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Instructional Design in the 1960’s and 1970’sCarol ChengBelen Garcia
Constance Harris
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DiscussionMediaKey People and TheoriesQuestions
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1960’s and 1970’s
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Educational broadcasting (1960s)Closed-circuit television system used in:Washington county MarylandJunior college in ChicagoAirborne Instruction Midwest Program
170 million spent until the 60s (Gordon, 1970) Ford Foundation started supporting PBT in 1963 (Blakely, 1979) School districts discontinued use due to lack of funding (Tyler,
1975) Instructional television shifted to cultural programming (Hezel,
1980)
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Audiovisual movement (AV):“branch of educational theory and practice
concerned primarily during the design and use of messages that control the learning process”Educational technology as media to provide the
students with information.Developers had little interest in the
communication process model during the 60s (Shannon & Weaver, 1949)
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Evolution of ComputersMainframe systems for programming/shared
utilities (1960s)Mainframe minicomputers systems for
schools used in large scale(1970s)Desktop computers (1970s)Xerox – Mouse (1973) IBM discontinued IBM 1500 (1975) - CAI)Laser Printer Developed
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Changing Field Definitions (1960’s – 1970’s)James Finn (1963) -Instructional technologyArthur Luehrman (1970s)- Computer literacy Association for Educational Communications
and Technology (AECT)(Dept of Audiovisual instruction): placed
emphasis on online and computer systems as “media”
Commission on Instructional Technology (Saettler, 1970): “the media born of the communication revolution which can be used for instructional purposes…” and “systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching…”
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Computers and Instruction:Educational computing (instructional/admin
support)Computers used in the classrooms (1960s)Programmers created applications (1960s)Educators started researching/developing
computer applications (1970s)Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)Software publishing movement
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Companies that Started:During the 1960s Electronic Data Systems (EDS) California Analysis Center, Inc. (CACI)Management Science America (MSA) During the 1970s MicrosoftSoftware Arts
Estimated 45 major software companies by 1965Programming languages used: COBOL and FORTRAN
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CAI systems (1960s) :Applications in public schools and universities PLATO (Control Data Corporation)Tutor CAI authoring languageTICCIT (Brigham Young University)Interest in CAI vanished by end of the 70s (Atkinson &
Suppes)
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1960’s and 1970’s
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HighlightsThe Programmed Instruction Movement
B. F. Skinner Behavioral Objectives
Robert MagerCriterion-Referenced Test
Robert Glaser The Systems Approach
Robert M. Gagne (Hierarchy) Michael Scriven (Evaluation)
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The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching
Picture Credit: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhskin.html
Learner Focus
“Start Small”Content is arranged in “Frames”
Goal: Shape Complex Academic Skills
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Individualized Approaches To InstructionKeller Plan (1963)Individually Prescribed Instruction (1964)Program for Learning in Accordance with
Needs (PLAN) (1967)
Individual FocusMastery of LearningPlanned Instructional
Sequences Lectures/Demos Demonstrations
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Preparing Objectives for Programmed BehaviorDr. Robert F. Mager - (1962)
Criterion Based Instruction
Objectives Encompass: Learner Behavior
Focus Initiative Competencies
ConditionsEvaluation
Picture Credit:http://www.cepworldwide.com/Bios/mager.htm
If you're not sure where you are going, you're liable to end up
someplace else. Credit: http://quote.robertgenn.com/auth_search.php?
authid=3425
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Robert Glaser (1963)Criterion – Reference vs. Norm Reference Testing
Does Everyone Test the Same?Assess individual abilities
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The Conditions of Learning1965
Hierarchy of Learning (Instructional Task Analysis) 1. Identify and
Master Subordinate Skills2. Master More
Complex SkillsPicture Credit: http://www.ibstpi.org/Products/Legacy-Gagne.htm
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Gagne Five Learning Outcomes(Students)
Verbal InformationIntellectual SkillsPsychomotor SkillsAttitudesCognitive Strategies
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Gagne Nine Events of Instruction 1. Gaining Attention2. Informing Learners of
Objective3. Stimulating Recall of
Prior Learning4. Presenting the
Stimulus5. Providing learning
guidance6. Eliciting Performance7. Providing Feedback8. Assessing Performance9. Enhancing Retention
and TransferSource: Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
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Formative EvaluationMichael Scriven (1967)
Sputnik (1957)$$$ Spent on
Educational Materials
Formative EvaluationPilot Before
Summative EvaluationExamine After
Picture Credit:http://evaluation.wmich.edu/phd/
Involve the learners in the learning process
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The Systems Approach
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Systems Approach1970’s•Improve Performance
•Military•Academia•Industry
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What's In A Name?• Instructional Design• System Development• Systematic Instruction• Instructional Systems
Task Analysis Objective
Specification Criterion
ReferencedTesting
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Stages In A Project SDLC Instructional Design Project planning, feasibility
study Systems analysis,
requirements definition Systems design
Implementation Integration and testing Acceptance, installation,
deployment Maintenance
Analysis Define the Problem
Design Analyze Instructional Solutions
Development Generate Materials
Implementation Delivery of Instruction Formative Evaluation Summative Evaluation
Evaluation Evaluate Effectiveness and
Efficiencyhttp://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=71151 http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/s/j/sjm256/portfolio/kbase/IDD/
ADDIE.pdf
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