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Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum Chordata
Subphylum VertebrataClass Mammalia
SZ2- Students will explain the evolutionary history of animals over the
geological history of Earth.
Mammals evolved from synapsid reptiles
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Primitive Chordate
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FishTwo Chambered Heart
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Amphibian Heart-
3 Chambers
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Reptilian Heart – 3 chambersCrocodile- incomplete 4
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Fig. 48.28
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Synapsids
•Animals with one skull opening behind eye socket•Located in the temporal region
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Pelycosaurs
• Synapsid reptiles from Pennsylvanian and Permian – 300-245 MYA
• Body close to ground• Legs away from body• Canine like teeth
Dimetron
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Therapsids
• Before dinosaurs• Evidence suggests
Mammals evolved from therapsids
• Body raised off the ground
• Limbs more under the body
• Teeth differentiated into 3 types
Lystrosaurus
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Cynodonts “dog tooth”
• Lumbar ribs reduced or absent
• Well developed secondary palate
• Lower jaw reduced to one bone
Cynognathus
Thrinaxodon
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Transitional FossilThrinaxodon
250-245 myaBody divided into lumbar and thoracic regions
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Transitional FossilCynognathus
245-230 myaMay have been endothermic and gave birth to live youngSmaller than a wolf
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MammalsCynodonts
Therapsids
Pelycosaurs
Canine like teeth
Limbs under body
Reduced ribs, 1 jaw bone
Molars, hair, glands
Synapsid reptiles
Cladogram of Synapsids
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Early Mammals
• Triassic– 220 MYA
• Small• Hair• Mammary glands• Skin glands• Molar teeth
Megazostrodon
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Repenomamus robustusAte Dinosaurs
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Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia1. Have fur/hair
2. mammary glands
3. Viviparous- Give birth to live young (except monotremes)
4. Length of time in uterus - gestation period
5. Extended parental care
6. 4 chambered heart
7. endothermic
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1. Muscular Diaphragm
2. Specialized teeth
3. Seven cervical(neck)vertebrae
4. Outer ear
5. Well developed brain- Largest cerebrum
6. Sweat glands7. Diphyodont teeth
Two sets8. Heterodont teeth
Different shapes and functions
Mammalian Anatomical Adaptations
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Basic Mammal
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Lion
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Rhinoceros
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Gorilla
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Chimpanzee
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Chimp and Human
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Bat
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Same bones, different stance
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Incissors
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Canine
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Premolars
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Molars
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Mammal Circulation
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Fig. 31.12
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Monotremes
• Lay eggs• Incubate 12 days• Lick milk from mothers
fur• Transitional species
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Marsupials
• Pouched mammals• Birth to tiny embryo• Embryo attaches to
mother’s nipple to complete development
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Placental Mammals
• Placenta nourishes embryo
• Long gestation period– 22 months for elephant
• Most successful group of mammals
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Placental Mammals
• Competitive advantage over monotremes and marsupials– Better nutrition from
placenta– Less vulnerable to
predators• More advanced at birth
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Marsupials and Monotremes in Australia
• Triassic Period– Mammals evolved– Pangea
• Jurassic Period– Monotremes and
marsupials migrated to southern pangea
• Cretaceous Period– Pangea breaks up
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Evolution of Placenta from Amniotic EggReptile • Chorion
– Oxygen from air• Amnion
– Provides private pond• Yolk Sac
– Food for embryo• Allantois
– Store urinary waste
• Mammal• Chorion
– Form placenta to get oxygen & food from mothers blood
• Amnion– Provides private pond
• Yolk sac– Temporarily make RBCs
• Allantois– Form umbilical cord
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Mammal Classification
• 14 major orders• Over 4,000 species• About half are rodents
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Order Monotremata
• Lays eggs• Young lick milk from
mothers fur
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Order Marsupiallia
• Pouch•
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Placental: Order Insectivora
• Sharp-snout• Small• Burrow underground• Eat insects
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Order Chiroptera• Only Flying mammals• Elongated fingers• Echolocation• Ex. batsImportance-• Seed dispersal• Pollination• Control insects
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Echolocation
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Smallest Mammal
• Kitti’s hog-nosed Bat• Bumble bee size• 1.5 grams
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Order Xenarthra
• Toothless or peg like teeth
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Order Carnivora
• Large canine teeth• Teeth adapted to shear
flesh
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Order Rodentia
• Chisel-like incisor teeth• Continuously grow• Largest order
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Order Cetacea
• Front limbs modified into flippers
• No hind limbs• Marine
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Whales
• Blue whale• 100 feet long, 120 tons
– 9 story building
• Loudest animal– 188 dB• Sound travels 100’s of miles
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Blue Whale
• Baleen whale• Eats krill– Tiny crustaceans– 400 pounds/day
• Heart weighs 1000 pounds– Size of a Volkswagen
• Endangered species
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Grey Whale
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Migrates 12,500 miles
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Grey Whale
• 50 feet long• 35 tons• Baleen whale– Sift mud
• Endangered species
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Killer Whale
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Breaching
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Killer Whale
• 12,000 pounds• Eat fish, squid, seals and
whales– 200 pounds/day
• Swim 30 mph
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Order Pinnipedia
• “fin feet”• Limbs modified for
swimming• Marine carnivores• Seals, sea lions, walrus
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Order Proboscidea
• Tusks• Largest living land
mammal
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Order Artiodactyla
• “even toe”• Two or four toes• Giraffes, impalas,
moose, bison, cows
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Order Perissodactyla
• “odd toed”• One or three toes• Horses • rhinos
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Order Primates
• Opposable thumb• Binocular vision• Fingernails usually• Mammary glands
reduced to one thoracic pair
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The End
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Evolution
• Change over time• Which Chordate class do you think has more
advantages/adaptations to survive changing times?
• Which classes have disadvantages?
• Which Chordate classes can you see evolutionary similarities in so far?