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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
MODERN PARTICLE PHYSICS
How we got here, and where we’re going
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Mysteries of the Universe
• Quarks• Leptons• Higgs Bosons• Supersymmetric
Particles• SuperString
Theory
• Dark Matter• Dark Energy
and the cosmological constant
• Accelerating Universe
• Gravity Waves• Extra Dimensions
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
The End of Physics
"The more important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered,
and these are now so firmly established that the possibility of their ever being supplanted in consequence of new discoveries is exceedingly remote.”
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Albert A. Michelson, at the dedication of Ryerson Physics Lab, U. of Chicago, 1894
The End of Physics
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
The Miracle Year - 1905
RelativityQuantum PhysicsAtoms
1915 - General Theory of Relativity, the theory of gravity, based on warped space
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Relativity
• When a man sits with a pretty girl for an hour, it seems like a minute.
• But let him sit on a hot stove for a minute—and it’s longer than any hour.
• That’s relativity.
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Missing from understanding of the Universe in 1905?
Physics in 1905
Quantum MechanicsNuclear Physics
Elementary Particles
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Missing from understanding of the Universe in 1905?
Physics in 1905
Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953)
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Einstein’s Theoretical Discoveries
– Light comes in small packets - photons
– The speed of light is a constant• Independent of observer’s motion
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Einstein’s Theoretical Discoveries
– Light comes in small packets - photons
– The speed of light is a constant• Independent of observer’s motion
– E=mc2
– Space is warped by massive objects
– “Cosmological constant”
– Many others
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
– Light comes in small packets - photons
– The speed of light is a constant• Independent of observer’s motion
– E=mc2
– Space is warped by massive objects
– “Cosmological constant”
– Many others
• Remain central to our exploration of the universe
•xx
Einstein’s Theoretical Discoveries
•xx•xx
•xx•xx
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Einstein and Quantum Mechanics
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Quantum Mechanics and Gravity
Inconsistent?
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Einstein’s Dream
• To understand the underlying simplicity behind the vast complexities of Nature
Suspected gravity was a key
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Unification
Understand how nature’s forces are relatedelectricity, magnetism, and gravityelectromagnetis
m
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Einstein’s Dream Today
• Today, STRING THEORY – Unifies all forces– Overcomes inconsistencies between
gravity and quantum mechanics
• Ultimate Explanation?– from the tiniest quanta to the cosmos
• The Dream Lives On
• There are encouraging signs that success is near
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
The Universe is Mysterious, but Comprehensible
Willamette HallNo doubt about it
Al – we’ve mathematically expressed the purpose of the
universe. God, how I love
the thrill of scientific discovery
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
The Next RevolutionToday on the threshold of a revolution in understanding of the Universe
Recent discoveries
and powerful set of tools:
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
• What is the universe made of?– Ordinary matter and the known forces? Or more?
• How does it work?– From the sub-atomic to the cosmic scale
• How many spatial dimensions are there?– Just 3, or more (hidden dimensions)
• Why does matter have mass?• What was the Big Bang?
The Frontier The Frontier NowNow
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Convergence of the Large and the Small
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Modern scientific instruments
Fermilab, near ChicagoFermilab, near Chicago
Stanford Linear AcceleratorStanford Linear Accelerator
LIGO Laboratory, HanfordLIGO Laboratory, Hanford
Hubble Space TelescopeHubble Space Telescope
Cerro Tololo, ChileCerro Tololo, Chile
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
• probe laws of the cosmos in 2 ways
1. Super-microscope
2. Creation of massive matter (E=mc2) Heavy ordinary matter
Dark Matter
Particle Accelerators
ANTI-PROTONPROTON
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
What is matter?
• All matter we are familiar with is composed of atoms, or parts of atoms– Living things – butterflys, elephants, people …– Inanimate things – rocks, watches, cannonballs …– Astrophysical objects – planets, moon, stars, asteroids …
Even cosmic rays!
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
What is matter?Experiments with particle colliders have
advanced our detailed understanding of matter and how it behaves
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
What is matter?• Quarks
– combine to make protons and neutrons
• Leptons– eg. electron, neutrino
• Force Carriers– defines behavior of matter
We have a precise understanding of matter and its behavior
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
The Structure of Matter
?
?
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Are atoms alone a sufficient basis for explaining the
Universe?
No – not even close
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Halo of Dark Matter
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
How do we know that galaxies are surrounded by dark halo?
