KtftKt¶Ct
REFERENCES
Abbas HHH. 2006. Acute toxicity of ammonia to common carp fingerlings (Cyprinus
carpio) at different pH levelsl. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 9: 2215-2221
Abbas HH, Zaghloul KH, Mousa MA. 2002. Effect of some heavy metal pollutants on
some biochemical and histopathological changes in blue tilapia Oreochromis
aureus. Egy. J. Agric. Res. 80: 1395-1411.
Abbas HH, Mohamoud HM. 2003. The toxicological effects of water pollution on the
Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) collected from four sites along the
River Nile. J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Assoc. 63: 307-323.
Abbas HHH 1998. Toxicological effects of copper and lead on some physiological
aspects in two fish species, blue tilapia, Orechrmis nitoticus and African
catfish, Clarias garipinus. Ph.D Thesis, Faculty of Science, Cairo University.
Egypt.
Abbas HHH, Mohamoud HM, Miller JD. 2007. Vitamin C and cadmium toxicity in
fish Oreochromis niloticus. J. Vet. Res. 11: 54-74.
Abbas, HHH, Mahmound HM. 2004. Hematological and biochemical changes in
Oreochromis aureus and Clarias gariepinus exposed to mixture of copper and
lead salts. Egy. J. Basic. Appl. Physiol. 2: 89-106.
Abbasi SA, Nipaney PC, Soni R. 1991. Occurance, essentiality and toxicity of
chromium. J.Ins.Public. Health Engineers, India.
Abel PD. 1974. Toxicity of synthetic detergents to fish and aquatic vertebrates. J.
Fish. Biol. 6: 279 – 298.
Abel-Tawwah IM, Mousa MAA, Abbass FE. 2009. Growth performance and
physiological activities of African catfish C.gariepinus fed organic selenium
prior to the exposure to environment al copper toxicity.Aquaculture. 272(1-4):
335-345.
Abou EL-Naga EH, EL-Moselhy K M, Hamed MA. 2005. Toxicity of cadmium and
copper and their effect on some biochemical parameters of marine fish Mugil
seheli. Egyptian. J. Aquat. Res., 31 (2): 60-71.
Abou-Donia MB, Ashry MA. 1978. Metabolism of leptophos by liver
microsomalenzymes; a factor in species selectively to delayed neurotoxicity,
Fed. Proc. 37: 504.
111
Abston PA, Yarbrough JD. 1976. The in vivo effect of mirex on soluble hepatic
enzyme in the rat. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 6: 192-199.
Acharya UR, Mishra M, Tripathy RR, Mishra I. 2006. Testicular dysfunction and
antioxidative defense system of Swiss mice after chromic metabolism and
haematological parameters of carp (Cyprinus carpioL.) from Saudi Arabia.
Aquat. Sci. 58(1): 24–30.
Acharya S, Dutta T, Das MK. 2005. Influence of sublethal concentration of copper
and zinc on some physiological parameters of Labeo rohita. J.Ecotoxicol.
Environ.Monit. 26(4): 615-620.
Adedeji OB. 2010. Acute effect of diazion on blood plasma biochemistry in the
African cat fish. J. Clini. Med. Res. 8: 179-183.
Adhikari S, Ghosh L, Ayyappan S. 2006. Combined effects of water pH and alkalinity
on the accumulation of lead, cadmium and chromium to Labeo rohita
(Hamilton). Inter.J. Enviorn.Sci Technol. 3(3): 289-296.
Adhikari S, Sarkar B et al. 2004. Effects of cypermethrin and carbofuran on certain
hematological parameters and prediction of their recovery in a freshwater
teleost, Labeo rohita (Ham). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 58: 220–226.
Afaq S, Rana KS, Lone MA. 2010. Toxicological effects of leather dyes on serum
cholesterol of fresh water teleosts, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham). Inter.J.Pharma.
Biosci. VI (2).
Afaq S, Rana KS. 2008. Effect of leather dyes on packed cell volume of fresh water
teleost, Cirrhinus mrigala. Asian. J. Exp. Sci. 22(3): 347-350
Affonso EG, Polez VLP, Correa CF, Mazon AF, Araujo MRR. Moraes G, Rantin FT.
