Download - IT Essentials Cisco
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I T Essen t ia lsPC Har dw are and So f t w a re
Com pan ion Gu ide
2 2 0 - 6 0 1 , 6 0 2 , 6 0 3 , 6 0 4
N ew Co u r se ( 2 0 0 6 )
W r i t e r s
Dav i d An f i n so n . Ken Qu am m e
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Abou t t he A+ Cer t i f i cat ion
A+ Essen t ia ls (220-601)
with one of the following
A+ I T Techn i ci an (220-602)
A+ Rem ot e Sup por t Techn ician (220-603)
A+ Depo t Techn ician (220-604)
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W h at I s Com p TI A A+
Cer t i f i ca t ion?
Com p TI A A+ cer t i f icat i on is an industry-wide,
vendor-neutral certification program developed andsponsored by the Comput ing Techno logyI ndu st r y Associ at i on ( Com pTI A) .
The CompTIA A+ certification shows that you havea basic competence in supporting microcomputers.
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W h o I s Co m p TI A?
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A+ Essen t i al s ( 22 0 - 60 1 )
Ex am Ob j ect i ves
I n t r oduc t i on t o t h e Pe rsona l Com pu t e r
Safe Lab Pr ocedu r es an d Tool Use
Com pu t e r Assem b l y - St ep by St ep
Basics o f Pr even t a t i v e Ma in t enance and
Troub leshoo t i ng
Fun dam en t a l Opera t i n g Sys tem s
Fun dam ent a l Pr in t e rs and Scann ers
Fu n d a m en t al N et w o r k s
Secur i t y
Com m un ica t i on Sk i l l s
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Ex am Essen t ia ls
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Computer Hardware
Module #1
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Th e Com p le t e PC
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Describe a Computer System A computer system is a combination
of Hardware & Software, which worksaccording the given instructions.
H a r d w a r e is a physically touchablethings used in computer systems.
S o f t w a r e is a set of instruction /commands to make the ComputerHardware workable. (Non-touchable)
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Basic Types of Personal Computers
Desktop PC
Tower PC
Mini Tower PC
Laptop PC
Palmtop PC
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Persona l Com pu t er
Componen ts
Disp lay dev ices
I n p u t d ev i ces
Adap t e r ca rds
Por t s an d cab les
Coo l in g sys t em s
Mothe r boa r ds
Processors
M e m o r y
St or age d ev ices
Pow er sup p l i es
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Ty pes o f Sy st em Boar ds Nonintegrated System Board
W/O integrated peripherals
Have to install all devices on Slots
Integrated System Board
Built-in Devices on the system board e.g.
sound / VGA / LAN / Modem etc.
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Syst em Boar d Com pon en t s
Chipsets Expansion slots
Memory slots and externalcache
CPU and processor slots orsockets
Power connectors
Onboard disk driveconnectors
Keyboar d connect o rs
Per iphe ra l po r t andconnec to rs
BI OS ch ip
CMOS ba t t er y
Ju m p er s an d D I Ps w i t c h e s
F i r m w a r e
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A Typical Motherboard Chipset
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A new Motherboard Chipsets
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Sy st em Boar d For m Fact o r s
Advanced Technology (AT)
Advanced Technology Extended (ATX)
Micro ATX
New Low-profile Extended (NLX)
Balanced Technology Extended (BTX)
Low Profile Extended (LPX)
New Others like IBM & Dell designs their own
motherboards.
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AT and ATX motherboards
AT (left) and ATX (right) motherboards for quick visual comparison
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Micro ATX Micro ATX
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Micro BTX motherboard Micro BTX motherboard
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ATX Motherboard
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Motherboard with new Tech
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Motherboard Processor Heatsink
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Understanding CPUs
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Processor Based Terms The maximum number of clock cycles that
a CPU can handle in a given period of timeis referred to as its clock speed .
The speed at which a CPU and the rest ofthe PC operate known as sy st em b u sspeed or Fr on t Side Bus
1 hertz (1 Hz) = 1 cycle per second
1 megahertz (1 MHz) = 1 million cycles per second
1 gigahertz (1 GHz) = 1 billion cycles per second
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Characteristics of Processors
Hype r t h r ead ing
Mul t i co r e T h r o t t l i n g
Micr ocod e ( MMX)
Ov er c lock in g
Cache
Vo l t age Regu la t o r Modu le
Speed
B a n d w i d t h
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Dual Core / Core 2 Duo Processor
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Cen t r a l Pr ocessin g Un i t ( CPU)
Pr ocessor Sock et & Slo t
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Processor Types & Technologies
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PGA (Pin Grid Array) The PGA package is used by the Intel Xeon processor,
which has 603 pins
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PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array) The PPGA package is used by early Intel
Celeron processors, which have 370 pins
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FCPGA
(flip chip pin grid array)The FC-PGA package is used in Pentium III and
Intel Celeron processors, which use 370 pins
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FC- PGA2 ( I HS)
(flip chip pin grid array-2)
Pentium III and Intel Celeron processor 370 pins
Pentium 4 processor (478 pins)
C G
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FC-LGA4
Flip Chip Land Grid Array 4 FC (Flip Chip) means that the processor die is
on top of the substrate on the opposite sidefrom the LAND contacts
OOI OLGA
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OOI or OLGA
(Organic Land Grid Array)The OOI i s used by t he Pen t i um 4 p rocessor , w h i ch h as 42 3 p in s
S E C C
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S.E.C.C.
