![Page 1: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Joints of limbs
SHANDONG UNIVERSITY
Liu ZhiyuLiu Zhiyu
![Page 2: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Joints of upper limb
![Page 3: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Joints of should girdle
Sternoclavicular joint Bones: sternal end of clavicle, clavicular
notch of sternum, and first costal cartilage
Articular capsule: strong and is reinforced by anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
Articular disc: attached to the capsule, dividing the joint into two cavities.
Movements: elevation and depression, forward and backward, rotation and circumduction of the acromial end of the clavicle
![Page 4: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Joints of should girdle
Acromioclavicular joint Bones: acromion and acromial
end of clavicle Movement: rotation of scapula
on clavicleCoracoacromial arch Composition
coracoacromial ligament coranoid process Acromion
Prevents the shoulder joint from superior dislocation
Coranoid processAcromion
Coracoacromial ligament
![Page 5: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Joints of free upper limb
![Page 6: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
★Shoulder joint Type: ball and socket Bones: head of humerus and
glenoid cavity of scapula Capsule:
Thin and lax, especially lower part Attachments: proximal to glenoid
labrum; distal to anatomical neck of humerus, except medially where it is slightly distal to surgical neck
Tendon of long head of biceps brachii passes though the cavity
![Page 7: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
★Shoulder joint
Tendon of long head of biceps brachii
![Page 8: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
★Shoulder joint Accessory structures
Glenoid labrum : fibrocartilaginous ring on periphery of glenoid cavity
Coracohumeral ligament : runs from coracoid process to greater tubercle
Movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
![Page 9: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Radiograph of shoulder in a young female of 18 years in anteroposterior view (A) and axillary view with the arm abducted (B).
![Page 10: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
dislocation
![Page 11: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Dislocation of Shoulder joint
![Page 12: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
★ Elbow joint Bones: lower end of humerus, upper
ends of radius and ulna Humeroulnar joint :
formed by trochlear of humerus and troclear noch (hinge)
Humeroradial joint :
formed by capitulum of humerus and head of radius (ball and socket)
Proximal radioulnar joint : formed by articular circumference of radius and radial notch of ulna
Capsule: thin and lax anteriorly and posteriorly, strongly thickened on either side by collateral ligaments
![Page 13: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
★ Elbow joint Ligaments:
Radial collacteral ligament : attached to lateral epicondyle and annular ligament of radius
Ulnar collacteral ligament : attached to medial epicondyle to medial border of trochlear notch
Annular ligament of radius : attached to anterior and posterior margins of radial notch of ulna, surrounds the head of radius
Movements: flexion and extension, pronation and supination
![Page 14: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Dislocationof elbow joint
![Page 15: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Anteroposterior (A) and lateral (B) radiographs of an adult elbow joint. The joint is semiflexed in B.
![Page 16: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
In extension, the medial and lateral epicondyles and the top of the olecranon process are in a straight line;
in flexion, the bony point form the boundaries of an equilateral triangle.
![Page 17: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Joints between radius and ulna
Proximal radioulnar joint Interosseous membrane of
forearm: a fibrous membrane between the shaft of radius and ulna
Distal radioulnar joint formed by head of ulna, ulnar notch of radius and an articular disc
![Page 18: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Joints of hand
★ Radiocarpal joint (ellipsoid)
Bones Carpal articular surface of
radius and articular disc below the ulna
Proximal row of carpal: scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones, but not pisiform
Capsule: lax and strengthened by surrounding ligament
Movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
![Page 19: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Joints of hand
Intercarpal joints Carpometacarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb Bones: trapezium and base of first
metacarpal Movement: flexion, extension,
adduction, abduction, and opposition
Intermetacarpal joints Metacarpophalangeal joints Interphalangeal joints
![Page 20: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Joints of hand
Intermetacarpal joints 腕骨间关节 Metacarpophalangeal joints 掌指关节 Interphalangeal joints 指间关节
![Page 21: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Joints of Lower limb
![Page 22: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Joints of pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac joint Bones: auricular
surface of sacrum and ilium
Capsule: very tight and strengthened by ligaments
![Page 23: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Ligaments of the gluteal region
Sacrotuberous ligament
Connects the lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx to the ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous ligament
Connects the lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx to the spine of the ischium
![Page 24: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Foramina of the gluteal region
Greater sciatic foramen Formed by the greater sciatic notch of
the hip bone and the sacrospinous ligament.
It provides an exit from the pelvis into the gluteal region.
Lesser sciatic foramen Formed by the lesser sciatic notch of
the ischium and the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments.
