Kingdom Animalia
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Animal Kingdom…all animals:
Are Heterotrophs- obtains food from plants and or animals. Have Mobility- have the ability to move at
one time in their life Are Multicellular- made of many cells Have Diploidy- adults have two copies of
chromosomes. (2n) Undergo Sexual Reproduction- produce gametes (egg and sperm) and both parents
contribute genetically.
Evolutionary Milestone The Evolutionary
Milestone (EM) represents the characteristics that developed through time that allowed organisms to become more complex.
The Evolutionary Milestones for
Kingdom Animalia
1. Multicellularity
2. True tissue organization and functionality
3. Symmetry
4. Body cavity development
5. Segmentation
6. Jointed appendages
7. Anus & mouth development
8. Notochord
First developed
Latest development
Multicellularity
Many cells
Tissues
Specialized tissues that carry out a particular function
Symmetry Asymmetry-No definite body shape.
(sponges)
Radial symmetry- infinite lines of symmetry body parts are arranged in a circular pattern around a central axis. (jellyfish, sea stars)
Bilateral Symmetry
Bilateral symmetry- Only one line of symmetry. The body parts have distinct halves or mirror images…anything with eyes and a head (all insects, worms, all vertebrates)
Bilateral symmetry
Have distinct right and left halves
Fluid-filled Body Cavity or
Coeloms
Pseudocoeloms-a body cavity that forms between the gut and body wall.
Coeloms
Development in embrionic stage that leads to complex organs.
Segmentation
Repeated body segments
Jointed appendages
Jointed arms and legs
Deuterostomes
Anus developed first and mouth second
Notochord
Flexible dorsal rod
There are 7 major tissues found in the Animal
Kingdom
Digestion
Body cells- each cell eats (sponge)
Gastro-vascular cavity- there is only one opening acts as anus and mouth (planarian worm)
Digestive tract- there is both a mouth and anus (earthworm)
Respiration
Diffusion- cell to cell (jellyfish)
Through the skin- absorb (earthworm)
Gills- gas exchange through blood vessels (fish)
Lungs- gas exchange
through blood vessels
(all land animals)
Circulation
Open circulatory system- heart pumps fluid with O2 and washes across the tissue…there is space between body tissue (jellyfish)
Closed circulatory system- heart pumps fluid with O2 through a system of blood
vessels.
Nerve conduction
Nerve cells- carry messages via electrical impulse.
Flatworms use nerve chords
Arthropods have a brain and ventral nerve chord
Vertebrates have a brain and spinal chord
Support Hydrostatic skeleton- soft
bodied invertebrates use water pressure for support (worms)
Exoskeleton- rigid external covering (Arthropods)
Endoskeleton- hard material makes up internal skeleton (all vertebrates)
Excretion
The removal of waste products
Through the skin or gills Simple and aquatic animals (mollusks)
Urea is formed within the body and then excreted
(All land animals)
Reproduction Asexual- Fragmenting
body (sponges), splitting in half (sea anemone) non fertilized eggs (bee)
Sexual- The union of male and female gametes
Hermaphrodites- have both male and female parts (earthworm)
Reproduction
External fertilization- the egg is fertilized outside the body
Internal fertilization- the egg is fertilized inside the body
Two Main Groups of Animals
Invertebrates
No backbone or notochord
Sponges, insects, spiders, worms, jellyfish
First animals-simple to complex
Vertebrates
Notochord present
Birds, reptiles, mammals, fish, sharks
All complex
Invertebrates
Invertebrates
There are 8 Invertebrate Phyla These phyla are listed from most primitive
to most recent:
Porifera- sponges
Cnidarians - jellyfish
Platyhelminthes - flatworms
Nematodes- roundworms
Mollusks- clams, oysters
Annelids- worms
Arthropods-insects, spiders
Echinoderms- starfish 28
Primitive
Advanced/recent
Phylum Porifera
Mostly marine
Is the most primitive animal phylum
The cells are relatively independent
EM: Multicellularity- has many cells
Asymmetrical
Representative animal: sponges
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Phylum Cnidaria
Are mostly marine
All have tentacles
They use nematocysts (stinging cells) for defense and to kill prey
EM: Specialized tissues- these tissues carry out particular functions
All have Radial Symmetry
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Cnidarian examples:
Jellyfish
Hydra
Coral
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• Sea anemone
Phylum Platyhelminthes
These are the Flatworms
They all have Bilateral symmetry
EM: Bilateral symmetry- have distinct right and left halves
All have cephalization- a head region with a mouth and/or other sensory organs.
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Platyhelminthes examples: planarian worm
tapeworm
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Phylum Nematoda
They have a tube-like digestive tract
They are Roundworms!
All have a mouth and anus
All have bilateral symmetry
EM: Body Cavities (Pseudocoelom)- a body cavity that forms between the gut and body wall
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Nematode examples Ascaris species
Heartworm
Phylum Molluska They have varied habitats They can be one shelled,
two shelled or have an internal shell
They all contain a mantle layer that help to make the shell.
They all have Bilateral symmetry
EM: Development of Coelom- the fluid filled space between body and digestive track.