Galaxies are spinning too fast to be held together by gravity of the stars
Vera Rubin1950s
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
• 1930s motions of clusters of galaxies cannot be understood – Fritz Zwicky
• 1990-2000s Refined studies show dark matter dominance
Dark Matter Evidence
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Dark Matter Evidence
• 1930s motions of clusters of galaxies cannot be understood – Fritz Zwicky
• 1990-2000s Refined studies show dark matter dominance
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Imaging Dark Matter
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Imaging Dark Matter
Hubble Data analyzed by Yale astrophysicists
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Observing Galaxies• There must be a dominant presence of
a dark form of matter
– It is invisible!– We “see” it through gravitational effects
– this is the only way we know it exists
– What is it?– Is it just faint, ordinary matter?
• Most likely not - Promising candidate - exotic type of fundamental particle which is anticipated by particle theory
• Supersymmetric particle (Neutralino)
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Symmetries of particles
• 1928, Paul A.M. Dirac – Theory of the electron– Combining relativity and quantum mechanics
• He needed to assume there were partner particles for every known particle
• ANTI-MATTER • DOUBLED THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Discovery of Anti-Matter
• 1932 -Carl Anderson – The anti-electron,
or positron
All known particles have anti-particles
ELEMENTARYANTI-PARTICLES
Ant
i-Q
uark
sA
nti-
Lep
tons
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
SuperString Theory
• Unifies all particles and all forces– gravity with quantum mechanics
• Fundamental particles are represented as vibrations on string
– String is miniscule • Atom is 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 x bigger
– Space is ten-dimensional (not 3D!)– A matching set of particles appear
• the super-partners of ordinary particles
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
The Structure of Matter
?
hypothesis
?
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
ELEMENTARYANTI-PARTICLES
Ant
i-Q
uark
sA
nti-
Lep
tons
Supersymmetry and Strings
• History repeats?• Just as for anti-matter,
– New particles are required tomake successful theory
• The supersymmetric particles have just the properties expected of Dark Matter
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
The Universe
Another puzzle What gives matter mass?
• An ocean of Higgs Bosons - “Higgs Field”
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)Geneva, Switzerland
Nearing Nearing CompletionCompletion
Begins Begins operation this operation this
yearyear
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
International Linear Collider (ILC)
30 Miles
Under development
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
The Big Bang
• Fundamental Physics needed to understand Big Bang
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
The Cosmic Fireball
• Visible remnant of the Big Bang – microwaves in the sky– traveling through space for 14 billion years
Microwaves in the sky
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Probing the Big Bang
• Studied since 1965 discovery
• Series of increasingly more sensitive experiments
• Lastest - WMAP
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Probing the Big Bang
• Analysis of the WMAP data is equivalent to “weighing” the universe
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Probing the Big Bang
• The stars are a very small fraction
Energy ofOur
Universe
•Additional ordinary matter, Still a small fraction
•Anti- matter miniscule
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Probing the Big Bang
• The dominant “weight” of the universe is dark matter and dark energy
•Dark Energy Surprise•Related to Einstein’s Cosmological Constant
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
The Dark Side Controls the Universe
Dark Matter HOLDS IT TOGETHER
Dark Energy DETERMINES ITS DESTINY
Dark Matter is strange!Dark Matter is strange!
What about Dark Energy?What about Dark Energy?
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Measuring the Universe’ Expansion
Acceleration
Driven by Dark
Energy
After Supernova After Supernova After Supernova
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
• The closest realization of “nothing” is the vacuum – “empty space”
• Quantum physics -> no truly empty space• “Empty space” filled with temporary
particles
The Dark Energy Something from Nothing Dark
Energy
Dark Matter
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Empty Space
The Dark Energy Something from Nothing
Dark Energy
Dark Matter
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Quantum Fluctuations Create a “Dark Energy”
– Cosmological constant
The Dark Energy Something from Nothing
Dark Energy
Dark Matter
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Something from Nothing
• We can calculate the effect of these virtual particles on Dark Energy– This theoretical result is too big
– This is a BIG-time mystery • we know how the universe might make
Dark Energy, but we don’t know how to make so little
– By a factor of 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,
000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Seeking the Primordial Gravity Waves
• The fabric of the universe is still rattling from the violent Big Bang
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Primordial Gravity Waves
• LIGO looks for evidence of gravity waves
Hanford LIGO
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Gravity Waves Probe the Extremely Early Universe
14 billion
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Extra Dimensions
• String Theory– 10-dimensional space
• Particle Collider Experiments are looking for these hidden dimensions
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Our Mysterious Universe
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
Realizing Einstein’s Dream
• We are on the eve of a revolution in physics– Many mysteries – Solutions appear near – Deeper understanding of the universe itself
• Gravity waves may image earliest moments of Big Bang
• Dark Matter particles – may appear soon in particle collider experiments at accelerators
• Why is there mass? – Higgs Boson• Dark Energy – this is the biggest mystery of all
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008
RESEARCH SUPPORTED BY
Department of Energy OFFICE OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Philip H. Knight
Acknowledgements
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Jim Brau Univ. of Oregon QuarkNet July 9, 2008