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Determining the proportion of illicit (contraband) cigarettes in a local
public health jurisdiction
Julie Stratton, Manager, EpidemiologyPeel Public Health
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BackgroundSelf report surveys:
Most smokers buy their cigarettes legally
1% of Canadians might have purchased smuggled cigarettes (CTUMS)
13% of Canadians buy cigarettes from a First Nations reserve (23% of Ontarians)
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Background Cigarette Butt StudiesCanadian Convenience Store Association
26% in Ontario youth (2008)38% in Peel youth (2008)
Ontario Convenience Store Association21% in Ontario residents (2014)22% in Brampton residents (2014)
Post-secondary campuses in Ontario – 14%
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Peel Region• West of Toronto
• 1.3 million residents (20,000 people added each year)
•15% of Peel residents smoke
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Research QuestionsWhat proportion of cigarettes in the
Region of Peel are illicit (untaxed?)
Are there differences in the proportion of illicit cigarettes by location of collection?
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Methods – Sampling Frame4 types of locations within Peel Region
Regional hospitals (3 locations)Regional buildings serving the public (2 locations)
College campuses (2 locations) and university campus (1 location)
Secondary schools (random selection of 10 locations)
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Methods – Pilot Study
Piloted process from one location from each venueCollectionIdentification
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Methods – Sample SizeRequired 1,209 butts per venueParameters
Estimated number of cigarettes smoked per dayEstimated per cent of contraband based on pilot
studyAdjustment factor 1/0.7 - 1Precision of the estimate = 3%Statistical power = 80%Type 1 error rate = 5%Cigarette butt discard rate based on results of
pilot study
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Methods – Collection and StorageHand collection from the ground or
dumped from cigarette disposal binsCollected butts until quota was metCollected on non-rainy daysStored in a fire proof cabinet in
plastic bins at an off-site location
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Classification - TestingBrand name or symbolExistence of a dry patch within the
plug wrapNumber of rows and type of
ventilation holesType of filter (acetate or
polypropylene)Resources:
www.cigarettespedia.com
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Classification – Brand NameExamplesdu MaurierPlayer’sMatineeViceroyExport A
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Classification – Plug Wrap and Dry Patch
Plug wrap
Dry patch (area with no glue)
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Classification – Ventilation Holes
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Mechanical
Electrostatic
Laser
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Classification - FilterPolypropylene vs acetate
Some illegal cigarettes use polypropylene filtersDo not dissolve in acetone
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ClassificationLegal brandedInternationalLegal nativeContraband (illegal)DiscardsUnknown or other
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Classification – Legal NativePuttersDKSSagoMénagePodium
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Classification – Contraband ExamplesCanadianPlayfairUnbranded
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ResultsTotal Collected and Discard Rate
Location Total collected
Total discards
Discard Rate (per cent)
Hospitals 3,140 449 14.3
Regional Buildings
2,804 370 13.2
College/university campuses
4,808 670 13.9
Secondary schools
3,280 562 17.1
TOTAL 14,032 2,051 14.6
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Results – Overall Classification Classification Number Per CentLegal branded 10,663 89.0International 144 1.2Native legal 530 4.4
Contraband (Illegal)
629 5.3
Unknown or other
15 0.1
Note: Excludes discards
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Results - Native Legal and Contraband by VenuePopulation Representing
Venue Per Cent Native Legal
Per Cent Contraband
Youth Secondary schools
3.1 8.6
Young adult College/university campuses
1.4 2.8
General population
Hospitals, Regional buildings
7.6 5.5
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ConclusionLower percentage of contraband
cigarette butts than reported in other studies (5.3%)
The percentage of contraband cigarette butts varied by venue (highest in secondary schools)
Contraband rates are low - Peel will focus on other aspects of tobacco control
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Implications for Public health practiceCollection of cigarette butts to assess
percentage of contraband cigarettes can easily be replicated in the field
Peel Health has developed the following protocols which can be shared:Cigarette Butt Study protocolCigarette Butt Collection ProtocolCigarette Butt Identification ProtocolCigarette Butt Photo Library
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For more informationJulie Stratton, Manager,
Epidemiology, Peel Public Health, [email protected]
Dr. Megan Ward, Associate Medical Officer of Health, Peel Public Health, [email protected]
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Limitations
International and some contraband cigarettes might have been classified as legal
Selection of venues