Download - Kishwan Cse Redd Presentation(Aug08)
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South Asia Media Briefing Workshop on Climate Change
28th August 2009India Habitat Centre, New Delhi
Jagdish KishwanMember Core Negotiating Group for UNFCCC
Government of India
Centre for Science and Environment
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Role of Forests in Climate Change
• Forests are both sources and sinks of carbon• Forests contribute about 17.4% of global CO2
emissions• Forests provide large and relatively low cost
mitigation opportunities to address climate change
• Forests provide other ecosystem goods and services to communities to cope up with climate change
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IPCC 4th Assessment Report
Share of different sectors in total anthropogenic GHG emissions in 2004 in terms of CO2 equivalent
• Energy Supply 25.9%
• Industry 19.4%
• Forestry 17.4%
• Agriculture 13.5%• Residential and 7.9%
Commercial building
• Waste and Wastewater 2.8%
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The Agenda
• Agenda Item on “Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: Approaches to stimulate action” first presented in COP 11 Montreal (2005) in response to request of Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica
• COP11 invited parties and accredited observers to submit views on related issues and also to organize a workshop
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Avoided Deforestation
Compensated Reduction
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries (RED)
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD)
REDD+Conservation+SMF+Enhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks = REDD-plus or REDD+
Compensated Conservation?
Active Agenda Item with AWG-LCA (BAP) and SBSTA (REDD)
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COP 13: December 2007Bali Action Plan: “…Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries…” [Para 1b (iii) of BAP]
REDD: “...inter alia, assessments of changes in forest cover and associated carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions, incremental changes due to sustainable management of the forest…”
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“Compensated Reduction”
Financial incentives to Non Annex 1 countries
for
reducing present annual deforestation rate and stabilizing it
in future
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Indian Viewpoint on REDD
Comprehensive REDD = REDD+
Carbon Saved and Carbon Added
•Reducing Deforestation & Degradation
•Conservation, Sustainable Management of Forests, Increase in Forest Cover (A&R)
Indian submission incorporates above and seeks incentives on
Incremental and Baseline stocks
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Emerging Policy Options
1. Conservation, sustainable management of forests, increase in forest cover/A&R (Add C)
2. Reducing deforestation and degradation rates (Save C)
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Country Groupings1. CN, SMF, IFC (China, India, Pakistan, Nepal,
Bhutan, PNG, Costa Rica, Sri Lanka Suriname, Congo Basin Countries, Malaysia, Thailand)
2. CN, SMF (Congo Basin Countries, Suriname, Cameroon, Nepal)
3. Reducing deforestation (Brazil, Indonesia, Bolivia, PNG, Columbia)
4. Annex I countries supporting incremental stocks and reducing decremental stocks
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Policy Options and Accounting Approach
National Accounting1. Whole area under CN, SMF, A&R or2. Whole area under RD or3. Whole area divided into mutually exclusive
zones- i) CN, SMF, A&R, ii) RD
Sub-national Accounting1. Reported area under 1, 2 or 3???2. What about changes in C stocks in remaining
area? (Leakage?)
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Poznan Highlights•SBSTA decision on REDD (SBSTA/2008/L.23)
– Replacement of semicolon (;) with comma (,) (para 4)– Reference made to para 11 of 2/CP.13: Bali COP
decision on REDD (paras 5, 8, 12, 13)– Single expert meeting (23-24 March 2009, Bonn) to
consider methodological issues relating to different policy approaches (CN, SMF, IFC, RD) together (para 6)- positive movement towards comprehensive approach
•Forceful and forthright statements of some Non-Annex countries for CN: Suriname, Nepal, Bolivia
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A draft decision has been agreed at SBSTA 30 (June 2009)
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Draft COP decision for adoption at COP 15 in Copenhagen is bracketed Draft COP decision for adoption at COP 15 in Copenhagen is bracketed
Draft Text for DecisionCOP 15
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India intervened to have reference to India’s position on forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and
enhancement of forest carbon stocks in the draft COP decision. A new line to this effect was successfully got added in para 1 (a)
of the draft decision reading ‘to identify the drivers and activities within the country that result in reduced emissions,
increase in removals and stabilization of carbon stocks in forestry sector’ as part of our strategy to clearly define activities
that would be clubbed under REDD-plus.
