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KARYA TULIS AKHIR
UJI EFEK ANTIMIKROBA EKSTRAK ETANOL BUAH LADA HITAM
(Piper nigrum) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Salmonella typhi
SECARA IN VITRO
Oleh :
Mudrika Amaliah
201510330311192
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2019
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu’alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh
Puji syukur saya panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena atas
rahmat dan hidayah-Nya, penulis telah berhasil menyelesaikan usulan penelitian
yang berjudul “Uji Efek Antimikroba Ekstrak Etanol Buah Lada Hitam (Piper
nigrum) terhadap Pertumbuhan Salmonella typhi Secara In Vitro”.
Penulisan usulan penelitian ini dilakukan dalam rangka memenuhi salah
satu persyaratan dalam program sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang.
Penulis menyadari bahwa penyusunan usulan penelitian ini jauh dari
sempurna, walaupun demikian penulis telah berusaha semaksimal mungkin serta
mendapatkan bantuan dan bimbingan dari Dosen Pembimbing dalam rangka
penyusunan. Tanpa bantuan dan dorongan dari berbagai pihak, tidaklah mudah
menjalani masa perkuliahan hingga pada penyusunan tugas akhir ini.
Akhir kata, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang
telah membantu dan memberikan dukungannya, semoga amal kebaikan tersebut
dilipat gandakan Allah .
Wassalamu’alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh
Malang, 09 Agustus 2019
Penulis
vi
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH
Pada penulisan karya tulis ini, penulis banyak mendapat bimbingan dan bantuan
dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu dalam kesempatan ini penulis mengucapkan
terima kasih yang tak terhingga kepada:
1. Dr. dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp. PD, selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas bimbingannya selama di
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
2. dr. Moch. Ma’roef, Sp. OG, selaku Wakil Dekan 1 Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas bimbingannya selama di
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
3. dr. Sri Ardila Nurainiwati, Sp. KK, Selaku Wakil Dekan II Fakultas
Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas bimbingannya
selama di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
4. dr. Indra Setiawan, Sp. THT-KL, Selaku Wakil Dekan III Fakultas
Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas bimbingannya
selama di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
5. dr. Irma Suswati, M. Kes selaku dosen pembimbing I, atas kebaikan hati,
kesediaan dalam meluangkan waktu, telah membantu membimbing dan
mengarahkan penulis dalam menyelesaikan karya tulis ini.
6. dr. Diah Hermayanti, Sp. PK selaku dosen pembimbing II, atas kebaikan
hati, kesediaan dalam meluangkan waktu, telah membantu membimbing
dan mengarahkan penulis dalam menyelesaikan karya tulis ini.
vii
7. dr. Isbandiyah, Sp. PD selaku dosen penguji yang telah membantu,
memberikan arahan serta saran yang bermanfaat kepada penulis dalam
penyelesaian karya tulis ini.
8. Seluruh Staff dan Tata Usaha serta Laboran Laboratorium Biomedik
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas
bimbingannya selama di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah
Malang.
9. Kedua orangtua penulis, Ayahanda Ambo Lala Rauf dan Ibunda Siti
Barisah yang selalu mendukung penulis dalam setiap keadaan. Saya
berdoa agar Allah selalu menyayangi beliau berdua sebagaimana beliau
menyayangi penulis sewaktu kecil.
10. Saudara penulis yang terkasih, Syahid Kamal Firdaus, Maula Arfawie,
Hilal Fithrawie serta Arizka Choirun Nisa. Terima kasih atas doa,
dukungan serta motivasi yang tiada henti.
11. Tim Kuliner yang terkasih, Zakiyatul Amaliyah, Ruru Indrawati, Balqis
Hanifatul, Safira Putri, Anggraeni Saputri, Bayu Destiawan, Hilman
Fachriansyah, Indra Ardiansyah, Azmy Abdah, Arfan Umar, Uwais Al
Qarany.
12. Tim Mikro yang sudah banyak membantu, Siti Sofiatul Aini, Putri
Mumpuni, Shaskia Rafsanjani, Inggit Ndaru, Mbak Siti Qomariyah, Nadia
Wahyuning
13. Segenap keluarga Obscura Medico dan Saman FK UMM
14. Sejawatku Metacarpal15 FK UMM yang telah berjuang bersama ,
terimakasih atas dukungan, bantuan dan semangat kalian. Semoga kelak
viii
dapat menjadi dokter-dokter yang professional, amanah, erakhlakul
karimah, serta selalu diliputi keberkahan Allah dalam pengabdiannya.
