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URBAN FOOD HABITS AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEALTH
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RESEARCH TEAMTEAM LEADER : DR. UMA KOIRALA RESEARCH COORDINATOR: MS. ANITA BAKEENUMERATORS: MS. MINA RAI
MS. YAM KUMARI MS. MINA KUSI
Presentation by : Ms. Anita Bake
Urban Food Habits : Background The risk factors for non- communicable disease are1. Smoking Habits2. Alcoholism 3. Low quality diet4. Physical inactivity
Non communicable disease Major killer in today's scenario.
According to World Health Organization, out of 58 million deaths globally, non communicable disease accounts for 35 milling death in 2005.
79 % of the death in global scenario is attributed to non-communicable disease occur in developing countries
Among the total deaths in South Asia, proportion attributed to non-communicable disease range 7 % in Nepal.
Non-Communicable disease
Diet
Alcohol
Tobacco and
smoking
Physical activity
Rationale• Urbanization and globalization has brought shift in the
dietary pattern • Increased trend of western type high fat, high sugar and
refined carbohydrates and low fiber diets by consuming packed foods, canned juices and soft drinks.
• Non- communicable disease are “Silently” becoming a heavy burden for developing countries like Nepal.
• Food intakes and Nutrition is the fore major modifiable determinant of chronic disease.
• The occurrence of the Non-communicable disease can be prevented to the extent of 80 % simply by adopting good lifestyle like physical exercise, balanced diet and avoiding smoking and alcohol.
Primary goal of the study is to study the food habits of the
children and adolescent of Kathmandu Valley. Specific objective of the research1. Identify the dietary pattern of the urban children and adolescent
on junk foods and restaurant culture.2. Analyze the effects of the economic and social status as well as
peer pressure on food consumption pattern. 3. To indicate the possible risk factors for associated with food
consumption pattern.4. To develop a mechanism for addressing the need for more
adequate food information system to maintain the food and nutritional situation of population.
Research Objective
Methodology
• Primary and Secondary data collection by adopting both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection
• The study area is eight schools of three districts from Kathmandu Valley including primary level classes and Higher secondary level students
Globlization Urbanization
Global marketing
Socio-economic factor
Peer Pressure
Dietary Transition from traditional nutritious food to Junk/packed foods
Adolescent Children
Food Preferences
Urban Food Habit
Parent's education and occupation
Family Background
Family type- Breakfast
-Lunch- Tiffin
Food Habits Health Condition
Homemade foodJunk/packed foods
Cold drinksRestaurants/cafes/canteen
foods
Health problemsBMI
Guardians
Food Marketing & Advertisement
Schools Information• Kathmandu District1. Suryodaya Higher Secondary School- Dillibazzar, Kathmandu2. Mount Glory Higher Secondary School- Tahachal, Kathmandu3. National Integrated College (NIC)- Dillibazar, Kathmandu4. Siddhartha Banasthali H. S. School- Banasthali, Kathmandu• Lalitpur District1. Balankur Secondary School – Lalitpur2. Jana Bhavana Campus- Chapagoun, Lalitpur• Bhaktapur District1. Prabhat H. E.S. School – Byasi- Bhaktapur2. Khwopa H. S. School- Dhekocha- Bhaktapur
Data Analysis and Results
A comparative data analysis of the data collected from students and children has been done as following:
1. Age and Sex wise distribution of the Respondents
1. Children are most active physically and mentally. • High growth phase by gaining adolescent height, weight and sexual
development. The food consumption patterns in these regards are very important for these ages for normal development
Children : Primary Level Students-Age group from 8-10 age were 47 % and 11-13 age were 53 %
2. Adolescent is a period of intense physiological, psychological and social change. • Eating patterns are frequently erratic in adolescents. • ‘Early adopters’ of new products or ideas. • These age groups provide the insight of the nutritional transition happening in
the food habits of the new generation.
Adolescents : Higher Secondary Level Students- Age group from 15-17 age were 65 % and 18-20 age were 35%.
2. Types of Family
• The type of family where the children has been brought up influences the dietary pattern of the children.
• The type of family also represents the socio- economic background of the respondents.
Children: 64 %of the children live with Nuclear / Single family and 26 % live with
Joint familyAdolescents 78 % of the respondents have the Nuclear family 22 % of the respondents have Joint familyIn Average 71 % of the respondent’s families are living in nuclear families 29 % of the respondents are living as joint families.
Types of Breakfast
Children• 59 percent of the respondents consume breads and milk for
their breakfast.• 15 percent eat cornflakes and milk in breakfast • 8 percent eat rice, dal and curry for breakfast. • Consume biscuits, pies, fruitcakes, milk, noodles, tea, coffee and doughnuts for breakfastAdolescents • 62 percent of the respondents eat their breakfast at home• 11 percent have their breakfast at School,• 26 percent have their breakfast in Canteen/Café• 1 percent of the respondent pack food from home for breakfast.