(Single Edge Contact Cartridge) The S.E.C.C. package was used in the Intel Pentium
II processors, which have 242 contacts and thePentium II Xeon and Pentium III Xeon
processors, which have 330 contacts
S E P
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S.E.P.
Single Edge Processor The S.E.P. package was used by early Intel Celeron
processors, which have 242 contacts
S k t/Sl t T d th
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Socket/Slot Types and the
Processors They Support Socket 4 Pentium 60/66, Pentium 60/66 Over Drive
Socket 5 Pentium 75-133, Pentium 75+ OverDrive, AMD K5
Socket 6* 486DX4, 486 Pentium OverDrive
Socket 7 Pentium 75-200, Pentium 75+ OverDrive, PentiumMMX, AMD K6
Super Socket 7 AMD K6-2, K6-III
Socket 8 Pentium Pro
Slot 1 Pentium II, Pentium III, Celeron, all SECC and SECC2
Slot 2 Pentium II Xeon, Pentium III Xeon
Slot A Early AMD Athlon Socket 370 PPGA processors, including Pentium III and Celeron
Socket 423 Early Pentium 4
Socket A (Socket 462) AMD Athlon, Athlon XP, AthlonXP-M, Athlon MP, Thunderbird, Duron, Sempron
Socket/Slot Types and the
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Socket/Slot Types and the
Processors They Support Socket 478 Pentium 4, Pentium 4 Extreme
Edition, Celeron
Socket 479 Pentium M, Celeron M Socket 486 80486
Socket 563 AMD mobile Athlon XP-M
Socket 603 Intel Xeon
Socket 604 Intel Xeon with Micro FCPGA
Socket 754 Athlon 64, Sempron, Turion 64
Socket 771 Xeon 50x0 dual-core
Socket 775 Pentium 4, Pentium D dual- core,Celeron D
Socket 939 Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2,Opteron 100-series
Socket/Slot Types and the
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Socket/Slot Types and the
Processors They Support Socket 940 Athlon 64 FX (FX-51), Opteron
Socket 1207 Replaces Socket 940when used with Opteronmultiprocessor systems
Socket AM2 AMD single-processor systems,
replaces Socket 754 and Socket939
Socket S1 AMD-based mobile platforms,replaces Socket 754 in the mobile
sector PAC418 Itanium
PAC611 Itanium 2
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Peripheral ports and connectors
Mod em Ser ia l
LAN Par al le l LPT1
S- Video Ou t PS/ 2 Por t s
DVI USB Por t s
VGA Au d io Por t s
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Ex t er n a l Con n ect ion s
Plu g s, Por t s , Jack s, an d Con n ect or s
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D-su bm in iat u r e Con n ect o r s
Con n ect or Gend er Use
DE9 Male Serial portDE9 Female Connector on a serial cableDB25 Male Serial port or connector on a parallel cable
DB25 Female Parallel port, or connector on a serialcableDA15 Female Game port or MIDI portDA15 Male Connector on a game peripheral cable or
MIDI cableDE15 Female Video port (has three rows of 5
pins as opposed to two rows)DE15 Male Connector on a monitor cable
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RJ-SeriesRJ- 1 1 RJ- 4 5
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Ex p an sion Slo t s
ISA (International Standard Architecture)
PCI (Peripherals Component Interconnect)
AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port)
PCIe (PCI enhanced)
CNR (Comm. Network Riser)
AMR (Audio Modem Riser)
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ISA / EISA Expansion Slots
PC Bu s 8 bits wide 7-MHz speed Manual configuration
I SA Bus 16 bits wide 7-MHz speed Manual configuration
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PCI Expansion SlotsPCI Bus
32 bits wide 33-MHz speed Self-configuring
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PCI - X PCI-X is a 64-bit-wide bus
The PCI-X 2.0 standard features four speed grades(measured in MHz):
PCI-X 66,
PCI-X 133,
PCI-X 266,
PCI-X 533.
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AGP Expansion SlotAn AGP slot is a PCI slot, but one with adirect connection to the Northbridge.