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Conference of Parties (COP) 15December 2009
in Copenhagen likely to come out with a COP decision on REDD
methodological issues
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AWG-LCA Agenda Item 3:
Enabling the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention through long-term cooperative action now, up to and beyond 2012, by addressing, inter alia:
(b) Enhanced national/international action on mitigation of climate change;
(para 1(b)(iii) policy approaches and positive incentives relating to REDD; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing
countries)
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AWG-LCA Agenda Item 3:• First and second reading of negotiating text
completed in Bonn (June 2009)
• Informal consultations in Bonn (August 2009)
• REDD policy option for mitigation will be finalized by COP 15 in Copenhagen
• Indian Position on REDD Policy prominently reflected in the LCA negotiating text
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Best Option forLow Deforestation
Countries
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Distribution of Global forest cover by region (%)
16.1
14.5
25.3
17.9
5.2
21
Africa
Asia
Europe
N and C America
Oceania
S America
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10 Countries with largest forest cover(Million ha)
808
478310
303
197
164
13488 6968
Russian Fedeartion
Brazil
Canada
US
China
Australia
DR Congo
Indonesia
Peru
India
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11 High Forest Cover Countries
97.7 91.8 90.6 89.4 88.9 87.6 84.5 83.3 80 77.6 76.7
020406080
100120
Surina
m
Frenc
h G
uiana
Micr
ones
ia
Amer
icam
Sam
oa
Seych
elles
Palau
Gabon
Pitcair
ns
Turks
and
Caic
os Is
land
s
Solom
on Is
lands
Guyan
ae
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Based on Policy Approaches and Practices
HFLD, LFLDCN, SMF
IFC+CN, SMF HFHD, LFHD
GLOBAL FOREST C STOCKS
CONSTANT STOCKS
CHANGING STOCKS
INCREMENTAL DECREMENTAL
HFLD: High Forest cover Low deforestationLFLD: Low Forest Cover Low deforestationIFC: Increase in forest coverCN: Forest ConservationSMF: Sustainable Management of Forests
HFHD: High Forest cover High DeforestationLFHD: Low Forest cover High Deforestation
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State of Forest Carbon Stocks A fn of
CONSTANT STOCKScs
DECREMENTAL STOCKSDS
INCREMENTAL STOCKSIS
CO2
c
Constant Stocks HFLD, LFLD, CN, SMF
Decremental Stocks HFHD, LFHD
BaseLine
Action of HFLD, LFLD, CN, SMF for CS
Action of IFC, CN, SMF for IS
Action of HFHD, LFHD for DS
All actions are equally important in maintaining Global integrity of stocks
Comprehensive approach
All three (CS, IS, DS) contribute in state of forest carbon stocks
C
C
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• Advocate for a comprehensive approach• Ensure that progress on methodological and
policy fronts for all policy approaches proceeds simultaneously, derailing of any element that contributes in maintaining global integrity of forest c stocks (CN also) to be opposed
Strategy
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Clarity on REDD/REDD-plus- main or a co-benefit? State managed forests- main benefit Community/jointly managed forests- co-
benefit (bonus with other goods and services)
Biodiversity conservation Safeguarding rights of local people and
benefit sharing (UNFCCC- indigenous peoples and local communities)
Points of Concern
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Projected trend in forest cover under the current trend scenario
(Source: Indian Institute of Science, 2006)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
8019
87
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
2027
2029
2031
Year
Fo
rest
Co
ver
(Mh
a)
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Projected Afforestation under current trend scenario
(Source: Indian Institute of Science, 2006)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1951
1961
1970
1979
1986
1992
1997
2000
2002
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