Types of Lunch
Children • 77 % eat lunch homemade foods • 22 % eat readymade packed foods • 1 % eat restaurant foods
Adolescents • 75% of the respondents have homemade food for Lunch • 23 % generally have readymade packed foods for lunch• 3 % of the respondents have their lunch in Restaurants. • Adolescent consume less homemade foods and more packed and
restaurant foods than children
In averages • 75.50 % i.e. 3/4th of the respondents eat home cooked foods • 22.5 % respondents eat ready to eat/Junk foods • 2 % eat at restaurants • 1/4th of the respondents eat junk and fast foods for lunch
Homemade food Readymade packed foods
Restruant foods0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
77
22
1
74
23
3
ChildrenAdolescents
Types of lunchPe
rcen
tage
Types of Tiffin
Children • 77 % of the respondents bring Tiffin from home • 23 % get pocket money . Adolescents,• 20 %of the respondents get home food for the Tiffin.• 80 % of the respondents get pocket money • They normally go to restaurants, buy junk foods. In average, • 42 % of the respondents get home cooked food for Tiffin, • 6.5 % of respondents get packed food as Tiffin• 51.5% i.e. more than half the percent of the respondents
get pocket money for the Tiffin.
Home cooked food Pocket Money Packed food fromhome0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
64
23
13
20
80
0
ChildrenAdolescent
Perc
enta
ge
Food and Drink Preferences
Preferences• 54 percent respondents prefer home cooked foods.• 46 percent respondents prefer junk foods or canteen foods to eat
Similarly • 60 percent respondent prefered water and 40 percent respondent
prefered drinking soft drinks to water.
Reasons for prefering junk foods and soft drinksJunk foods are Soft Drinks are• Tasty Tasty• easily available Easily Available• cheaper Cheaper• saves times Saves times
• Refreshing than water
Home cooked food Packed foods/canteen foods0
10
20
30
40
50
60
7065
43
35
57
ChildrenAdolescents
Preferences of food items
Perc
enta
ges
Water Colddrinks0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
59
4139
61
ChildrenAdolescents
Preference between water and colddrings
Perc
enta
ge
Frequency of Consuming Junk Foods and Soft Drinks
Frequency of Consuming Junk foods• 16 percent of the respondents consume junk food twice a
day• 37 percent consume at least once a day• 27.5 percent consume junk foods on every alternate days • 19.5 percent respondents consume junk foods only once a
week.Frequency of Consuming Soft Drinks• 11.50 percent respondents always consume soft drinks• 61.5 percent respondents consume soft drinks occaisonaly • 27 percent rarely consume any soft drinks. Tw
ice a
day
Once a d
ay
On the a
ltern
ate day
s
Once a w
eek
05
10152025303540
18
38
31
1314
36
24 26
ChildrenAdolescents
Frequency of consumption of junk food
Perc
enta
ge
Twice
a day
Once a d
ay
On the a
ltern
ate day
s
Once a w
eek
0
5
10
1520
25
30
3540
18
38
31
1314
36
2426
ChildrenAdolescents
Frequency of consumption of junk food
Perc
enta
ge
Effects of Advertisement on Food Consumption
• 57 percent respondents watch television less than one hour,
• 32.5 percent respondents watch television for 2-3 hrs. a day
• 10.5 percent respondents watch television more that 4 hrs. a day.
• 63 percent of the total respondents like to eat the food items shown in the advertisement
• 37 percent respondents do not like to eat food items shown in advertisement.
Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescents
• 85 percent have knowledge of balance diet • 15 percent do not have any idea of balanced
diet• High percent of the adolescents were aware
about the contents of junk foods and soft drinks but unaware of their effects on their health.
Opinions Regarding Junk foods
• 17 percent respondents think junk foods are healthy
• 22 percent of them think, consumption of junk foods also help in normal development and growth
Body Mass Index (BMI)
• BMI is one of the means to measure the nutritional status of the person.
• Calculation of the BMI is done as per the provided height and weight measurement.
• 31 percent adolescents are underweight• 48 percent adolescents are of normal weight• 15 percent adolescents are overweight and • 6 percent adolescents are obese
Underweight Normal Overweight Obese0
5
10
15
20
25
30
13
26
8
1
18
22
7
5
Male Female
Body weight as per BMI
Perc
enta
ge o
f res
pond
ents
Health Problems
• 48 percent of the adolescents complained of having health problem
• Highest percent of them complained of having Gastritis, bowel problem, common cold, diarrhea and weakness.