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AMR Expansion Slot
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PCI Express Slot & Architecture
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PCIe x1 x4 PCIe motherboards also contain slots with
fewer lanes. Currently, 1 and 4 are themost common general-purpose PCIe slots.
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Slots Types and Bandwidth
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Types of of Memory Syn ch r on ou s Dyn am ic RAM
D I M M
DDR
DDR2
RDRAM
R I M M SoDI MM
MicroD I MM
SRAM
ROM
CMOS
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RAM Layout
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144-pin SoDIMM
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DIMM, DDR, DDR2, DDR3
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SIMMs installed on board
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DDR and DDR2 Difference
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Rambus Dynamic RAM
On boar d Flopp y and Har d Disk
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Connec to rs FDDs (Floppy Disk Drives)
Advanced Technology Attachment(ATA) 528MB
Enhanced IDE (EIDE/PATA) 144PB Serial ATA (SATA) .
Ultra DMA (UDMA) technology
SCSI
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Har d Disk Dr i ve Sy st em s Cont ro l le r
Har d D isk Host Adap t er
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Flopp y Dr i v es
Flopp y Dr iv e Size Num ber o f Tr ack s Capac i ty
514 DD 40 360KB
514 HD 80 1.2MB
312 DD 80 720KB
312 HD 80 1.44MB
312 ED 80 2.88MB
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Floppy Disk Data Cable
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SATA & IDE Hard Disk DrivesWith Data Cables Connectivity
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BI OS Ch ip
CMOS Bat t er y Date
Time
Hard drive configuration
Memory
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CD- ROM Dr iv es CD- R an d CD- RW Dr iv es
DVD- ROM Dr iv es DVD Bu r n ers
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Ot h er St o r age Med ia Rem ov ab le St o r age
Tape Back u p Dev ices
Flash Mem or y
SD AND OTHER MEMORY CARDS
USB-At t ach ed Ex t e rn a l Disk Dr iv es
Advanced D ig i t a l St o r age
HD DVD
Blu - r ay D isc
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Vid eo Tech n o log ies M o n o c h r o m e
EGA an d CGA
VGA
SuperVGA
XGA
DVI
HDMI ( High-Definition Multimedia Interface)
Com po si t e Video
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M o n i t o r s Dot Pi t ch The shortest distance
between two dots of the same coloron the monitor.
Refr esh Rat e(Technically called thevert ical scan frequency.)
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Basic D iagn ost ic Pr oced u r es Def in e t he Pr ob lem
Ch eck t h e Sim ple St u f f Fi r s t
Check t o See I f I t s User Er ro r Rest a r t t he Com pu t e r
Det e r m i n e I f t h e Pr o b lem I s Har d w ar e orSo f t w are Re la ted
I f t h e Pr o b l em I s H ar d w a r e Rel at ed , Det er m i n e
W hich Com ponen t I s Fa i l i ng
Check Serv i ce I n f o r m at ion Sour ces
I f I t A in t Br ok e Ask fo r Help
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Lapt op s v s. Desk t op s Por tab i l i t y
Cost Per fo rmance
Expandab i l i t y
Qu a l i t y o f Con st r u ct ion
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Lap t op Case Lap t op Mo t he rb oar ds
daughterboard
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Lapt op Pr ocessor s Lap t op p rocesso rs m oun t t o t he
m o t h er b o ar d d i f f er e n t l y t h a n d esk t o p
processors .
Lap t op p r ocesso rs ru n a t l ow er vo l t agesand clock speeds t h an d esk t op p r ocessor s.
Lapt op p r ocessor s h ave
act i ve s leep an d
slo w - d o w n m o d es.
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Lap t op Mem or y 144-pin SoDIMM
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DDR MI CRODI MM 1 7 2 PI N
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Storage Desktop Hard Disk vs Laptop Hard Disk
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Laptop Hard Disk Connectivity Laptop Hard Disk Master Slave Settings
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CDROM / DVD ROM Drives Desktop CDROM vs Laptop CDROM
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I n p u t Dev ices LAPTOPS Keyboards
Mice an d Po in t in g Dev ices Trackball
Touchpad
Touchpoint
Touch screen
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LCD Reso lu t io n s
LCD Video St an d ar d s
Nam e Reso lu t ion Rat io
Extended Graphics Array (XGA) 800 600 4:3
1024 768 4:3
Super eXtended Graphics Array plus (SXGA+) 1400 1050 4.3
Ultra eXtended Graphics Array (UXGA) 1600 1200 4.3
Widescreen Ultra eXtended (WUXGA) 1920 1200 16:10
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Ex p an sion Bu s an d Por t s PCMCI A ( PC Car d ) Ex p an s ion Bu s
Personal Computer Memory CardInternational Association.
