedAli ultimately gets killed
Shi’itesShi’ites
Sect who saw Ali as rightful Sect who saw Ali as rightful successorsuccessor
All leaders of Shi’ites claim leaders All leaders of Shi’ites claim leaders must be descendants of Muhammadmust be descendants of Muhammad
Caliph seen as more secular than Caliph seen as more secular than religiousreligious
Sunna’sSunna’s
Consider caliphs as ImamsConsider caliphs as Imams Do not possess power to define true Do not possess power to define true
beliefbelief Can’t expel heretics or discipline clergyCan’t expel heretics or discipline clergy
Supported 1Supported 1stst three caliphs three caliphs Most Muslims of this group (@90%)Most Muslims of this group (@90%) Believe that individuals should read Believe that individuals should read
and interpret Quran for themselvesand interpret Quran for themselves
CaliphatesCaliphates632 - 1258632 - 1258
22ndnd Caliph – Umar Caliph – Umar Conquered Syria and EgyptConquered Syria and Egypt Defeated last Sasanid shahDefeated last Sasanid shah
711 – Berbers conquered Spain711 – Berbers conquered Spain 711 – Southern Indus Valley & 711 – Southern Indus Valley &
western India conqueredwestern India conquered
How was Muslim Conquest How was Muslim Conquest Achieved?Achieved?
Social structure of Arab societySocial structure of Arab society Arabs prohibited from owning Arabs prohibited from owning
conquered lands, kept men in the conquered lands, kept men in the armyarmy
Military controlled non Islamic Military controlled non Islamic populations, collected taxespopulations, collected taxes
Little effort made to convert Little effort made to convert conquered peopleconquered people
Umayyad CaliphateUmayyad Caliphate661 - 750661 - 750
Ruled over Arabs, not a religious Ruled over Arabs, not a religious empireempire
Muslim Arabs in armyMuslim Arabs in army Used locals as secretaries and tax Used locals as secretaries and tax
collectorscollectors Later replaced local men with MuslimsLater replaced local men with Muslims Introduced Arab as government Introduced Arab as government
languagelanguage
Fall of UmayyadFall of Umayyad
Dissatisfaction of locals with rule and Dissatisfaction of locals with rule and exclusionary policiesexclusionary policies
Capital – Damascus – resentment of Capital – Damascus – resentment of other Arab people – felt left outother Arab people – felt left out
Caliphs seen as irreligious and too Caliphs seen as irreligious and too secularsecular
Rebellions start to occurRebellions start to occur
Abbasid CaliphateAbbasid Caliphate750 - 1258750 - 1258
Overthrew last Umayyad caliphOverthrew last Umayyad caliph Seen as family of Ali – gained Shi’ite Seen as family of Ali – gained Shi’ite
supportsupport Theology and religious law Theology and religious law
foundations of governmentfoundations of government Adopted customs of Sasanid shahsAdopted customs of Sasanid shahs Capital established in BaghdadCapital established in Baghdad
Golden AgeGolden Age
Early years of Abbasid CaliphateEarly years of Abbasid Caliphate Translations Greek worksTranslations Greek works Cultural diffusion – Greek, Iranian, Cultural diffusion – Greek, Iranian,
Central Asian, and African cultures Central Asian, and African cultures blendedblended
Papermaking from ChinaPapermaking from China The Arabian NightsThe Arabian Nights – written at this time – written at this time Conversion of conquered people Conversion of conquered people
solidified rulesolidified rule
Decline of AbbasidDecline of Abbasid
Conversion weakened power base of Conversion weakened power base of Arab CaliphsArab Caliphs
Frontier revolts too far away to be Frontier revolts too far away to be stoppedstopped
As more converted, less need for As more converted, less need for centralized government centralized government
Money stopped flowing into BaghdadMoney stopped flowing into Baghdad
Abbasid ReactionAbbasid Reaction
Purchased mamluks – Turkic slaves Purchased mamluks – Turkic slaves from central Asians – created from central Asians – created standing armystanding army
Expensive to keep – Turks overthrew Expensive to keep – Turks overthrew caliphscaliphs
Various groups control parts of Various groups control parts of Islamic empire for next centuryIslamic empire for next century
Seljuk TurksSeljuk Turks1050 - 12581050 - 1258
Gained controlGained control Nomadic ruleNomadic rule Let infrastructure of cities crumbleLet infrastructure of cities crumble Old system of paying soldiers and Old system of paying soldiers and
managing territories over taxed land managing territories over taxed land and peopleand people
CrusadesCrusades10991099
Jerusalem captured by ChristiansJerusalem captured by Christians Muslims forced to stop fighting among Muslims forced to stop fighting among
themselves and deal with Europeansthemselves and deal with Europeans Saladin – unified Egypt and SyriaSaladin – unified Egypt and Syria
Reclaimed Jerusalem -1187Reclaimed Jerusalem -1187 Worked out treaty with Richard the Worked out treaty with Richard the
LionheartedLionhearted Trade between Europe and Middle East Trade between Europe and Middle East
occurredoccurred
Mongol InvasionsMongol Invasions
1260 – mamluks defeated Mongols1260 – mamluks defeated Mongols Mongols were successful elsewhere – Mongols were successful elsewhere –
shifted Silk Road trade northshifted Silk Road trade north Cities destroyed by Mongols never Cities destroyed by Mongols never
recoveredrecovered Society changed after Mongols Society changed after Mongols
arrivedarrived
Islamic LawIslamic Law
Pre-Muhammad – no legal systemPre-Muhammad – no legal system Custom and Muhammad’s authority – Custom and Muhammad’s authority –
primary guidesprimary guides Slowly developed laws to govern social Slowly developed laws to govern social
and religious lifeand religious life Hadith – Hadith – words or deeds of Muhammad words or deeds of Muhammad
used to guide lifeused to guide life Personal behaviorPersonal behavior Quran – best sources of guidanceQuran – best sources of guidance
Shari’aShari’a
Books of the Books of the hadith hadith Sunnis use 6 booksSunnis use 6 books Shi’ites use 4Shi’ites use 4
Became basis of urban lifestyles – Became basis of urban lifestyles – little variation from Morocco to Indialittle variation from Morocco to India
Role of WomenRole of Women
Adopted veiling in public from Sasanid and Adopted veiling in public from Sasanid and ByzantineByzantine
Law gave women more status than Law gave women more status than Christian or Jewish lawChristian or Jewish law Inherit propertyInherit property Could remarryCould remarry Could divorce Could divorce Practice birth controlPractice birth control Go on pilgrimageGo on pilgrimage
SlavesSlaves
Allowed non-Muslims to be enslavedAllowed non-Muslims to be enslaved People of the Book – could not be People of the Book – could not be
enslaved unless they were prisoners enslaved unless they were prisoners of warof war
Hereditary slavery did not developHereditary slavery did not develop Offspring of Muslim men and slave Offspring of Muslim men and slave
women born freewomen born free
Change over TimeChange over Time
Conversion was not organized Conversion was not organized Different areas interpreted Islam Different areas interpreted Islam
differentlydifferently Iranians start to migrate to India and Iranians start to migrate to India and
AnatoliaAnatolia Set up Set up madrasamadrasa – religious colleges – religious colleges growth of Sufi sect – seek union with growth of Sufi sect – seek union with
God through ritualsGod through rituals