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CHAPTER 16 Kevin Toney
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Religion
European prosperity causes Catholic Church to benefit
-Indulgences:- People sin, are in debt- Pay money to get out of “debt”- People then get to heaven
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Indulgence Problems
Is it a black mark?
Martin Luther thinks so.
He disagrees with indulgences
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Martin Luther
These questions on the Catholic church, lead to Protestant reformation.
Protestant reformation:- If you have faith, you’re going to
heaven- Based on traditions and the Bible
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John Calvin (1509-1564)New ‘religion’- Calvinism
- God decides if you get to go to heaven before you are born
- Wore simple black clothes, avoided ‘showy’ living, worshiped in churches without statues, instruments, stained glass windows.
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Catholic Reformation
The society of Jesus:“Jesuits”
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
- Helped win back adherents by teaching
- Missionaries oversees
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Big Differences?
Not really.How do we know?
-Witch hunts were a dramatic way to tell that most of the different religions were basically the same.
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Witch HuntsOccurred in Europe.
- Suspicion of women acting oddly led to the belief that they were a witch.
- Belief in supernatural spirits
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Science Revolution
Time of scientific development
Works in science and mathematics
Questions on the universe spark ‘arguments’
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Isaac Newton
Law of gravity:Every
object obeys a law in which there is an unseen force pulling it to the earth
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John Locke
Father of Liberalism
- Influenced Enlightenment Thinkers
Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness
NOT Ben Franklin
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CopernicusStated that the sun
was the center of the universe, not the earth
He delays the publication of his theory until the end of is life, in fear of death
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The Bourgeoisie
Economy changes in Europe causing growing cities
- Paris 1500: over 100,000 people- Paris and London 1700: over 500,000- Twenty other European cities have
over 60,000 people
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Economy
Dutch pioneered chartering joint-stock companies.
Effects:Gives Dutch East and West India
Companies monopolies over trade in East and West Indies
Basically sparks the stock market.
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Women
Status and work were closely tied to their husbands’
Could inherit the throne (royalty)
Chose their own spouses.Late marriage ageAbout 1/10 births to unmarried woman
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Holy Roman Empire
One of the most notable ‘city-states’ in Germany
Dreamt of a European empire comparable to those of Asia’s
Frustration occurs
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The English Civil War
Causes:King Charles IHe can’t get parliament to raise
taxesHe gets loans from the wealthyRebellion in ScotlandForms new parliament, raises
taxes to form armyParliament and King disagree,
WAR
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The English Civil WarEffects:
King Charles I loses on battlefield, still refuses to compromise
a “Rump” parliament orders him executed
Oliver Cromwell takes over
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No more moneyEuropean rulers are in debt due to war
What do they do?They promote alliances with commercial
eliteTrade thrives where:
-gov. taxes and regulation were NOT excessive
-Courts enforce contracts and collect debts-Military power were ready to defend
Do that ^^ and you get money