15. Saudara A4/9 terkasih, Mbak Resa, Adella Juanita, Mbak Favi, Mbak
Anggi, Mbak Chandra, Mbak Irene Tiara, Mbak Intan, Mbak Tir.
16. Temanku terkasih No OMDO, Odin, Pauline, Lutfi, Ika, Adit, Bashir,
Ridwan, Edwin.
17. Sahabatku Husnul Hatimah yang telah berkenan dengan kebaikan hati
serta keikhlasannya dalam membantu penulis selama pengerjaan karya
tulis ini.
ix
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ....................................................................................... i
HASIL PENELITIAN ................................................................................... ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................ iii
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ........................................... iv
LEMBAR PENGUJIAN ................................................................................. v
KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... vi
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ..........................................................................vii
ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................xii
DAFTAR TABEL ..........................................................................................xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ..................................................................................... xvi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ...............................................................................xvii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................ xviii
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN................................................................................ 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ..................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................ 4
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................. 4
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ............................................................................ 4
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus............................................................................ 4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Manfaat Akademik ..................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Manfaat Masyarakat ................................................................... 4
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ...................................................................... 5
2.1 Tinjauan tentang lada hitam (Piper nigrum) ......................................... 5
2.1.1 Taksonomi lada hitam (Piper nigrum) ........................................ 5
2.1.2 Morfologi tumbuhan ................................................................... 5
2.1.3 Habitat dan Distribusi Geografi ........................................................... 7
2.1.4 Kandungan buah lada hitam (Piper nigrum)................................ 7
xii
2.1.5 Manfaat lada hitam (Piper nigrum) ............................................. 9
2.1.6 Mekanisme lada hitam (Piper nigrum) sebagai antibakteri .......... 9
2.2 Tinjauan tentang Salmonella typhi ....................................................... 12
2.2.1 Taksonomi ................................................................................. 12
2.2.2 Struktur ..................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Struktur Antigen ........................................................................ 18
2.2.4 Metabolisme Bakteri .................................................................. 19
2.2.5 Pertumbuhan S. typhi ................................................................. 20
2.2.6 Identifikasi Bakteri S. typhi ........................................................ 21
2.2.7 Daya Tahan ............................................................................... 23
2.2.8 Patogenitas S. typhi .................................................................... 23
2.2.9 Patogenesis S. typhi ................................................................... 23
2.2.10 Diagnosis Laboratorium........................................................... 25
2.2.11 Pengobatan .............................................................................. 28
BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP ..................................................................... 39
3.1 Kerangka Konsep Penelitian ................................................................ 39
3.2 Hipotesis Penelitian ............................................................................. 40
BAB 4 METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ........................................................ 41
4.1 Jenis Penelitian .................................................................................... 41
4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ............................................................... 41
4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ........................................................................... 41
4.3.1 Populasi ..................................................................................... 41
4.3.2 Sampel ...................................................................................... 41
4.3.3 Estimasi Jumlah Pengulangan .................................................... 41
4.4 Jenis Variabel ...................................................................................... 42
4.4.1 Variabel Bebas .......................................................................... 42
4.4.2 Variabel Terikat ......................................................................... 43
4.5 Definisi Operasional ............................................................................ 43