2002. Blood parameters and metabolites in the teleost fish exposed to sulfide
to hypoxia. Comp.Biochem.Physiol. 133C: 375-382.
Agrahari S, Gopal K. 2009. Fluctuations of certain biochemical consultants and
markers enzymes as consequences of monochrotophos toxicity in the edible
fish Channa punctatus. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 94: 5-9.
Agrahari S, Pandey KC, Gopal K. 2007. Biochemical alteration induced by
monochromotophos in the blood plasma of Channa punctatus.
Pest.Biochem.physiol. 88: 268-272.
Ahmad I, Hamid T, Fatima M, Chand HSSK, Athar M, Raisuddin S. 2000. „Induction
of hepatic antioxidants in freshwater catfish (Channa punctatus Bloch) is a
112
113
biomarker of paper mill effluence exposure. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1523(1):
37-48.
Ahmad I, Maria VI, Oliveira M. Pacheco, Santos MA. 2006. Oxidative stress and
genotoxic effects in gill and kidney of Anguilla anguilla exposed to chromium
with or without pre-exposure to beta napthoflavone. Muta. Res. 608:16-28.
Ahmed M. El-Shehawi, Fagr K.Ali, Mohamed A.Seehy. 2007. Estimation of water
pollution by genetic biomarkers in tilapia and catfish species shows species-
site interaction. Afri.J.Biotech. 6 (7): 840-846.
Ahmet A. 2005. Effect of heavy metal accumulation on the 96 h LC 50 values in
Tinca tinca. Turk. J. Vet. Ani. Sci. 29: 139-144.
Akan JC, Abdul Rahman FI, Sodipo OA, Akandu PI. 2009. Bioaccumulation of
some heavy metals of six fresh water fish caught from Lake Chad in
doron Buhari, Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. J.Appl. Sci. Environ. San.
4(2): 103-114.
Alaa GM. Osman, Imam A.Mekkawy, Johan Verreth, Frank Kirschbaum. 2007.
Effects of lead nitrate on the activity of metabolic enzymes during early
developmental stages of the African catfish C.gariepinus. Fish Physiol.
Biochem. 33: 1-13.
Alabaster JS, Lloyd R. 1980. In: „Water Quality Criuteria for Freshwater Fish‟,
2nd ed., Butterworth scientific, London, UK, pp. 189-220.
Alabaster JS, Lloyd 1982. In: Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater Fish; 2nd ed.,
Butterworth Scientific, London, UK, pp. 189-220.
Al-Akel AS. 1996. Chromium toxicity and its impact on behavioural responses in
fresh water carp Cyprinus carpio from Saudi Arabia. Pak. J. Zool. 28: 361.
Al-Akel AS, Shamsi MJK, 1996. Hexavalent chromium: toxicity and impact on
carbohydrate metabolism and haematological parameters of carp (Cyprinus
carpio L) from Saudi Arabia. Aquat. Sci. 58: 24–30.
Alam MGM, Tanaka A, Allison G, Laurenson LJB, Stagnitti F, Snow E. 2002. A
comparison of trace elements concentration in cultured and wild acarp of lake
Kasumigaura, Japan. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 53: 348-354.
Al-Attar AM. 2002. The physiological response of the fish Cyprinion mhalensis to
mercury intoxication. J. Egy. Ger. Soc. Zool. 51: 123-137.
114
Al-Attar AM. 2005. Biochemical effects of short-term cadmium exposure on the
freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus. J. Biol. Sci. 5: 260-265.
Alazemi BM, Lewis JW, Andrews EB. 2000. Gill damage in the freshwater fish
Gnathonemus petersii (family: Mormyridae) exposed to selected pollutants:
An ultrastructural study. Environ. Technol. 17: 225-238.
Albert A. 1965. In: „Selective Toxicity‟. 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp.
159-175.
Alexander JB, Ingram GA. 1980. A comparison of five of the methods commonly
used to measure protein concentrations in the serum. J.Fish. Biol. 16: 115-
122.
