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Khmer alphabet
The Khmer script(Khmer:; IPA:[as kmae])[2]is analphasyllabaryscript used to write the
Khmer language(the official language ofCambodia). It is also used to writePaliamong the Buddhist
liturgy of Cambodia and Thailand.
It was adapted from thePallavascript, a variant ofGranthadescended from theBrahmiscript ofIndia.[3]
The oldest dated inscription in Khmer was found atAngkor BoreiinTakev Provincesouth of Phnom Pe
and dates from 611.[4]
The modern Khmer script differs somewhat from precedent forms seen on the
inscriptions of the ruins ofAngkor.
Contents
1 Orthography
o 1.1 Styles
2 Consonants
3 Dependent vowels
4 Independent vowels
5 Diacritics
6 Punctuation marks
7 Ligatures
8 Numerals
9 Unicode
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Orthography
Khmer is written from left to right with multiple levels of character stacking possible. Originally, therewere 35 consonants, but only 33 are now in use for modern Khmer. The vowel system consists of
independent vowels and dependent vowels. The dependent vowels have two registers ofphonemesto
account for the fact that there are fewer vowelgraphemesfor the vowelphonemesin the spoken languagKhmer also uses diacritics that further enhance the pronunciation of words.
Styles
Several styles of Khmer writing are used for varying purposes. The two main styles are ksr chring (lit
slanted script) and ksr mul (lit., round script).
ksr khm (,Aksar Khom), an antique style of the Khmer script as written in Uttaradit, Thailand. In this
picture, although it was written with Khmer script, all texts in this manuscript are in Thai languages.
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org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Consonantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Styleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Orthographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takev_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Boreihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantha_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphasyllabaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#cite_note-Huffman-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Khmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language 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ksr chring () refers toobliqueletters. Entire bodies of text such as novels and other publications
may be produced in ksr chring. Unlike inwritten English, oblique lettering does not represent anygrammatical differences such asemphasisor quotation. Handwritten Khmer is often written in the obliq
style.
ksr chhr() orksr trng () refers to upright or 'standing' letters, as opposed to obliqueletters. Most modern Khmertypefacesare designed in this manner instead of being oblique, as text can
italicized by way of word processor commands and other computer applications to repsent the oblique
manner ofksr chring.
ksr khrm () is a style used in Palipalm-leaf manuscripts. It is characterized by sharper serifs and
angles and retainment of some antique characteristics; notably in the consonant k (). This style is also f
yantra tattoosandyantrason cloth, paper, or engravings on brass plates in Cambodia as well as in
Thailand.
ksr mul() iscalligraphicalstyle similar to ksr khm as it also retains some characters reminiscen
of antique Khmer script. Its name in Khmer, lit. 'round script', refers to the bold and thick lettering style.
is used for titles and headings in Cambodian documents, books, or currency, on shop signs or banners. It
sometimes used to emphasize royal names or other important nouns with the surrounding text in a
different style.
Consonants
There are 35 Khmer consonant symbols, although modern Khmer only uses 33, two having become
obsolete. Each consonant has an inherent vowel of // or //. These inherent vowels are used to
determine the pronunciation of the two registers of vowel phonemes represented by the diacritical
vowels.
The consonants have subscript forms that are used to write consonant clusters. Also sometimes referred t
as "sub-consonants", subscript consonant resemble the corresponding consonant symbol but in a
minuscule form. In Khmer, they are known as cheung ksr(), meaning thefoot of a letter. Most
subscript consonants are written directly below other consonants, although subscript ris written before
while a few others have ascending elements which appear after. Subscript consonants were previously
used to write final consonants. This method of writing has ceased in modern written Khmer but is retaine
in the word ay (, /aoj/).
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Consonants Subscript form UN romanization IPA
k k
kh k
k k kh k ng ch c chh c ch c chh c nh
d th t d th t
n n t t th t
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t t th t
n n b ph p p p
ph p m m y j r r
l l v sh - ss -
s s
h h
* l l
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q
* The consonant l has no subscript form, but some Khmer fonts do provide a subscript form for this
letter. In Khmer orthography, the subscript form of the consonant l is not used.
For some phonemes inloanwords, the Khmer writing system has 'created' supplementary consonants.
Most of these consonants are created by stacking a subscript under the character for/h/ to formdigraph
The consonant for/p/, however, is created by using the diacritical sign called musktndover theconsonant for/b/. These additional consonants are mainly used to represent sounds in French and Thai
loanwords.
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Digraph consonants UN romanization IPA
g g n n p p m m l l
f, w f, w f, w f, w , z , z , z , z
Dependent vowels
The Khmer script uses dependent vowels, or diacritical vowels, to modify the inherent vowels of consonants.
Dependent vowels are known in Khmer as srk nissy() or srk phsm (). Dependent vowels must alway
be combined with a consonant inorthography. For most of the vowel symbols, there are two sounds (registers).