(PCMCIA 2)(PCMCIA 3)
(PCMCIA 5)
Bandwidth = 32-bitBus Speed = 33MHz.
Data-rate = 132Mbps
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Pow er Syst em s Advanced Configurat ion and Power
I nterface (ACPI ) , ACPI defines common interfaces for
hardware recognition and configuration
and, more important, powermanagement.
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Globa l St a t es f o r Pow er G0 state (All Devices are running)
G1 power-saving (Sub modes S1S4) S1 is the most power-hungry sleep mode.
S2 uses less power than S1 (Processor is Off)
S3 is also called Standby in Windows. S4 is called Hibernation in Windows.
G2 power state is called soft off.
G3 Mechanical Off.
P S
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Pr ocessor St a t es C0 is the operational state; no power is being saved.
C1, or Halt, is a powered-down state, but the
processor can return to action nearly instantaneously. C2, sometimes called Stop-Clock, uses less power
than C1. The processor is still visible to softwareapplications but takes longer to wake up if a request
is made. C3 is Sleep mode. In this state, the processor cache is
flushed, and it will take a few seconds for theprocessor to be available.
D i S
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Dev ice St a t es D0 Fu l ly On is the full operating
state. D1 and D2 are intermediate power
states. Neither uses full power, and
each device specifically defines itsown D1 and D2 states.
I n D3 Of f , the device is completelypowered down and not responsive.
Di i L t P b l
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Diagn osing Lap t op Pr ob lem s Pow er Con cern s
Video I ssues I n p u t Pr o b lem s
N et w o r k in g Tr o u b l es
L t d P t b l D i
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Lapt op s and Por t ab le Dev ices Verify AC power (e.g. LEDs, swap AC adapter)
Verify DC power
Remove unneeded peripherals
Plug in external monitor
Toggle Fn keys
Check LCD cutoff switch
Verify backlight functionality and pixilation
Stylus issues (e.g. digitizer problems)
Unique laptop keypad issues
Antenna wires
Softwares
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Operating System Software
Microsoft Windows 98, XP, 2000, 2003
Application Software
MS Office, Media Players, Games, etc.
Driver
Piece of software to make hardware
workable with Operating System.
Unders tand ingOper at i ng Syst em s
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Role o f Oper a t in g Sy st em
Micr oso f t Oper a t ing Sy st em s
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DOS W i n d ow s 1
W i n d ow s 2 W i n d ow s 3 .x W i n d ow s 9 5 W i n d ow s 9 8
W i n d o w s Me W i n d o w s N T W i n d ow s 2 0 0 0 W i n d o w s XP
W i n d ow s 2 0 0 3 W i n d o w s Vi st a W i n d ow s 2 0 0 8
Using Operating Systems
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Windows GUI components My Computer
My Network Places Control Panel The command prompt
The Windows Registry Virtual memory System files
Windows Explorer File and disk management
Elem en t s o f a W ind ow
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Control Panel
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Vi r t u a l Mem o r y
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Sw ap Fi le
Pag e Fi l e
Key Boo t Fi les
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NTLDR
BOOT.I NI BOOTSECT.DOS
NTDETECT.COM NTBOOTDD.SYS
NTOSKRNL.EXE
Hardware Abstraction Layer HAL.DLL
Disk Partitions
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Primary Partition
Extended Partition Logical Partition
Unallocated Space
File Systems
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Get t in g D isk s Read y t o St or e Fi les
an d Pr o g r a m s Fi le A l lo cat io n Tab le ( FAT)
FAT16
FAT32. NTFS / HPFS
CDFS
FAT12
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File System / Data Write Structure
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Internal Mechanism
Fi le Man agem ent
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Fi les an d Fold er s
Each file has a filename of up to 255characters.
Certain characters, such as a period (.)
and slash (\ or /), are prohibited in thefilename.
An extension (generally three or four
characters) can be added to identify thefiles type.