Aleya BMD, Nurui A, Satoshi K, Kiyohisa O. 2005. Selected elemental composition
of the muscle tissue of three species of fish. Tilapia nilotica, Cirrhinas
mrigala and Clarias batrachus from the lake in Bangladesh. Food Chem. 93:
439-443.
Ali FA, El-Shehawai AM, Seehy MA. 2008. Micronucles test in fish genome. A
sensitive monitor for aquatic pollution. Afr.J.Biotech. 7(5) : 606-612.
Al-Kahem HF, Shamsi MJK, Zubair Ahmed. 1999. Effects of water pollution with
zinc sulphate on survival, behavioural, carbohydrate metabolism and blood
parameters of fish, Oreochromis niloticus. Saudi .J. Biol .Sci. 6(1).
Alkhail AR, Askar AI, Younis LK, EI-Gendy KS, Abbas MM. 2004. Risk assessment
of tributylin oxidein aquaticenvironment: A.toxcity and sublethal effectson
brain AchE and gill ATPases activity of tilapiafish, Oreochromis niloticus.
Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 7: 1117-1120.
Allen P. 1995. Chronic accumulation of cadmium in the edible tissues of
Oreochromis aureus (Steindacher): Modification by mercury and lead. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14 (2): 193 -196.
Al-Marsi M, Aba S, Khalil AH, Al-Hares Z. 2002. Sedimentation rates and pollution
history of a dried lake. Sci.Total.Environ. 293(1-3): 177-189.
Almedia JA, Novelli ELB, Silva MD, Alves R. 2001. Environmental cadmium
exposure and metabolic responses of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.
Environ. Pollut. 114: 169 – 175
Alpoim MC, Geraldes CF, Oliveiram CR Lima MC. 1995. Molecular mechanisms of
chromium toxicity; oxidation of haemoglobin. Biochem.Soc. Trans. 23: 241S.
115
Alquezar R, Booth S, Booth D. 2005. Metal accumulation in the smooth toadfish,
Tetractenos glaber, in estuaries around Sydney, Australia. Environ. Pollut.
20:1–9.
Alvarado NE, Quesada K, Hylland I, Marigomez I, Soto M. 2006 . Quantitative
changes in metallothioneins expression in target cell-type in th gills of turbot
exposed to cadmium, copper, zinc and after a depuration treatment. Aquat.
Toxicol. 77: 64-77.
Al-Yahoob IS, Bou-Olayan AH, Babloul M. 1994. Trace metals in gills of fish from
the Arabian Gulf. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53: 718-725.
Ambrose T, Cyril Arun Kumar L, Vincent S, Roselyn Lambert. 1994. Biochemical
responses of Cyprinus carpio communis to toxicity of tannery effluent. J.
Ecobiol. 6(3) : 213-216.
American Public Health Association (APHA), 1995. Standard Methods for the Exam-
ination of Water and Wastewater, 19th ed. APHA, Washington, DC.
Amiard C, Amiard JC. 1975. Etude experimentale du transfert du cobalt 60 dans
unechaine trophique marine bethique. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters. 27:
283-297.
Andy Davis, Christopher Sellstone, Stephen Clough, Robert Barrick, Bruce yare.
1996. Appl. Geochem. 11 (3): 409-423.
Anjum F. Shakoori 1997. Sublethal effects of hexavalent chromium on the body
growth rate and liver function enzymes of phenobarbitone- pretreated and
promethazine pretreated rabbits. Ar.J.Pathol. Toxicol.Oncol. 16(1): 51-9.
Antonella V, Landriscina C 1999. Changes in liver enzyme activity in the teleost
Sparus auratain responses to cadmium intoxication. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
43: 111-116.
Anuradha CH, Raju TN 1996. Effects of selenium toxicity on dehydrogenases in the
fish Anabas scandens. J.Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 6(2): 149-151.
APHA, 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21th ed.
American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
Arellano JM, Storch V, Sarasquete C. 1999. Histological changes and copper
accumulation in liver and gills of the Senegales sole, Solea senegalensis.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 44: 62–72.
Arenant-Oldewase A, Mark HM. 2000. Bioaccumulation of chromium, copper and
116
Iron in the organs and tissues of Clarias gariepinus in the Olifants river.
