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Kindom Protista
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What is a protist? • **Eukaryotic
• Most diverse kingdom
• Cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungus
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Autotrophic and/or Heterotrophic
• Animal-like, plant-like, & fungus-like
• ** Found in moist environments
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BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
Parabasalids
Diplomonads
Kinetoplastids
Euglenids
Amoebae
Slime molds
Ciliates
Apicomplexa
Dinoflagellates
Oomycetes
Diatoms
Brown algae
Red algae
Green algae
Land plants
Fungi
Animals
PROTISTS
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Surface waters
teem with
microscopic
protists
In some near-
shore areas,
gigantic protists
form underwater
forests
Protists are
particularly
abundant in
tidal habitats
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Zoomastigina
• Animal-like
• One or two flagella
• Lakes and streams
• Heterotrophic, some parasitic
• Many absorb food through their cell membrane
• Reproduce asexually
• EX: – Trypanosoma
• African Sleeping Sickness
– Trichonympha • muturaistic relationship with termite
Trypanosoma
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Sarcodina
• Animal-like
• Move by using pseudopods
• Engulf food and form a food vacuole
• Heterotrophic, some parasitic
• Asexual reproduction
• EX:
– Amoeba
– Radiolaria
– Naegleria
Radiolaria
Amoeba
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Amoebas in Action
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Ciliophora
• Animal-like
• Covered with cilia – Locomotion
– Feeding
• Fresh and salt water
• Free living
• Asexual reproduction – Under extreme stress conjugation will occur
• EX: – Paramecium
– Tetrahymena
– Balantidium
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Anophryoides haemophilia
• causes Bumber Car Disease in captive lobsters.
• major cause of death among lobsters being held for commercial purposes.
• Bumper Car Disease results in the depletion of blood cells.
• No treatment for this disease.
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Euglenophyta
• Plant-like
• Have 2 flagella
• No cell wall
• Ponds and lakes
• Autotrophs/Heterotrophs
• Pellicle to aid in locomotion
• Asexual reproduction through binary fission
• EX: Euglena
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Chrysophyta
• Plant-like
• Golden or golden-brown algae
• Primary pigments: xanthophyll, fucoxanthin
• FW – typically cool water
• Autotroph/Heterotroph
• Store food as oil
• Sexual and asexual reproduction
• Solitary or colonies
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Bacillariophta • Diatoms
• Plant-like
• Walls of silicon (Si)
• Pillbox shape
• Store food as an oil instead of starch
• Unicellular, some colonial
• Typically in high latitudes or low latitude costal waters and areas of upwelling
• Diatomaceous Earth-found in: – Detergents
– paint removers
– Fertilizers
– Insulators
– some types of toothpaste.
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Pyrrophyta
• Dinoflagellates
• Plant-like
• Photosynthetic or heterotrophs
• 2 flagella
• Asexual by binary fission
• largest, Noctiluca, may be as large as 2 mm in diameter
• some are parasites on fish or on other protists
• Luminescent
• Red tides – neurotoxin – affects muscle function in susceptible organisms
– humans may also be affected by eating fish or shellfish containing the toxins. • ciguatera (from eating affected fish)
• paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP (from eating affected shellfish, such as clams, mussels, and oysters)
• can be serious but are not usually fatal.
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Ciguatera Toxins
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Red Tide
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Rhodophyta • Plant-like
• Marine
• Red (reddish) algae
• Able to live a deep depths due to the reddish pigment phycobilins
• Polar to tropics
• Surface to 206 meters down
• Multicellular
• important role in the primary
establishment and
maintenance of coral reefs
• economically important as providers
of food and gels – Nori
– Agar – thickening agent
– Carrageenan – thicken ice cream, pudding, salad dressing, and cosmetics
• Food for sea urchins, fish, molluscs, and
crustaceans
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Phaeophyta
• Brown algae
• Plant-like
• many live in the intertidal zone
• Alginic acid, along with cellulose, is a component of phaeophyte cell walls – This polysaccharide is a viscous gel which absorbs
and retains water
• No unicellular or colonial phaeophytes -- all are multicellular
• Largest – giant kelp – Some can reach 60 meters in length
• Sargassum – only floating/not attached algae
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Kelp • Occurs along coastlines that have an upwelling
of cool, nutrient-rich waters, with temperatures usually 68 degrees Fahrenheit.
• These beautiful and biologically productive habitats are found in shallow, sunlit waters - usually less than 30 meters deep - from the Arctic to the Antarctic Circles.
• Native Americans used kelp for: – Medicine - fishing gear
– Food - Salt
• Modern day use includes the extraction of algin used in: – Paints - Rubber
– Synthetics - Beer
– Pharmaceuticals - Toothpaste
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Sargasso Sea
• The Sargasso sea is part of the North
Atlantic Ocean, lying roughly between
the West Indies and the Azores
• the heart of the Bermuda Triangle
• Part of the “Horse Latitudes”
• Covered with Sargassum
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Sargassum
• Sargassum natans and
Sargassum fluitans
• stays afloat by producing
gas-filled bladders which
act like buoys
• Life here is precarious for
animals who are poor
swimmers -- they must
maintain a firm grip on
floating mats of kelp, or be
lost to the ocean depths
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Sargassum
• A floating ecosystem will have difficulties in acquiring nutrients
• Many of the organisms which live here survive by being generalists – EX: The most common crab is a generalist carnivore, eating many
different kinds of prey
– this ecosystem has no animals which are strict herbivores, but are omnivores, switching between diets of eating algae and animals.
• Organisms whose lives are linked to Sargassum: – 50 + fish species (rainbow runner, amberjack, common dolphin,
red porgy, marlin, swordfish, tunas and triggerfish)
– 145 invertebrates • Gastropods
• Polychaetes
• Bryozoans
• Anemones
• Sea-spiders
• Most numerous inhabitants are hydroids and copepods.
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Chlorophyta
• Green Algae
• Plant-like
• Most are FW and phytoplankton
• Share characteristics with plants
– Photosynthetic pigments
– Cell wall composition
• Fresh and salt water
• Unicellular or colonial, few multicellular
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Volvocales species range from unicellular to colonial to multicellular.
Chlamydomonas Gonium Pandorina Volvox
Ulva
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Acrasiomycota
• Fungus-like
• Cellular slime mold
• Free-living cells
• Act like multicellular and unicellular
organisms
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Myxomycota
• Fungus-like
• Acellular slime molds
• Can grow several meters in diameter
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Oomycota
• Fungus-like
• Water mold
• In water – decomposer
• On plants – parasite
• Sexual and asexual reproduction
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Zoosporangium – used in
asexual reproduction
Potato Blight
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