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Karnaugh Maps
Ellen Spertus
MCS 111
September 2, 2003
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Big Picture
• Any number can be represented as 0s and 1s• Functions can be represented as a table• Any table of 0s and 1s can be interpreted as
a truth table• Any truth table can be converted into a
boolean function• We can implement boolean functions with
switches
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Homework 1
A B C f(A,B,C) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
A
B
C
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Sum of products form
A B C f(A,B,C) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
• Product refers to and (·)
• Sum refers to or (+)
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Practice
A B C f(A,B,C) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
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Homework 3: Nand is universal
• “Universal” means that you can build any boolean function out of it
• You must be able to construct– and– or– not
• All you need is nand gates!
f1(A)A
A
Bf2(A,B)
f3(A,B)
A
B
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Optimizing formulas
• Why is it better to have simpler formulas?
• What makes one function simpler than another?
• Given a truth table, is there a way to automatically generate the simplest possible function?
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Building a Karnaugh map
A B C f 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
C
AB
0
1
00
01
11
10
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Using a Karnaugh map
• Circle each horizontal/vertical region of 1s.
• Convert each term into a boolean product (i.e., and the variables or their negations together).
• Build a sum of the products (i.e., or the products together).
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Practice
A B C f 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
C
AB
0
1
00
01
11
10
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Rules for Karnaugh maps• Label each axis with a gray code, i.e., only
change one bit at a time.• Regions can stretch horizontally or vertically.• Each side of a region must be a power of 2
(e.g., 1, 2, or 4).• For simplest formula, choose ________region
and make use of “don’t care”s.• Regions may wrap around the edges.• Practice with 4-input Karnaugh map…
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Putting it together• Definitions:
– An integer greater than 1 is prime if it has no divisors besides 1 and itself.
– An integer greater than 1 is composite if it is not prime.
• Let’s design a circuit that will tell whether its 3-digit binary input is composite or prime
• Result should be 0 for composite, 1 for prime.
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Big Picture
• Any number can be represented as 0s and 1s.
• Any table of 0s and 1s can be interpreted as a truth table.
• We can implement boolean functions with switches.
Any truth table can be converted into a boolean function.
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4-variable Karnaugh mapA B C D f 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
AB
00
01
11
10C D
0 0
0 1
1 1
1 0
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n n prime? A B C f
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Karnaugh map for primes
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Lab 1
• Get familiar with your lab kit and logic gates
• Build a full adder
• Make use of a 4-bit adder
• The voice of experience says:– Read the directions carefully– Draw your wiring diagram
properly
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Wiring diagrams 1/2
• The drawing is neat, with straight horizontal and vertical (not diagonal) lines. (Use rulers and templates.)
• Chips are drawn not as rectangles but in shapes that suggest their function.
• Chips are labeled with their part number (e.g., LS283).
• Signal names (e.g., A3) appear inside the chip, pin numbers outside.
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Wiring diagrams 2/2
• The connections of the upper-right pin to power and the lower-left pin to ground are not shown.
• Inputs and outputs are clearly labeled and grouped together.
• If colors are used, they should be used logically and consistently.
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LS283
B3 B2 B1 B0A3 A2 A1 A0
Cout Cin
3 2 1 0
14 12 3 5 11 15 2 6
79
10 13 1 4
L3 L2 L1 L0
S3 S2 S1 S0 S7 S6 S5 S4inputs
outputs