It provides an entrance into the perineum from the gluteal region
![Page 25: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Joints of pelvic girdle
Pubic symphysis Articulation: symphysial
surface and interpubic disc (fibrocartilage)
Ligaments: superior pubic ligament and arcuate pubic ligament
Obturator membrane Obturator canal
![Page 26: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Bony pelvis Composition: formed by paired hip
bones, sacrum, coccyx, and their articulations
In anatomical position: anterior superior iliac spines and pubic tubercles on same vertical plane, while the tip of coccyx and superior border of pubic symphysis on same horizontal plane
Terminal line: formed by promontory of sacrum, arcuate line, pecten of pubis, pubic tubercle, upper border of pubic symphysis
Two portions: greater pelvis lesser pelvis
![Page 27: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Bony pelvis
Lesser pelvis pelvic inlet (terminal line): Pelvic outlet : formed by tip
of coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, ischial tuberosity, ramus of ischium, inferior ramus of pubic, symphysis
Pelvic cavity Pubic arch
subpubic angle
![Page 28: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Main difference between male and femal pelvis
Female Male
Overall Wide and short Narrow and long
Iliac ala More horizontal More vertical
Inlet Round Oval or heart shaped
Outlet Larger Small
Pelvic cavity Shallower, wide Deep narrow
Subpubic angle Right angle (90~1000) Acute angle (70~750)
![Page 29: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Main difference between male and femal pelvis
Female Male
Pelvic inlet
Pelvic outet
Pelvic cavity
Pubic arch
90~1000 70~750
![Page 30: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Main difference between male and femal
pelvis
![Page 31: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Anteroposterior radiograph of adult female pelvis.
![Page 32: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Joints of free lower limb
![Page 36: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
★ Hip joint
Bones: acetabulum and femoral head
Articular capsule attachments Above: margins of acetabulum
and transverse acetebular ligament
Below: in front to intertrochanteric line; behind, to the neck of femur above 1 cm above the intertrochanteric crest
![Page 37: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
★ Hip joint Accessory structures
Acetabulum labrum ; transverse acetebular ligament
Ligaments Iliofemoral lig. Ligament of head of femur Pubofemoral lig. Ischiofemoral ligament
Zona orbicularis
Movement: flexion, extention, adduction, abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
Acetabulum labrum
Transverse acetebular lig.
Ligament of head of femur
![Page 38: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
★ Hip joint
Ischiofemoral lig.
Zona orbicularis
Iliofemoral lig.
Pubofemoral lig.
![Page 39: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Head of femur is driven posteriorly, out of acetabulumPoterior dislocation of the hip bone
![Page 41: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
★Knee joint
Bones:
lower end of femur
upper end of tibia
patella
Articular capsule:
Superapatellar bursa
Deep infrapatellar bursa
Ala folds
![Page 42: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
★Knee joint
Accessory structures ligaments
Patellar lig. Fibular collateral lig. Tibial collateral lig. Anterior
cruciate ligment Posterior cruciate ligament Oblique popliteal ligament
Meniscus Medial meniscus (C-shaped) lateral meniscus (O-shaped)
![Page 43: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
★Knee joint
Oblique popliteal lig.
Anterior cruciate lig.
Posterior cruciate lig.
Fibular collateral lig.
Tibial collateral lig.
![Page 44: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
★Knee joint Movements: flexion and
extension; flexed knee joint may be passively rotated through 700
lateralMedial
![Page 45: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Hip joint Knee joint
Radiograph
![Page 46: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Coronal T1-weighted magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the knee in an adult male.
![Page 47: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Tibiofibular syndesmosis
Tibiofibular joint Crural interosseous membrane Anterior and posterior tibiofibular
ligaments
![Page 49: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Joint of foot
Talocrural joint (ankle joint ) Bones: lower ends of tibia and fibula,
trochlea of talus Articular capsule: thin and lax in front and
behind, and supported on each side by strong collateral ligaments
Ligments Medial lig. Lateral lig.
Anterior talofibular lig. Calcaneofibular lig. Posterior talofibular lig.
![Page 50: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Joint of foot
Medial lig.
Calcaneofibular lig.
Anterior talofibular lig.
Posterior talofibular lig.
![Page 51: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Joint of foot
Talocrural joint Movements:
dorsiflexion (extension) plantar flexion (flexion); when the ankle joint is fully
plantar flexed, small amounts of abduction, and adduction are possible
![Page 52: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Torn fibers of anterior talofibular lig.
![Page 53: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Joint of foot Intertarsal joints
Talocalcaneal joint Talocalcaneonavicular joint Calcaneocuboid joint
Tarsometatarsal joints Intermetatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints Interphalangeal joints
Inversion and eversion of foot
transverse tarsal joint
![Page 54: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Arches of foot
Medial longitudinal arch formed by calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms and first to third metatarsal bones, head of talus is the keystone of this arch
Lateral longitudinal arch: formed by calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth metatarsals; cuboid is is
the keystone of this arch
![Page 55: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Arches of foot
Tranverse arch: formed by cuboid, three
cuniforms and all metatarsals; the intermediate cuneiform is the keystone of this arch
Function: give to foot strength stability and resilience; protect plantar vessels and nerves
![Page 56: Joints of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. Joints of upper limb](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ca25503460f9496104a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Arches of foot
Normal arch Flatfoot