Kruger National Park. Water, S.A. 26(4).
Arillo A, Melodia F.1988. Effect of hexavalent chromium on trout mitochondria.
Toxicol. Lett. 44: 71–76.
Arillo A, Margiocco C, Melodia F, Mensi P.1982. Biochemical effects of long term
exposure to chromium, cadmium and nickel m Rainbow trout, Salmo
gairdnerii. Chemosphere. 11: 47-58.
Arnaudova D, Arnaudova A, Tomova E. 2008.Selected haematological indices of
fresh water fish from student kladenetsh reservoir. Bull. J.Agri. Sci. 14(2)
:244-250.
Arockia JJ, Mitton JMC. 2006. Effect of carbamate pesticide lannate on the
biochemical components of the fresh water cichilid Oreochromis mossambicus.
Ind.J.Environ.Ecoplan. 12:263-268.
Arslan M, Karaytug S, Cicik B. 2006. Bakırın Clarias lazera (Valenciennes, 1840)‟da
doku glikojen ve serum glukoz düzeyi üzerine etkileri, J Fish. Aqua. Sci. 23
(1/1) : 23-27.
Aruldhas MM, Subramanian S, Sekar P, Vengatesh G, Chandrahasan G, Govin-
darajulu P, Akbarsha MA. 2005. Chronic chromium exposure-induced
changesin testicular histoarchitecture are associated with oxidative stress:
study in anon-human primate (Macaca radiata Geoffroy). Hum. Repro. 20:
2801–2813.
Aruna D, Gopal V.1987. Effect of sub lethal level of mercury on haematological
parameters. Ind. J. Environ. Hlth. 29: 52-56.
Arunkumar S, Rana KS, Sunitha S. 2004. Bioconcentration of chromium, copper and
Iron in an Indian major carps Labeo rohita (Ham). Ind.J.Environ. Ecoplan.
8(1): 217-219.
Arun Kumar S, Rana KS, Sunita S. 2006. Histological change in liver of a fish Labeo
rohita (Ham) due to cadmium. U P. J. Zool. 26(1): 111–112.
Asadi F, Halajian A, Pourkabir M. et al., 2006a. Serum biochemical parameters of
Huso huso. J.Comp.Clin.Pathol. 15:245-248.
Asadi F, Mosoudifar M, Vijhi A, et al, 2006 b. Serum biochemical parameters of
Acipenser persicus. Fish physiol.Biochem. 32 :43-47.
117
Asharaf W. 2005. Accumulation of heavy metal in kidney and heart tissue of
Epinephelus microdon fish from the Arabian Gulf, Environ.Monit.Asses.
101: 311.
Ashish KM, Banalata M. 2008. Acute toxicity impact of hexavalent chromium on
behavior and histopathology of gill, kidney and liver of fresh water fish
C.punctatus. Environ.Toxicol. Pharmocol. 26: 136-141.
Ashok Kumar Ashwani 2006. Histopathological lesions in the selected tissues of
Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) fingerlings exposed to a sublethal concentration of
mercury. J. Environ. Biol. 27(2): 235 -239.
Ashraf M. Abdel-Moneim, Hala A.Abdel-Mohsen. 2010. Ultrastructure changesin
heoatocytes of catfish Clarias gariepinus from Lake Mariut, Egy. J. Environ.
Biol. 31(5): 715-720.
Asztalos B, Nemscok, Benedeczky R, Gobriel R, Szabo A, Rafaie. 1990. The effects
of pesticides on some biochemical parameters of carp, C.carpio.
Arch.Environ. Contam.Toxicol. 119: 275-282.
Asztalos BJ, Nemcsok, 1985. Effect of pesticides on the LDH activity and
isoenzymes pattern of carp, C.carpio sera. Com. Biochem. Physiol. 82(1): 214-
219.
Atamanalp M, Sisman F, Geyikoglu F, Topal A. 2008. The histopathological effects
of copper sulphate on rainbow trout liver. J.Fish.Aquat. Sci. (in press).
Atef M.Al-Attar, 2007. The influence of nickel exposure on selected physiological
parameters and gill structure in the teleost fish, Oreochromis niloticus.