The sound of the vowel used depends on the series (the inherent vowel) of the dominant consonant in a syllablecluster.
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Dependent
vowels
UN romanization IPA[2]
a-series o-series a-series o-series
a a a i e i ei i j i
o u o u ou u u u aeu eu a eua i i ei e ae
ai ey aj j a o ao o au u aw w
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DiacriticsUN romanization IPA
a-series o-series a-series o-series
om m om um m um m um m m am om ng eng a e h eh a e
h uh o u
h ei e ah uh a e
Independent vowels
Independent vowels are non-diacriticalcharacters that stand alone (i.e. without being attached to a consonant
symbol) used to represent vowel phonemes occurring at the beginning of syllables. In Khmer they are called
(/sra petu/) which means "complete vowels". The independent vowels are used in a small number of words,
mostly of Indic origin, and consequently there is some inconsistency in their use and pronunciations.[2]
However,
few words in which they occur are used quite frequently: (/jlw/ "now"), (/wpuk/ "father"), (/r/ ~
/r/ "or").
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Independent
vowelsUN romanization IPA
e
ei j
u u w r r r r l l l l
ae; ,e ai aj
, a, ay ao
u aw
Diacritics
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Diacritics Name Notes
nkkht () niggahita; nasalizes the inherent vowels and some of the dependentvowels, seeanusvara, sometimes used to represent [a] in Sanskritloanwords
rehmkh ()"shining face"; adds finalaspirationto dependent or inherent vowel
usually omitted, corresponds to thevisargadiacritic, it maybeincluded as dependent vowel symbol
yklekpnt()
ugalabindu ("pair of dots"); adds finalglottalnessto dependent orinherent vowels, usually omitted
musktnd()
msikadanta ("mouse teeth"); used to convert some o-series
consonants to the a-series
reispt () trsabda; used to convert some a-series consonants to the o-series
kbih kram()
also known as bkcheung (); used in place when the diacritics
treisptand musktnd impede with superscript vowels
' bntk() used to shorten some vowels
rbat ()rphek()
rapda, repha; behave similarly to the tndkhat, corresponds to thDevanagaridiacritic repha, however it lost its original function
which was to represent avocalic r
tndkhat( ) daaghta; used to render some letters as unpronounced
kakbat ()
kkapda ("crow's foot"); more a punctuation mark than a diacritic;used in writing to indicate the rising intonation of an exclamation ointerjection; often placed onparticlessuch as /na/, /n/, /n/, /vj/
and the feminine response /cah/
sda ( ) denotes stressed intonation in some single-consonant words[5]
sanhyok sannharepresents a short inherent vowel in Sanskrit and Pali words; usuallyomitted
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( )
vram () a mostly obsolete diacritic, corresponds to thevirma
cheung () a.w. coeng; a sign developed for Unicode to input subscriptconsonants, appearance of this sign varies among fonts
Punctuation marks
The Khmer script uses several unique punctuation marks as well as some borrowed from the Latin script such as
thequestion mark. The period in the Khmer language "" resembles aneighth restin music writing.Guillemetsa
used forquotation marks.
Ligatures
Most consonants, including a few of the subscripts, formligatureswith all dependent vowels that contain
the symbol used for the vowel a (). A lot of these ligatures are easily recognizable, however a few may
not be. One of the more unrecognizable is the ligature for the b and a which was created to differentiatefrom the consonant symbol h as well as the ligature forch and a. It is not always necessary to connect
consonants with the dependent vowel a.
Examples of ligatured symbols:
la (/li/) An example of the vowel a () forming a connection with the serif of a consonant.
chba (/ca/) Subscript consonants with ascending strokes above the baseline also form ligatures
with the dependent vowel a ().
msau (/msaw/) Another example of a subscript consonant forming a ligature. In this case, it is wit
the digraph dependent vowel au. The digraph dependent vowel au includes the cane-like stroke othe vowel a.
bau (/aw/) The combination of the consonant b () and any vowels or digraph vowels based onthe vowel a () is written with a stroke in the center of the ligature to give a distinction between
the consonant h ().
tra (/tra/) The subscript forr () is written precedent to the consonant it is pronounced after.
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Numerals
The numerals of the Khmer script, similar to that used by other civilizations in Southeast Asia, are also
derived from the southern Indian script.Arabic numeralsare also used, but to a lesser extent.
Khmer numerals
Arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Unicode
Khmer was added to theUnicodeStandard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. Additiona
Khmer symbols were added to theUnicodeStandard in April, 2003 with the release of version 4.0.
The Unicode block for basic Khmer characters is U+1780U+17FF. Grey areas indicate non-assigned
code points:
KhmerUnicode.org chart(PDF)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+178x
U+179x
U+17Ax
U+17Bx
U+17Cx
U+17Dx
U+17Ex
U+17Fx
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The Unicode block for additional Khmer symbols is U+19E0U+19FF:
Khmer Symbols[1]
Unicode.org chart(PDF)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+19Ex
U+19Fx
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