Fi le syst em At t r i bu t es &Advanced At t r i bu t es
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Read On ly
Hidden
Arch i v ing
I n d e x i n g
Compress ion
Encryp t ion
Fi le Per m ission s
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Full Control,
Modify Read & Execute
Read and Write
Capab i l i t i es o f W in dow s Ex p lo r er
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Viewing files and directories
Opening programs or data files
Creating directories and files Copying objects (files or directories) to other locations
Moving objects (files or directories) to other locations
Deleting or renaming objects (files or directories)
Searching for a particular file or type of file
Changing file attributes
Formatting new disks (such as floppy disks)
N av ig at in g an d Usin g W in d o w sExp lorer
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Ex pan d in g a Fo ld er
Col lap s in g a Fold er
Select in g Mu l t ip le Fi les
Op en in g a Fi le
Ch ang in g t h e View Typ e
Fin d in g Sp eci f ic Fi les
Installing Operating Systems
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I ns t a l la t i on Pr er equ i si t es
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I n st a l la t io n Ty p e
l ll
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Typical Installation
Full InstallationMinimal Installation
Custom Installation
I n st a l la t io n Met h o d s
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Met hod Clean I ns ta l la t i on Upgr ade
Unattended Install Yes Yes
Bootable Media Yes No
Sysprep Yes No
Remote Install Yes No
Press Any Key to Boot From CD
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Welcome to Setup
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End-User License Agreement
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Create or Delete Partitions
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Format the Installation Drive
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Formatting Installation Drive
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Regional and Language Options
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Personalize Your Software
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Product Key / Serial Number
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Computer Name / Admin Password
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Date and Time Settings
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Network Settings
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Workgroup or Domain Settings
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Welcome to Windows / Complete
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Automatic Update Enable / Disable
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Skip the Internet Connect Screen
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Skip
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Thank You!
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Identifying WindowsFile-Related Problems
System files not found
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y
Configuration file issues Swap file issues
Boot issues
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Use a Windows startup disk
Boot.ini
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NTLDR
Ntdetect.com
Copy these files in Floppy Disk A: andboot computer from Floppy which willbypass the active partition and
booting files and you will have anormal windows XP Start.
Use Last Known Good Configuration
This feature will allow you to undoh th t d bl i
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any changes that caused problems in
the CurrentControlSet registry key,which defines hardware and driversettings. The Last Known Good
Configuration feature replaces thecontents of the CurrentControlSetregistry key with a backup copy that
was last used to successfully start upthe operating system.
Use System Restore
Once Windows XP boots into Safe mode,click the Start button access the All
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click the Start button, access the All
Programs | Accessories | System Toolsmenu, and select System Restore. Becauseyoure running in Safe mode, the onlyoption on the opening screen of the SystemRestore wizard is Restore My Computer ToAn Earlier Time, and its selected bydefault, so just click Next. Then, follow
along with the wizard to select a restorepoint and begin the restoration procedure.
Use Recovery Console
Once the system begins booting from
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the CD, simply follow the prompts
that will allow the loading of the basicfiles needed to run Setup. When you
see the Welcome To Setup screen,press R to start the Recovery Console
Command Func t i on
ATTRIB Changes the attributes of a file or folder.BATCH Runs the commands specified in a text file so that you can
perform many tasks in one step.CHKDSK Runs the hard disk checker.COPY Copies files from removable media to the system folders.
(Note: With the console you cannot use wildcards!)
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(Note: With the console, you cannot use wildcards!)DIR Lists the contents of a directory.DISKPART Creates or deletes disk partitions.ENABLE Enables a specified service or driver.EXTRACT Extracts compressed installation files (ones with
.CABextensions) to the system partition. This command only
works if you run the console from the installation CD.FIXBOOT Writes a new boot sector on the system partition.FIXMBR Writes a new Master Boot Record for the partition boot sectorFORMAT Formats the selected disk.
HELP Displays a list of available Recovery Console commands.LISTSVC Lists all services and drivers running in Windows.LOGON Logs on to Windows.MAP Displays the drive letter mappings currently recognized. Can
be helpful to use before DISKPART.
Identifying Windows-BasedTroubleshooting Utilities
Disk Managem ent Too ls
Even t View er
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Even t View er
FORMAT.EXE
CHKDSK
DEFRAG.EXE
NTBACKUP.EXE
MSCONFI G.EXE REGEDI T.EXE
CMD
ATTRI B.EXE
EXTRACT.EXE
EDI T.COM
Fix a corrupt Boot.ini
Bootcfg /parameter
/ S h d k f ll d ll d ll
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/Ad dScans the disk for all Windows installations and allows youto add any new ones to the Boot.ini file.
/Scan Scans the disk for all Windows installations.
/List Lists each entry in the Boot.ini file.
/Defau l tSets default operating system as the main boot entry.
/Rebui ldCompletely re-creates the Boot.ini file. The user mustconfirm each step.
/Redi rect Allows the boot operation to be redirected to aspecific port when using the Headless Administration feature.
The Redirect parameter takes two parameters of its own, [PortBaudrate ] [UseBiosSettings].
/Disab lered i rec t Disables the redirection.
Fix a corrupt partition boot sector
To use the Fixboot tool, from theR C l d t
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Recovery Console command prompt,
type Fixboot [drive]:
Where [drive] is the letter of thedrive to which you want to write anew partition boot sector.