2027
2029
Year
Cum
ulat
ive
Are
a A
ffore
sted
(Mha
)
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Model based projection of carbon stocks in India’s forests and tree cover, as per studies of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (2006), estimates increase in carbon stocks as contained in the country’s forests from 8.79 GtC in 2005 to 9.75 GtC in 2030
Carbon Stock Projection: Indian Scenario
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Compensation Claim: India
Proposed policy approach of Compensated Conservation seeks incentive for
1. Incremental stocks of 0.96 GtC between 2006-2030 (projected increase from 8.79 GtC in 2006 to 9.75 GtC in 2030)
2. Baseline stocks of 8.79 GtC as on 2006
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Compensated Reduction
Compensated Conservation
Project
Project
BAU
BAU
Baseline
Time
Carb
on S
tore
d/Sa
ved
Issues at COP-12 on “Avoided Deforestation”
Baseline
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Forest and Tree Cover Carbon Stocks, India
ICFRE Study (August 2009)
Carbon 1995 2005 Incremental Changes
In Biomass 2692.474 2865.739 173.265In Soil 3552.304 3755.811 203.507Total 6244.778 6621.550 376.772
Figures in m tonnes
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Forest and Tree Cover Carbon Stocks, India
ICFRE Study (August 2009)Expansion and Conversion Factors
Mean biomass expansion factorRatio of BGB/AGBMean DensityRatio of OFFB/Tree BiomassMCDB in DWCarbon content in DW
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Forest and Tree Cover Carbon Stocks, India
ICFRE Study (August 2009)
Mean biomass expansion factor 1.575Ratio of BGB/AGB 0.266Mean Density 0.7116Ratio of OFFB/Tree Biomass 0.015MCDB in DW 20%Carbon content in DW 40%
Expansion and Conversion Factors
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Forest and Tree Cover Carbon Stocks, India
ICFRE Study (August 2009)
Mean biomass expansion factor
1.575 Chhabra, et al., 2002; Kaul, et al., 2009
Ratio of BGB/AGB 0.266 Chhabra, et al., 2002; Kaul, et al., 2009
Mean Density 0.7116 Brown, Gillespie and Lugo,1991; Rajput, et al., 1996; Kaul, et al., 2009
Ratio of OFFB/Tree Biomass
0.015 Ogawa, et al.,1965; Rai, 1981; Brown and Lugo, 1984
MCDB in DW 20% Leach and Gowen, 1987; Hall, et al., 1994; Ludwig, et al., 2003
Carbon content in DW
40% Bowen, 1979; Levine, 1996 ; Susott, et al., 1996; Ludwig , et al., 2003
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Forest and Tree Cover Carbon Stocks, India
ICFRE Study (August 2009)Item Factor 1995 2005
GS of Country in Mm3 -GS 5842.320 6218.282
Mean Biomass Expansion Factor- EF 1.575
Ratio (BGB/AGB)- RBA 0.266
AGB (Volume) – AGB = GSXEF 9201.654 9793.794
BGB (Volume) – BGB = AGBXRBA 2447.640 2605.149
Total Biomass (Volume) – TB = AGB+RBA 11649.294 12398.943
Mean Density – MD 0.7116
Biomass in mt = GSXMD 8289.638 8823.088
Ratio (Other Forest FB/TB 0.015
Total Forest Biomass in mt (Trees+Shrubs+Herbs) 8413.982 8955.434
Dry Weight in mt (80% of TFB) – DW 6731.186 7164.348
Carbon in mt (40% of DW) 2692.474 2865.739
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Initiate regular estimation and monitoring of forest carbon stocks Biomass carbon Soil organic carbon
Supplement by regular estimation of ‘tree cover’ biomass carbon stocks
Possible Action by MoEF/SFDs
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Document changes in Climatic parameters: temperature,
rainfall Vegetation Growth parameters of vegetation Hydrology Pest incidence Uncommon natural phenomenon
Possible Action by MoEF/SFDs
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Institutionalize forest carbon accounting (FSI/SFDs) observed changes/shifts (ICFRE and
SFDs/SFRIs) Benefit sharing with local community
(MoEF/SFDs) Capacity building
To incorporate data in working plan in a special chapter on Climate Change
Possible Action by MoEF/SFDs
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Is Positive REDD+ Outcome Possible?
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