KINGDOM ANIMALIA
CHARACTERISTICS
EUKARYOTIC
MULTICELLULAR
HETEROTROPHIC (ingestive)
LACK CELL WALLS
TRENDS IN ANIMAL EVOLUTION
CELL SPECIALIZATION
CEPHALIZATION
EARLY DEVELOPMENT
BODY SYMMETRY
BODY CAVITY FORMATION
CELL SPECIALIZATION
CELLS FORM TISSUES, TISSUES FORM ORGANS, ORGANS FORM ORGAN SYSTEMS
– EPITHELIAL (skin, lining of cavities)
– CONNECTIVE (bone, blood)
– MUSCULAR (heart, biceps)
– NERVOUS (brain, nerves)
CEPHALIZATION
CONCENTRATION OF SENSE ORGANS AND NERVE CELLS AT FRONT END OF BODY
EARLY DEVELOPMENT
FERTILIZATION FORMS A ZYGOTE
BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells)
GASTRULA (germ layers form)
GERM LAYERS
The gastrula is made up of three parts:
– Ectoderm, a layer of cells on the outer surface of the gastrula, grows and divides developing into skin and nervous tissue.
– Endoderm, a layer of cells lining the inner surface of the gastrula, develops into the lining of the animal’s digestive tract.
– Mesoderm, made up of two layers of cells lying between the ectoderm and endoderm, forms muscles, reproductive organs and circulatory vessels.
2 TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT
PROTOSTOMES
– mouth forms from the opening (blastopore) of the gastrula
– Mollusca, Annelids, Arthropods
DEUTEROSTOMES
– anus forms from the opening (blastopore) of the gastrula during development
– Echinodermata and Chordata
3 TYPES OF BODY SYMMETRY Asymmetrical-no symmetry (ex,
sponge) Bilateral- body plan in which single line can divide body into 2 equal parts
Radial-body plan in which body parts repeat around center of body
ANATOMICAL TERMS
Dorsal- top or back
Ventral- bottom
Anterior- head end that goes first
Posterior- tail end that follows
Lateral- along the side (lengthwise)
BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION
ACOELOMATE- no body cavity b/w digestive tract and outer body wall
ex. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION
PSEUDOCOELOMATE- slight body cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm
Ex. Nematoda (roundworms)
BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION
COELOMATE- body cavity forms and cushions organs, allows for growth of organs.
Ex. Annelids (earthworm)
FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
HERBIVORES- eat vegetation such as plants
CARNIVORES- eat other animals
FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
OMNIVORES- feed on both vegetation & other animals
FILTER FEEDERS- feed by
straining tiny floating plants
FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
DETRITUS FEEDERS- feed on tiny
bits of decaying matter
PARASITES- feed on living organisms
usually destroying or injuring the host organism
PROTECTION AND SUPPORT
Though not all animals have a skeleton, those that do can be divided into two groups:
– Those with an EXOSKELETON – a hard, waxy coating on the outside of the body that protects internal organs, provides a framework for support, and a place for muscle attachment.
– Those with an ENDOSKELETON – support framework within the body that protects some organs and a brace for muscles to pull against.
PHYLA IN KINGDOM ANIMALIA
There are around 2 million species and 35 phyla in kingdom Animalia, the majority of organism are represented in just 9 of those phyla.
• Porifera
• Cnidaria
• Platyhelminthes
• Nematoda
• Annelida
• Arthropoda
• Mollusca
• Echinodermata
• Chordata
2 MAIN GROUPINGS OF ANIMALS
INVERTEBRATES
– 95% of animal species
– No backbone
VERTEBRATES
– 5% of animal species
– Contains backbone
Invertebrates
Porifera- The Sponges
– Marine
– Asymmetical
– Filter feeder
Cnidaria- The Cnidarians
– Marine
– Stinging tentacles
– Radial symmetry
Invertebrates
Platyhelminthes- The Flatworms
– Marine or terrestrial (parasite)
– Bilateral symmetry
– Acoelomates
Nematoda- The Roundworms
– Marine or terrestrial (parasite)
– Bilateral symmetry
– Has mouth and anus
Invertebrates
Annelida- The Segmented Worms
– Marine or terrestrial
Arthropoda- The Arthropods
– Exoskeleton and jointed appendages
Invertebrates
Mollusca- The Mollusks
– Terrestrial or marine
– Bilateral symmetry
Echinodermata- The Echinoderms
– Marine
– Radial symmetry
– “spiney skinned”
Chordates
Organisms with a notochord.
Subphylum Vertebrata
Chondrichthyes and Osteichtyes
– The fish: cartilaginous and bony
– a vertebrate that lives in water, swims, has gills and fins and is usually covered with scales
– simplest and largest group of vertebrates
Vertebrata
Amphibia – a cold-blooded vertebrate
that generally spends some time in water and some time on land
– Smooth, moist skin
– Live in moist, cool places
– Lose gills and grow lungs as they grow up
– Most lay eggs in water
– Examples: Frogs, toads, salamander, and mud puppy
Reptilia – a cold-blooded vertebrate that is
covered with scales or horny plates
– Dry, rough skin
– Most lay eggs on land
– Live in warm, dry places
– Have lungs all their lives
– Examples: lizards, snakes
Vertebrata
Aves
– a warm-blooded vertebrate with a beak, wings, and feathers
– Additional Adaptations MOST Birds Have: ability to fly, instinct to migrate
– Penguins are birds even though they cannot fly
Mammalia
– a warm-blooded vertebrate with hair or fur that nurses its young and has babies that are born live