J.Biol.Sci. 7(1): 77-85.
Atef. Al-Attar 2010. The influences of Nickel exposure on selected physiological
parameters and gill structure in the teleost fish, O.niloticus. J.Biol.Sci. 7:77-
85.
Athikesavan S, Vincent S, Ambrose T, Velmurugan B. 2006. Nickel induced
histopathological changes in the different tissues of freshwater fish
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes). J. Environ. Biol, 27(2
Supplement): 391–395.
Atli G, and Canli, M. 2007. Enzymatic responses to metal exposures in a freshwater
fish Oreochoromis niloticus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. 145: 282–287.
118
Atli GO, Alptekin S, Canli M. 2006. Response of catalase activity to AG, Cd, Cr, Cu
and Zn in five tissues of fresh water fish Oreochromis niloticus.
Comp.Biochem. Physiol. 143: 218-224.
Atli GO, Canli M. 2008. Responses of metallothionein and reduced glutathione in a
fresh water fish, Oreochromis niloticus following metal exposures. Environ.
Toxicol. Pharmocol. 25: 33-38.
Atroshi, F, Rizzo A, Sankari S, Biese I, Westermarck P, Veijalainen P.2000. Liver
enzymes activates in rats exposed to Ochratoxin and T-2 toxin with
antioxidant. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 64: 586-592.
Ates B, Orun I, Zeliha Selamoglu Talas ZS, Durmaz G, Yilmaz I. 2008. Effects of
sodium selenite on some biochemical and haematological parameters of
rainbow trout exposed to lead and copper. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 34: 53-59.
ATSDR. 2000. Toxicological profile for chromium NTIS accession No. PB2000-
108022. Atlanta GA: Agency for toxic substances and diseases registry, p.455.
Au DWT. 2004. The application of histo-cytopathological biomarkers in marine
pollution monitoring; a review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 48: 817-834.
Ay Kalay L, Tamer M, Canli M. 1999. Copper and lead accumulation in tissue of a
fresh water fish Tilipia zilii and its effect on the branchial Na, K-ATPase
activity. Bull. Environ.Contam. Toxicol. 62: 160-168.
Ayaloo SO 2008. Histopathological effects of glyphosate on juvenile African catfish.
Ameri. Eurasian.J.Agri.Environ.Sci. 4(3): 362-367.
Babu PRA, Reddy GR, Babu GRV and Chetty CS. 1988. Glycolytic oxidation in
fresh water fish Sarotherrodon mossambicus during benthicarb exposure.
Curr. Sci. 57(11): 591-594.
Backer J. 1969. Histological and electron microscopial observations on copper
poisoning in the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus. J. Fish Res.
Bd. Can. 26(1): 2785-2793.
Baetjer AM., Bermingham PE, Enterlino W. Mertz Pierce II. 1974. Effect of
chromium compounds on human health. In; Chromium‟. Nat. Acad. Sci.
Washington, 42-73.
Bahmani M, Kazemi R, Donskaya P. 2010. A comparative study of some
haematological features in young reare sturgeons. Fish physiol.Biochem.
24:135-140.
119
Bancraft JD, Stevens A, Turner DR. 1996. Theory and practice of histological
techniques. 4th Eds. Churchill Livingstone and New York.
Barceloux DG. 1999. Chromium. J.Toxicol.Clin.Toxicol. 37:173-194.
Barker SB, Summerson WH. 1941. The calorimetric determination of lactic acid in
biological material. J. Biol. Chem. 138: 535-554.
Barlas N. 1999. A pilot study of heavy metal concentration in various environments
and fishes in the upper Sakaryia river basin, Turkey. Envion. Toxicol. 14:
367-373.
Baskaran P. 1991. Aspects of the metabolism of Mystilus edulis L. during starvation.
Neth. J. Sea. Res. 7: 399- 410.
Becker AD, Thatcher TO. 1973. Toxicity of power plant chemicals to aquatic life,
Wash. - 1249, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, DC.
Begum G. Vijayaraghavan, S. 1996. Alterations in protein metabolism of muscle
tissue in the fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn) by commercial grade dimethoate.