Fix a corrupt master boot record
To use the Fixmbr tool, from theR C l d t
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Recovery Console command prompt,
type Fixmbr [device_name]
Where [device_name] is the devicepathname of the drive to which you want
to write a new master boot record.e.g. for C: = DeviceHardDisk0
Disable automatic restart
press [F8] to display the WindowsAdvanced Options Menu Then select
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Advanced Options Menu. Then, select
the Disable The Automatic Restart OnSystem Failure item and press [Enter]
Restore from a backup
Windows Backup Tool
Thi d P B k T l
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Third Party Backup Tool
Partition Image etc.
Perform an in-place upgrade
Booting from CD and choosing torepair the old installed Operating
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repair the old installed Operating
System is known as in-place upgrade.
Upgrading the Operating System
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Installing Device Drivers
1 L t d i f th d i
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1 . Locate drivers for the device.
2 . Connect the device to yourcomputer (either internally or
externally). 3 . Load or install the proper drivers.
4 . Configure the device.
Optimizing Windows 2000and Windows XP
Managing virtual memory
De fragmenting disks
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De-fragmenting disks
Using caches
Managing temporary files
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Understanding Printer andScanner Fundamentals
Impact printers Bubble-jet printers
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Laser printers
Other printers Printer interfaces and supplies
Scanners and their components Flatbed scanners Sheet-fed scanners
Handheld scanners Scanner interfaces
I m p act Pr i n t e r s
use some form of impact and aninked ribbon to make an imprint on
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inked ribbon to make an imprint on
the paper. In a manner of speaking,typewriters are like impact printers.
There are two major types of impactprinters:
Da isy - W heel Pr in t er s
Dot - Mat r i x Pr i n t er s
Daisy -W h eel Pr i n t er s
The i r speed i s ra t ed by th e nu m ber o f char act e rs per second(cps ) t h ey c an p r i n t .
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Dot -Mat r ix Pr in t er s
The p i ns i n t h e p r i n t - head a re w rapped w i t h c o il s o f w i re t ocrea te a so leno id and a re he ld i n t he r est pos it i on by acom b i na t i on o f a sm a ll m agne t and a s p r i ng To t r i gge r a
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com b i na t i on o f a sm a l l m agne t and a s p r i ng . To t r i gge r a
pa r t i cu l a r p i n , t he p r i n t e r con t ro l l er sends a si gna l t o t he p r i n t -head , w h i ch ene rg i zes t he w i res a round t he
app rop r i a te p r i n t w i re . Th i s t u r nst h e p r i n t w i r e i n t o an
e lect rom agnet , w h i ch r epel s t hep r i n t p i n , f o r c ing i t agai nst t hei n k r i b b o n a n d m ak i n g a d o t o nt he pape r .
Bu bb le- Jet Pr in t er s
In a bubble-jet printer, bubbles of inkare sprayed onto a page and form
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are sprayed onto a page and form
patterns that resemble the itemsbeing printed.
Par t s o f a Ty p ica l Bu b b le-Je tP r in te r
Printhead/ink cartridge
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Head carriage, belt, and steppermotor
Paper-feed mechanism
Control, interface, and power circuitry
Printer Carriage & Stepper Motor
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Typical Bubble-Jet PrinterFront View
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Laser Pr in t er s
There are two major types of pageprinters: those that use the
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p
electrophotographic (EP) printprocess and those that use the light-
emitting diode (LED) print process. El ect r o p h o t o g r a p h i c ( EP)
LED Pag e Pr in t er s
Elect r opho t og r aph i c ( EP) LaserP r i n te r s
THE TONER CARTRI DGE
THE LASER SCAN NI NG ASSEMBLY
HI GH- VOLTAGE POW ER SUPPLY
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HI GH VOLTAGE POW ER SUPPLY
PAPER-TRANSPORT ASSEMBLY
FUSI NG ASSEMBLY
Laser Printer Process (side view)
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Paper Feed and Exit Function
The pape r - t ranspo r t assemb ly i s respons ib le f o rm o v i n g t h e p ap er t h r o u g h t h e p r i n t e r . I t co n si st s o f amo to r and seve ra l rubbe r i zed ro l l e rs t ha t each
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pe r fo rm s a d i f f eren t f unc t i on .
The transfer corona assembly
W h e n t h e l a s e r w r i t e s t h e i m a g e s o n t h epho tosens i t i ve d rum, t he t one r t hen s t i c ks t o t heexp osed ar eas; Th e t r a n s fer co ro n a a sse m b ly i s g iven
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a h igh -vo l t age cha rge , w h i ch i s t r ans fe r red t o t hepape r w h i ch pu l l s t he t one r f r om the pho tosens i t i ved r u m .
FUSI NG ASSEMBLY
EP laser p r in t e rs inco r por a t e a dev ice k now n as a f use r w h ich uses t w o ro l l er s t h a t app l y p ressu r e and hea t t ofuse th e p last i c t one r p a r t i cles to t he paper .