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Coelomates of Invertebrates
Mollusk examples Snail
Scallop
Octopus
More Mollusk examples Slug
Squid
Bivalves
Phylum Annelida
All are Segmented worms
They have more complex structures than the other worm phyla…including: “hearts”, a stomach, gizzard, crop, and intestines
They all have bilateral symmetry
EM: Segmentation- repeated body segments. 40
Annelid examples
Earthworm
Leech
Fireworm
Phylum Arthropoda They all have jointed
appendages
They all have an exoskeleton
This is the largest phylum with more than 250,000 species
They easily adapt to changes in the environment
They all have bilateral symmetry
EM: Appendages- jointed arms and legs 42
Jointed Appendages
Arthropod examples
All insects lobster
All spiders camel spider
All crustaceans
Phylum Echinodermata All live in marine environment
All have spiny skin
They move using hundreds of tubed feet
The first invertebrate that has the start of an endoskeleton
All have radial symmetry
EM: Deuterostomes-the anus
develops before the mouth
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Echinoderm Deuterosome Development
Echinoderm examples:
Sea star
Sea lily
Sea cucumber
Brittle Star Sand dollar
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What is an insect?
Insects have a body divided into three parts—head, thorax, and abdomen. Three pairs of legs are attached to the thorax.
Abdomen
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Insects have a segmented body, an exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.
A typical insect can have:
a pair of antennae
a pair of compound eyes
two pairs of wings on the
thorax
Metamorphosis
The growth and development of insects usually involves metamorphosis, which is a process of changing shape and form. Insects undergo either incomplete metamorphosis or complete metamorphosis.
In incomplete metamorphosis they look very much like the adults
These immature forms are called nymphs.
What Is an Insect? Adult
In complete metamorphosis, animals hatch into larvae that look and act nothing like their parents.
Vertebrates
VERTEBRATES
Review: Chordate Classification
Domain…Eukarya
Kingdom…Animalia
Phylum…Chordata
How to orient yourself around an animal!
8 Characteristics Shared by All
Vertebrates
1. Backbone:
a. Notochord- dorsal rod of vertebrae in embryos & becomes a spinal disc
b. Internal skeleton- skeleton is on the inside
c. Dorsal nerve chord- spinal chord
2. All have segmentation
3. All have bilateral symmetry
4. All have 2 pairs of appendages
5. Cephalization- sensory structures on anterior end (head)
6. True coelom- body cavity is entirely with in mesoderm layer.
8 Characteristics Shared by All
Vertebrates
7. All have a closed circulatory system with a chambered heart
8. All have organs and organ systems
8 Characteristics Shared by All
Vertebrates
VERTEBRATES
Detailed Characteristics of Vertebrates
VERTEBRATES
Have an internal skeleton (structure) with spine (notochord & vertebrae) with dorsal nerve chord.
VERTEBRATES
They have three parts or regions (segmentation & cephalization): head, torso and tail.
VERTEBRATES
The torso has four extremities which can be paws, wings and fins.
Jointed appendages
VERTEBRATES
Their nervous system has an encephalon (brain) and a spinal cord.
The encephalon is placed inside the skull and the spinal cord is placed inside the spine.
VERTEBRATES
Sense organs are placed inside the head (cephalization)
Key Classes of Phylum Chordata
Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous fish (sharks)
Osteichthyes-bony fish (trout/salmon)
Actinopterygii (ray finned) and Sarcopterygii (lobe finned)
Amphibia – frogs, salamanders
Reptilia – reptiles, snakes
Aves - birds
Mammalia – rats, humans, horses, cows
Ectothermic versus Endothermic
Ectothermic “cold blooded”
Do not generate their own body heat and relies on the environment for heat through absorption and heat exchange
Sun or heated rock
Endothermic “warm blooded”
Can generate their own body heat through internal chemical processes
Maintain constant body temperature Humans ~98.6⁰F
Fish
Some characteristics of fish are:
Their skin has scales for protection, hydrodynamic movement, and camouflage.
Fish
Their jointed appendages are fins for movement
Fish
Fish have gills for respiration.
Ectothermic
Internal and external fertilization
Most lay eggs;
some have live birth
Difference between Chondrichthyes
and Osteichthyes
Chondrichthyes
Skeletons are made up on cartilage not bone
Mostly marine
5-7 pairs of gills
No swim bladder present
Osteichthyes
Skeletons are made up of bone
Be found in freshwater and marine environments
4 pairs of gills
Swim bladder present
Swim Bladder
Amphibians
Some characteristics of Amphibians are:
Amphibians
Their skin is generally moist
Respire through gills, skin and lungs
Ectothermic
Amphibians
They have four extremities (adults)
Amphibians
Internal and external fertilization
Exhibit metamorphosis during life cycle
Reptiles
Some characteristics of Reptiles are:
Reptiles
Their skin is dry and strong, it has scales.
Some have four legs, which
they use to run, climb and
swim.
Snakes no longer have legs
but they use concertina,
undulation, sidewinding, and
rectilinear movement for
locomotion
They also use their scales to
help move!
Reptiles
Reptiles
Reptiles are ectothermic
Possess lungs
Reptiles
They lay fertilized eggs
Some have live birth
Aves
Characteristics of Birds :
Aves
Birds don't have ”real” teeth, they have a beak
Aves
Their front legs became wings.
Aves
Their bodies are feathered (modified scales)
Feather groups serve specific functions
Aves
They are endothermic
Aves
They breathe with lungs
Aves
They lay eggs with shells made up of calcium carbonate
Offspring can be altricial (needs help from parents) and precocial (don’t need help...ready to go!)
Chickens are precocial
Robins are altricial
Mammals
Characteristics of Mammals :
Mammals
They are endothermic
Adapted for all types of environments on Earth
Mammals
Most have have body hair
Mammals
They have sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Mammals
They have mammary (milk-secreting) glands. They produce milk to feed their young.
Mammals
They have different types of teeth
Specialized
Molars, incisors, canine, premolars,
Diphyodont- 2 sets of teeth
Baby teeth; adult teeth
Mammals
Mostly have live birth
One species lays eggs...which species?
Most babies are altricial but some ungulates and swine are precocial
Mammals 3 inner ear bones