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57: 223 – 228.
Begum G, Venkateswara RJ, Srikanth K.2006. Oxidative stress and changes in
locomotor behavior and gill morphology of Gambusia affinis exposed to
chromium. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 88: 355–365.
Behari J, Chandara SV, Tandon SK. 1978. Acta boil. Med. Germ. 37: 463-468.
Bailey SE, Olin TJ, Bricka RM, Adrian DD. 1999. A review of potentially low-cost
sorbents for heavy metals, Water Res. 33: 2469-2479.
Benfey TJ, Biron M. 2000. Acute stress effects response in triploid rainbow trout and
brook trout. Aquaculture. 184: 167-176.
Bennet BG. 1986. Exposure assessment for metals involved in carcinogenesis. IARC
Sci Publi. 71: 115.
Bernet D, Schmid H, Wahli T, Burkhardt-Holm P. 2001. Effluent from a sewage
treatment work causes changes in serum chemistry of brown trout (Salmo
trutta). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 48: 140-147.
Bervotes L, Blust R, Verheyen R. 2001. Accumulation of metals inthe tissues of three
spined stickelback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from natural fresh waters.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf 48: 17–127. Doi: 10.1006/eesa.2000.2010
Bhagwant S, Bhikajee M. 2000. Sci.Technol.Res. J. 5: 9-20.
120
BBhatkar NV.2011. Chromium, Nickel and Zinc induced histopathological alterations
in the liver of Indian common carp Labeo rohita. J.Appl.Sci.Environ.Manag.
15(2) : 331-336.
Bhatnagar C, Bhatnagar M, Regar BC. 2007. Fluoride- induced histopathological
changes in gills, kidney and intestine of fresh water teleosts, Labeo rohita.
Res.Report. Fluo. 40(1) : 55-61.
Bishop BL. 2000. Pollution prevention. Fundamentals and practice. McGraw, Hill.
Blaxhall PC, Daisley KW. 1973. Routine haematological methods for use with fish
blood. J. Fish Biol. 5: 771 -781.
Blaxhall PC. 1972. The haematological assessment of the health of freshwater fish. A
review of selected literature. J. Fish. Biol. 5 : 771 – 781.
Blazer VS, Facey DE, Fournie JW, Coutrney LA, Summers JK. 1994. Macrophage
aggregates as indicators of environmental stress. In: Modulators of fish
immune responses, SOS Publications, Ed: Stolen, J.S., Fletcher, Fair Haven,
New Jersey. 1: 169 – 185.
Bleau H, Danniel C, Chevalier G, Van Tra H, Hontela A. 1996. Effects of acute
exposure to mercury chloride and methyl mercury on plasma cortisol, T3, T4,
glucose and liver glycogen in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.
Aquat.Toxicol. 34: 221-235.
Boetius J. 1960. Lethal action of mercuric chloride and phenyl mercuric acetate on
fishers. Meddr. Danm. Fish OG. Harunder. 3(4): 94-120.
Bols NC, Brubacher J, Ganassin RC, Lee LEJ. 2001. Ecotoxicology and innate
immunity in fish. Develop.Comp. Immunol. 25(8): 853-873.
Bomzon A. Ljubuncic P. 2001. Oxidative stress and vascular smooth muscle cells
function in liver disease. Pharmocol. 89: 295-308.
Bose G, Leydet M, Houvet D. 1992. The effects of hexavalent chromium on the
activity of alkaline phospatase in the intestine of rainbow trout. Aquat.
Toxicol. 23(3-4): 247-260.
Bradbury SP, Symonic DM, Coats JR, Atcheson, GJ. 1987. Toxicology of
fenevalerent and its constituent isomers to the fathead minnow and blue gill
.Bull.Enviro.Contam.Toxicol. 38: 727-735.
Bremner I, Davies MT. 1975. The induction of metallothioneins in rat liver by Zn
injection and restriction of food intake. Biochem. J. 149: 733-738.
121
Brown VM, Mitrovic VV, Stark GTC. 1968. Effects of chronic exposure on Salmo
gaidneri to zinc toxicity of a mixture of detergents and zinc. Wat. Res. 2: 255-
263.