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You may have no t i ced tha t pages f rom e i t he r a l ase rp r i n t e r o r a cop ier ( w h i ch u ses a sim i l ar dev i ce) com eou t w a rm . Th is i s because o f t h e fuser .
The EP print process /Laser Printers
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Ot h er Ty pes o f Pr in t er s
Sol id in k Solid-ink printerswork much like bubble-jet
printers: However, in a solid-ink printer, the ink is in
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p , p ,
a waxy solid form rather than in liquid form.
The r ma l Thermal printerswork by using a printhead the
width of the paper. When it needs to print, theprinthead heats and cools spots on the printhead.
Dye sub l im a t i on
Dye-sublimation printers are used most often in thegraphics or printing industries.
Pr in t er I n t er faces an d Su pp l i es
SERI AL
PARALLEL
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UNI VERSAL SERI AL BUS ( USB)
NETWORK
I NFRARED
SCSI
W I RELESS
Scan n er s an d Th e i rComponen ts
Glass plate and cover
Scanning head
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Stepper motor
Interface
A typical scanner Processand its components
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Ch ar g e Cou p led Dev ice ( CCD)Con t act I m age Sen so r ( CI S)
A charge coupled device (CCD) arrayis a device inside a scanner that
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converts photons (particles of light)into electricity.
CIS technology replaces the mirrorsand CCD array with a sensor as longas the glass plate is wide. The light
source is a set of LEDs that runs thelength of the glass plate as well.
Scanner Types
Fla t b ed Scan n er s
Sh eet - Fed Scan n er s
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Han dh e ld Scann er s
Flat b ed Scan n er
Sh eet Fed Scann er
Net w o r k in g Fu n d am en t a ls
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Computer Networks
A network links two or more computerstogether to communicate and share
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resources. A computer network allows computers to
link to each others resources.
Understanding NetworkingFundamentals
LANs vs . W ANs
Pr i m ar y n et w o r k co m p o n en t s
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N et w o rk opera t i ng s y st em s ( N OSs)
N et w o r k t o p o lo g ies
Net w o r k co m m u n i cat io n s
N et w o r k co m m u n i cat i on p r o t o co ls
Pr o t oco l addr essing
N et w o r k ar ch i t e ct u r es
LANs vs. W ANs
Local area networks (LANs) wereintroduced to connect computers in a
i l ffi
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single office. Wide area networks (WANs)
expanded the LANs to includenetworks outside the localenvironment and also to distribute
resources across distances.
Local Ar ea Net w or k s ( LANs)
LANs are simply the linking ofcomputers to share resources within
l d i t
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a closed environment.
W id e Ar ea N et w o r k s ( W AN s)
WANs can span buildings, states,countries, and even continental
b d i
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boundaries.
Pr im ar y Net w o r k Co m p o n en t s
Servers
Servers offer networks the capability of centralizingthe control of resources and can thus reduced i i t ti diffi lti
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administrative difficulties.
Clients or workstations
Workstationsare the computers on which thenetwork users do their work, performing activitiessuch as word processing, database design, graphicdesign, e-mail, and other office or personal tasks.
Resources
Net w o r k Resou r ces
Printers and other peripherals
Files
A li ti
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Applications
Disk storage
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Peer - t o -Peer Net w o r k s
In a peer-to-peer network, thecomputers act as both service
providers and service requestors
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providers and service requestors.
Cl ien t - Ser v er Resou r ce Mod e l
Server-based networks use a dedicated, centralizedserver.
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N et w o r k To p o lo g ies
Bus (can be both logical and Physical
Star (physical only)
Ring (can be both logical and Physical
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Ring (can be both logical and Physical
Mesh (can be both logical and Physical
Hybrid (usually physical)
Bu s Top o log y
A bus is the simplest physicaltopology. It consists of a single cable
that runs to every workstation
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that runs to every workstation.
St ar Top o log y
A physical star topology branches eachnetwork device off a central device called a
hub making it very easy to add a new
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hub, making it very easy to add a newworkstation. Also, if any workstation goesdown, it does not affect the entire network.
Rin g Top o lo g y
A physical ring topology is a unique topology. Eachcomputer connects to two other computers,
joining them in a circle and creating a
unidirectional path where messages move from
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unidirectional path where messages move fromworkstation to workstation.
Each entity participating in
the ring reads a message
and then regenerates it
and hands it to its neighbor
on a different network cable.
Mesh Top o log y
In Mesh physical topology, each deviceis connected to every other device
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Hyb r id Topo logy
The hybrid topology is simply a mix of theother topologies. It would be impossible to
illustrate it, because there are manycombinations
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illustrate it, because there are manycombinations.
