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19.1 Diversity of Protists
KEY CONCEPT
Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the
kingdoms.
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19.1 Diversity of Protists
Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike.
• Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or
fungi.
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19.1 Diversity of Protists
• Animal-like protists consume other organisms.
– heterotrophs
– single-celled
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19.1 Diversity of Protists
• Plantlike protists are photosynthetic.
– single-celled, colonial, or multicellular
– no roots, stems, or leaves
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19.1 Diversity of Protists
• Funguslike protists decompose dead organisms.
– heterotrophs
– can move, whereas fungi cannot
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19.1 Diversity of Protists
Protists are difficult to classify.
• Protista is one kingdom in the domain Eukarya.
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19.1 Diversity of Protists
• Protist classification will likely change.
– Some protists are not closely related.
– Molecular evidence supports reclassification.
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19.2 Animal-like Protists
KEY CONCEPT
Animal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs
that can move.
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19.2 Animal-like Protists
Animal-like protists move in various ways.
• Animal-like protists are often called protozoa.
macronucleus
food vacuole
oral groove
micronucleus
contractile vacuole
cilia
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19.2 Animal-like Protists
• Protozoa with flagella are zooflagellates.
– flagella help zooflagellates swim
– more than 2000 zooflagellates
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19.2 Animal-like Protists
• Some protists move with pseudopods.
– change shape as they move
– amoebas
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19.2 Animal-like Protists
– foraminifera
• Some protists move with pseudopods.
–change shape as they move
– amoebas
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19.2 Animal-like Protists
• Some protozoa move with cilia.
macronucleus
food vacuole
oral groove
micronucleus
contractile vacuole
cilia
– cilia help protists swim and capture food
– more than 8000 ciliates
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19.2 Animal-like Protists
Some animal-like protists cause disease.
• Protists cause some well-
known infectious diseases. sporozoiteshuman liver
liver cells
developed
parasites
red blood
cells
• Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes.
• Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma and spread by flies.
• A giardia infection is caused by Giardia and spread through water.
Malaria Infection
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19.3 Plantlike Protists
KEY CONCEPT
Algae are plantlike protists.
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19.3 Plantlike Protists
Plantlike protists can be single-celled or multicellular.
• Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called
algae.
colony
daughter colony
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19.3 Plantlike Protists
• Euglenoids are a large group of plantlike protists.
pellicle
nucleus
chloroplast
eye spot
contractile
vacuole
flagellum
– mostly photosynthetic
– some heterotrophic
– single-celled
– one or two flagella
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19.3 Plantlike Protists
• Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists.
Dinoflagellates
– have two flagella
– may be bioluminescent
– have stiff protective plates
– can cause red tide
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19.3 Plantlike Protists
• Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells.
– shells made of silica
– produce large amounts of oxygen
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19.3 Plantlike Protists
• Multicellular algae are classified by their pigments.
– Green algae contain
chlorophyll a and b.
– Brown algae contain
chlorophyll c.
– Red algae contain
chlorophyll a and
phycoerythrin.
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19.3 Plantlike Protists
Many plantlike protists can reproduce both sexually and
asexually.
• All algae can reproduce asexually.
– Multicellular algae can fragment.
– Chlamydomonas divides into zoospores.
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19.3 Plantlike Protists
• Some algae produce sexually.
– Some species alternate generations.
– Sexual reproduction can be triggered by environmental
stress.
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19.4 Funguslike Protists
KEY CONCEPT
Funguslike protists decompose organic matter.
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19.4 Funguslike Protists
Slime molds and water molds are funguslike protists.
• Slime molds have both funguslike and animallike traits.
– decomposers, like fungi
– can move, like animals
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19.4 Funguslike Protists
• Slime molds can be plasmodial or cellular.
– Plasmodial slime molds are giant cells with many nuclei.
– Cellular slime molds contain independent cells.
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19.4 Funguslike Protists
• Water molds are freshwater, funguslike protists.
– one type of water mold caused Great Potato Famine
of Ireland in the 1800’s
– made of branching
strands of cells
– can be parasites of
plants or fish
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19.5 Diversity of Fungi
KEY CONCEPT
Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb their food.
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19.5 Diversity of Fungi
Fungi are adapted to absorb their food from the
environment.
• Plants and fungi have different traits.
– Fungal cell walls are made of chitin.
– Plant cell walls are made of cellulose.
– Plants have chlorophyll and photosynthesize.
– Fungi absorb food through hyphae.
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19.5 Diversity of Fungi
• Fungi are multicellular organisms, with the exception of
yeasts.
– hyphae
– mycellium
– fruiting body
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19.5 Diversity of Fungi
Fungi come in many shapes and sizes.
• Primitive fungi are aquatic and have flagellated spores.
• Sac fungi form a reproductive sac, or ascus.
– Yeasts are single-celled sac fungi.
– Morels and truffles are multicellular sac fungi.
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19.5 Diversity of Fungi
• Bread molds are often found on spoiled food.
– form zygospores during reproduction
– mycorrhizae belong to this group
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19.5 Diversity of Fungi
• Club fungi have fruiting bodies which are club-shaped.
– reproductive structures
called basidia
– include mushrooms,
puffballs, and
shelf fungi
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19.5 Diversity of Fungi
Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually.
• Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually.
– Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding.
– Yeasts form asci during sexual reproduction.
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19.5 Diversity of Fungi
• Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
– distinctive reproductive
structures
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19.5 Diversity of Fungi
– life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both
• Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
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19.5 Diversity of Fungi
– life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both
• Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
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19.5 Diversity of Fungi
• All fungi form spores and zygotes.
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19.6 Ecology of Fungi
KEY CONCEPT
Fungi recycle nutrients in the environment.
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19.6 Ecology of Fungi
Fungi may be decomposers, pathogens, or mutualists.
• Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in any
ecosystem.
– decompose dead leaves, twigs, logs, and animals
– return nutrients to the soil
– can damage fruit trees and wooden structures
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19.6 Ecology of Fungi
• Fungi can act as pathogens.
– human diseases include ringworm and athlete’s foot
– plant diseases include Dutch elm disease
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19.6 Ecology of Fungi
• Fungi can act as mutualists.
– lichens form between fungi and algae
– mycorrhizae form between fungi and plants
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19.6 Ecology of Fungi
– relationships form between fungi and some insects
• Fungi can act as mutualists.
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19.6 Ecology of Fungi
Fungi are studied for many purposes.
• Fungi are useful in several ways.
– as food
– as antibiotics
– as model systems for molecular biology