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Jens Blauert, Bochum
Binaural Hearing and Human Sound Localization
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Physics Psychophysics
“sounds” “sensations”
Psychophysics“sensations”
Physics“sounds”
ακούειν (akúın)to hear
Acoustics
acoustic event auditory event
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Head-Related Coordinate System
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Some Key Words
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Effect of Head Movement
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Binaural Hearing and Human Sound Localization
- Introductory remarks - Directional hearing in the median sagittal plane - Directional hearing with sounds from lateral directions - Distance perception and inside-the-head locatedness - Summing localization - Auditory precedence and the echo threshold - The effect of interaural decorrelation - Binaural signal detection - Suppression of reverberance and coloration - Summary
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Directional hearing in the median sagittal plane
Directional Hearing in the Median Sagittal Plane
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Directional Hearing in the Median Plane
directionalbands
boosted bands
1/3 octnoise
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Directional Hearing with Sounds from Lateral Directions
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Lateralization
ear axis
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Generation of ITDs and ILDs
attenuatorsdelay lines
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Lateralization Blur for ILDs
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Lateralization Due to ILDs
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Lateralization Blur for ITDs
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ITD-Lateralization Cues
right ear
left ear
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Lateralization due to ITDs (broad-band signals)
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Distance Perception Inside-the-Head Locatedness
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Summing Localization Auditory Precedence
Echoes
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Standard Stereo-Listening Arrangement
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Summing Localization for Broad-Band Sounds
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Ear Signals for Impulsive Sounds in Stereo
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Summing Localization with Sideways Loudspeakers
after Plenge & Theile
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Auditory Effects with Two Coherent Sound Sources
Summing localization Precedence Effect Echo Threshold
broad-bandsounds
primary auditory event
echo
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Precedence Effect, Haas Effect and Backward Inhibition
signal: running speech of 50 syllables/s
delay of the reflection
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The Effect of Interaural Decorrelation
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Some Further Key Words
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Controlling the Degree of Coherence
3 independentnoise generators
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Spatial Extent of the Auditory Event as a Function of Interaural Correlation
after Dubrovski & Cherniak, 1966
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The Perceptive Phenomena of „Auditory Spaciousness“
Pioneer researches e.g., Kuhl, West, Marshall, Barron, Schroeder, Morimoto
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Binaural Signal Detection Suppression of Reverberance
and Coloration
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The Binaural Intellegibility–Level Difference, BILDCherry’s Experiment
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Binaural Suppression of ReverberanceDanilenko’s Experiment
degree of AM, m
reverberant chamber
reverb
anechoicthre
shol
d of
per
cept
ibili
ty
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higher localization accuracy, lower blurbetter source segregation (transparency)
suppression of undesired signals (cocktail-party effect)suppression of coloration and reverberance (better articulation)
>> clearer auditory perspective<<
better sense of envelopmenthigher auditory source width (auditory spaciousness)
>> better spatial impression<<
Advantages of Binaural Hearing
Higher Quality of the „Acoustics“!
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More details regarding the topic of this lecture can be found in
Jens Blauert (1997)
Spatial Hearing:The Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization
published by
The MIT Press, Harvard MA, ISBN 0-262-02413-6
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TASK A
Young men and women (about 30 years old) have applied to be admitted to a school for airline pilots.
For being accepted, they must have very good spatial-hearing capabilities.
This is necessary, among other reasons, because they have to respond correctly to signals from auditory displays in the cockpit.
Outline a battery of perceptual tests which could be used to evaluate these capabilities.
(a) What would you measure?(b) Which methods would you apply?(c) What equipment would you need?
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TASK B
The binaural-hearing capabilities of elderly people (over 65 years) are to be evaluated by means of routine screening tests.
The goal is to assess their abilities to localize sounds in space and to communicate under acoustically adverse conditions.
The information is needed , among other reasons, to decide if hearings aids should be applied to them – and, if yes, which kind of these?
Outline a battery of perceptual tests that could be used to evaluate these capabilities.
(a) What would you measure?(b) Which methods would you apply?(c) What equipment would you need?