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The 7 Layers of OSI Model
1.Application layer
2.Presentation layer
3 Session layer
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3.Session layer
4.Transport layer
5.Network layer
6.Data Link layer
7.Physical layer
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I EEE 8 0 2 Pr o j ect Mod e ls
802.1 Internetworking
802.2 Logic Link Control
802.3 CSMA/CD LAN
802.4 Token Bus LAN 802 5 T k Ri LAN
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802.5 Token Ring LAN
802.6 Metropolitan Area Network
802.7 Broadband Technical Advisory Group
802.8 Fiber Optic Technical Advisory Group
802.9 Integrated Voice/Data Networks
802.10 Network Security
802.11 Wireless Networks
802.12 Demand Priority Access LAN
N et w o r k Co m m u n icat io nPro toco ls
TCP/IP
IPX/SPX
NetBEUI/NetBIOS
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/
AppleTalk
TCP/ I P
Transm ission Cont rol Protocol/ I nternetProtocol (TCP/ I P) suiteis called a suite
because its a collection of protocols.
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p I n t er n e t Pr o t o co l ( I P) Handles the
movement of data between computers as well
as network node addressing
Tr ansm ission Con t r o l Pr o t oco l ( TCP)
Handles the reliable delivery of data
I PX/ SPX
I nternetwork Packet Exchange/ SequencedPacket Exchange ( IPX/ SPX) is the default
communication protocol for versions of theNovell NetWare operating system
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pNovell NetWare operating system
The two main protocols in IPX/SPX are IPX
and SPX. IPX provides similar functions to TCP.
SPX provides functions similar to the TCP/IP
suite protocols IP and UDP.
Net BEUI / Net BI OS
NetBEUI (pronounced net-boo-ee) isan acronym formed from NetBIOS
Extended User Interface. originallydeveloped by IBM and Sytek to manage
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g ydeveloped by IBM and Sytek to managedata exchange and network access.
AppleTalk
AppleTalk is not just a protocol; it is aproprietary network architecture for
Macintosh computers. It uses a busand typically either shielded or
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pand typically either shielded orunshielded cable.
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The IP address structure
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IP ClassesTheir Min & Max Ranges
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I d en t i f y in g Co m m o n Net w or k Med iaCabl ing
Coax ia l cab le(or coax) contains acenter conductor made of copper,
surrounded by a plastic jacket, with abraided shield over the jacket
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braided shield over the jacket
Tw ist ed - Pa ir
Tw ist ed - pa i r cabling is usually classified intwo types: unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)and shielded twisted-pair (STP).
UTP is simply twisted-pair cabling that is
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unshielded.
STP is the same as UTP, but it has a braided foil
shield around the twisted wires (to decreaseelectrical interference).
UTP & STP Cables Pairs & Colors
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UTP SEVEN GRADES
Category 1 voice-only
Category 2 speeds up to 4Mbps.
Category 3 speeds up to 10Mbps
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Category 4 speeds up to 16Mbps.
Category 5 speeds up to 100Mbps.
Category 5e speeds up to 1Gbps.
Category 6 speeds up to 1Gbps and beyond.
Fiber -Opt ic
It provides transmission speeds from 100Mbps to10Gbps and a maximum distance of several miles.Because it uses pulses of light instead of electric
voltages to transmit data, it is immune to electricalinterference and to wiretapping
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interference and to wiretapping.
FI BER- OPTI C CONNECTORTYPES
Straight Tip (ST) fiber-optic connector,developed by AT&T, is probably the mostwidely used fiber-optic connector.
Subscriber Connector
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W ir eless N et w o r k s
Wireless transmissions are madethrough the air by infrared light, laser
light, narrow-band radio, microwave,or spread-spectrum radio.
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Un d er st an d i n g N et w o r k in gComponen ts
Repeaters
Hubs/switches
Bridges
R t
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Routers
Brouters Gateways
Repeaters
Repeatersare simple devices. They allow acabling system to extend beyond its maximumallowed length by amplifying the network
voltages so they travel farther. Repeaters arenothing more than amplifiers and, as such, arevery inexpensive
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very inexpensive.
Hu b s/ Sw i t ch es
Hubs repeat any signal that comes inon one port and copy it to the other
ports (a process that is also calledbroadcasting).
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g)
Sw i t ches dont repeat everythingthey receive on one port to every
other port as hubs do.
Br idges
They join similar topologies and areused to divide network segments.
Bridges keep traffic on one side fromcrossing to the other.
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g
Rou te rs
Routersare highly intelligent devices thatconnect multiple network types anddetermine the best path for sending data.
They can route packets across multiplenetworks and use routing tables to store
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network addresses to determine the best
destination. Routers operate at the Networklayer of the OSI model.