4.6 Instrumen Penelitian ............................................................................ 44
4.6.1 Alat dan Bahan Pembuatan Ekstrak Buah Lada Hitam ............... 45
4.6.2 Alat dan Bahan Uji Kepekaan Esktrak Buah Lada Hitam ........... 45
xiii
4.7 Prosedur Penelitian .............................................................................. 45
4.7.1 Sterilisasi Alat ........................................................................... 45
4.7.2 Pembuatan Medium SS Agar ..................................................... 46
4.7.3 Pembuatan Ekstrak Buah Lada Hitam ........................................ 46
4.7.4 Pembuatan Perbenihan Cair Bakteri ........................................... 47
4.7.5 Uji Kepekaan Ekstrak Buah Lada Hitam .................................... 48
4.8 Skema Alur Penelitian ......................................................................... 51
4.9 Analisis Data ....................................................................................... 51
BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISIS DATA ............................... 53
5.1 Efek Ekstrak Buah Lada Hitam (Piper nigrum) terhadap S. typhi ........ 53
5.2 KBM Ekstrak Buah Lada Hitam (Piper nigrum) terhadap S. typhi ....... 53
5.3 Pengaruh Perlakuan Konsentrasi Ekstrak Buah Lada Hitam (Piper
nigrum) terhadap S. typhi .......................................................................... 54
5.3.1 Uji Normalitas Shapiro-Wilk...................................................... 54
5.3.2 Uji Homogenitas Levene’s test ................................................... 54
5.3.3 Uji One way ANOVA ................................................................. 55
5.3.4 Uji Post Hoc Bonferroni ............................................................ 55
5.3.5 Uji Regresi Linier ...................................................................... 55
BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................. 59
BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ........................................................... 64
7.1 Kesimpulan ......................................................................................... 64
7.2 Saran ................................................................................................... 64
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 65
LAMPIRAN ................................................................................................... 71
xiv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
Tabel 2.1 Deksripsi Bagian Tumbuhan Lada Hitam .......................................... 6
Tabel 4.1 Definisi Operasional ......................................................................... 39
Tabel 5.1 Rerata Jumlah Koloni S. typhi Per Cawan ......................................... 50
Tabel 5.2 Uji Normalitas Data.......................................................................... 51
Tabel 5.3 Uji Homogenitas Data ...................................................................... 51
Tabel 5.4 Uji Statistik One Way ANOVA .......................................................... 52
Tabel 5.5 Hasil Uji Post Hoc Bonferroni .......................................................... 53
Tabel 5.6 Hasil Uji Regresi Linier .................................................................... 54
xv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
Gambar 2.1 Tanaman lada hitam (Piper nigrum) .................................................. 5
Gambar 2.2 Flagela peritrichous Salmonella ........................................................ 7
Gambar 2.3 Flagela S. typhi yang membawa antigen H ...................................... 19
Gambar 2.4 Gambaran kultur Salmonella typhi .................................................. 20
Gambar 2.5 Pewarnaan gram Salmonella typhi dari kultur darah positif ............. 21
Gambar 2.6 Gambaran bakteri gram negatif produksi S ................................. 26
Gambar 3.1 Kerangka Konsep...............................................................................35
Gambar 4.1 Skema Alur Penelitian.......................................................................48
Gambar 5.1 Gambar Grafik Scatter Plot.......................................................... ..56
xvi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
ANOVA : Analysis of Variance
CFU : Coloni Forming Unit
DNA : Deoxyribonucleid Acid
EMB : Eosin Methylen Blue
KBM : Kadar Bunuh Minimal
LPS : Lipoposakarida
KHM : Kadar Hambat Minimal
MCA : Mac Conkey Agar
MDR : Multi Drug Resistance
mRNA : Messenger Ribonucleid Acid
MR-VP : Methyl Red – Vogas Proskauer
NCCLS : National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards
PABA : Para-aminobenzoic acid
RNA : Ribonucleid Acid
SSA : Salmonella Shigella Agar
tRNA : Transfer Ribonucleid Acid
TSA : Trypticase Soy Agar
TSIA : Triple Sugar Iron Agar
XLD : Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate
xvii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran Halaman
Lampiran 1: Hasil analisis data SPSS ............................................................... 71
Lampiran 2: Hasil Pengamatan KBM dan Dokumentasi Penelitian .................. 72
Lampiran 3: Surat Telah Selesai Penelitian ...................................................... 77
Lampiran 4: Surat Lolos Kaji Ilmiah ................................................................ 78
Lanpiran 5: Surat Keterangan Bimbingan Metodologi Penelitian ..................... 79
Lampiran 6: Surat Keterangan Laporan Hasil Uji Isolat Bakteri ....................... 80
Lampiran 7: Surat Determinasi Tanaman Lada Hitam ...................................... 81
Lampiran 8: Hasil Deteksi Plagiasi .................................................................. 82
Lampiran 9: Kartu Konsultasi Tugas Akhir ...................................................... 83
xviii
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