Results from guardian’s survey• Many parents prefer providing junk foods or money
to children • About 50 percent of guardians have no information
what their children are given at school for Tiffin• Approx 1/3 of the parents from urban societies do
not have time to prepare Tiffin for their children• High percent of guardians, themselves buy junk food
and soft drinks for children in every occasions and weekends
• 60 percent of the guardians think that advertisement has highest effects on food preferences of children
Contd…..• High percent of the educated parents seems to
have knowledge of Balanced diet but lack the information of junk food effects on children health
• 13 percent of guardians think that junk foods helps for children development
• 32 percent have no idea what effect junk foods has on health.
• The maximum percent of the guardians think that giving junk foods sometimes as in once to twice a week if fine for children
Major Findings
• Higher the income of the parents , higher is the consumption of junk foods.
• Better the economic status of the family, higher is the consumption of junk foods
• High percentages of the adolescents prefer junk foods than children.
• Guardians lack the knowledge in the change in food’s nutritional value after processing and modification.
Contd….
• Knowledge gap in understanding the actual contents and ingredients of junk foods and its real and long term impacts on health.
• Canteen foods : mo: mo, chowmein, noodles, pakouda, chips, bread chops and soft drinks- more dangerous than the packed foods .
• High knowledge level and information BUT prevalence of ignorance in the feeding habits of the children in urban areas
Conclusion
• Urbanization and globalization is changing people’s lifestyle and diet in developing countries.
• There is strong relationship between diet and emergence of Non-communicable disease
• Developing countries like Nepal is facing double burden of diseases as they are already facing malnutrition, diarrhea, infection and now they are also facing high increase in non-communicable disease
Contd….
• The marketing of junk/ packed foods increasing consumption is increasing day by day.
• More the consumption of junk foods more is the risk for Non –Communicable disease
• Children and Adolescents are the most vulnerable to the so called modern trends of eating junk foods and cold drinks
• The traditional staples food are being replaced by junk foods
Recommendations : On Government Level
• Incorporate and prioritize nutrition as a cross- cutting issues in Government’s policies to form and implement policy to avert the growing epidemic and diet related complications in Nepal.
• Use of artificial, synthetic additives in food items is high in junk foods. Hence, this should be limited within the standards of food laws.
• There should be a clear policy related to advertisement and promotion of various junk foods/soft beverages and should bring out strict laws against the promotion of junk food items.
• Need for sufficient data base on food habits, patterns and nutrition sufficiency.
Recommendations : Policy implications
• Implementation of World Health Organization’s recommendation on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children in order to reduce the exposure of children to marketing messages that promote foods high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acid, free sugars or salt and to reduce the use of powerful techniques to market these foods to children.
• Advocacy and lobbying should be increased to formulate new plans and program and implement them against the faulty advertisement and hence try to control the misconceptions being created that junk foods are healthy for consumption.
• There is a need of comprehensive food and nutrition plans/policies, schools extensive program and health programs
Contd..
• Strong advocacy and lobbying is essential to aware policymakers about the risks and costs involvement of consuming unhealthy diets.
• There is a need of revise school level nutrition related curriculum so that student could get actual knowledge of nutrition which is very effective mode of knowledge sharing and could influence the eating pattern of family/household level as well.
Recommendations: I/NGOsCBOs
• NGO should incorporated nutrition related program by coordinating with Government and other NGO’s to avoid duplication and flow the nutrition related program effectively
• Nutrition stakeholders, health personal, civil society groups and local leaders should increase awareness on the need for the scaling up nutrition actions and investments to prevent non-communicable diseases, promote consumer’s protection, food quality control, advocate for policy options and monitor implementation of nutrition related policies.
Recommendations: On School Level
• Encourage students/children to eat healthy homemade foods by teachers and school authorities.
• Sufficient Food and nutrition knowledge that links to food and health should be included at all level of school education.
• The study has raised the issues on the quality, healthiness, hygiene and safety of the college canteen food services and School Tiffin Services. Hence, college and schools should understand the importance of healthy diet in development of adolescent and children and collaborate with the food and nutrition expertise to provide the students with safe, hygienic and good quality food items.
Recommendations: On household/Parents level
• Schools should introduce the policies of not allowing junk foods inside school including school canteen as junk free zone.
• Never encourage students/Children to drink soft drinks and other preserved energy drinks.
• Guardians should be made aware and literate about good and proper nutrition and its importance by the school authorities during meeting with them.
Recommendations: Research, Resources and Knowledge Management
• Need of sufficient data base on this sector has to be
established. • Need of more human resources on nutrition to work in diet-
related various issues to increase awareness and introduce effective intervention in community regarding nutrition.
• Need to conduct research on how diet- related chronic diseases affect socio-economic prospects, prevalence of Life- style associated disease, Nutritional transition in Nepal and its effects to health, Effects of advertisement in Food habits and consumption pattern, Variation in consumption of junk foods and fruits/vegetables and many other research that associates food consumption and health.
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