Bruno DW, Ellis AE. 1988. Histological effects in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
attributed to the use of tributiltin antifoliant. Aquaculture. 72: 14-20.
Brusle J, Onzàlez I. Anadon, G. 1996. The structure and function of fish liver. In:
Fish morphology, (Eds) J.S.D. Munshi & H.M. Dutta. Science Publishers Inc.
Burtis CA, Ashwood ER. 1996. The fundamentals of clinical chemistry Saunders,
Philadelphia, PA.
Bury NR, Walker PA, Glover CN.2003. Nutritive metal uptake in teleost fish.
J.Exp.Biol. 206(1): 11-23.
Busvine JR. 1971. A critical review on the techniques for testing insecticides. In.
Statistical Methods in Biological Assay‟. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK, pp. 270-276.
Cai L, Lin Q, Cherian MG. 2010. Metallothioneins and intracellular sequestration of
metals. A Comp. Toxicol. Chap. 4(24): 501-517.
Calamari D, Gaggino GF, Pacchetti G. 1982. Toxicokinetics of low levels of Cd, Cr,
Ni and their mixture in long-term treatment on Salmo gairdneri rich.
Chemosphere. 11: 59-70
Callahan MA et al. 1979.Water related environmental fate of 129 priorty pollutants.
Vol.I. Office of water planning and standard office of water of management,
US. Environ.Protection agency, Washington, DC. EPA UO/4: 79-029a.
Camargo MM, Martinez CB. 2007. Histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of a
Neotropical fish caged in an urban stream. Neotrop.Icthyol. 5 : 327-336. Campana O,
Saraquete C, Blasco J. 2003. Effect of lead on ALA-D activity,
metallothionein levels and lipid peroxidation in blood, kidney and liver of the
toad fish Halobatrachus didactylus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 55: 116-125.
Campbell EJ, Dickinson CJ, Spater, JD, Edwards CW, Sikora K. 1985. Clinical
physiology. Bulter and Tanner Ltd. London.
Camusso M, Vigano L, Balestrini R. 1995. Bioconcentration of Trace metals in
rainbow trout: a filed study. Ecotoxicol. Environ.Saf. 31: 133-141
Canli M, Kargin F. 1995. A comparative study on heavy metal accumulation in
tissues of the carp C.carpio and the Nile tilapia Tilapia nilotica. Turk. J.Zool.
122
19: 165-171.
Canli M. 1995. Effects of mercury, chromium, and nickel on some blood parameters
in the carp Cyprinus carpio. Turk J. Zool. 19: 305–311.
Canli M.1996. Effects of mercury, chromium, and nickel on glycogen reserves and
protein levels in tissues of Cyprinus carpio. Turk. J. Zool. 20: 161–168.
Carpenter KE. 1930. Further researches on the action of metallic salts on fishes. J.
Exp. Zool. 56: 407 – 422.
Carvalho CS, Fernandes MN. 2006. Effect of temperature on copper toxicity and
haematological responses in the Neotropical fish Prochilodus scrofa at low and
high Ph. Aquaculture. 251 (1): 109-117.
Casillas E, Smith, LS. 1977. Effects of stress on blood coagulation and haematology
of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish Biol. 10: 481 -491.
Casillas E, Mayers M, Ames W. 1983. Relationship of serum chemistry value to
liver and kidney histopathology in Paraphyrus vetuls, after acute exposure to
carbon tetrachloride. Aquat. Toxicol. 3: 61-78.
Cazenave J, Wunderlin DA, Hued AC, de los Angeles-Bistoni M. 2005.
Haematological parameters in a neotropical fish captured from pristine and
polluted water. Hydrobiol. 537: 25-33.
Celechovska O. Svobodova Z, Zlabek V, Macharackova B. 2007. Distribution of
metals in tissues of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Acta. Vet. Brno. 76:
S93-S100.
Cengiz EI, Unlu E. 2006. Sublethal effects of commercial deltamethrin on the
structure of the gill, liver and gut tissues of mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis: a
microscopic study. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 21: 246–53.
Chan DKO, Woo NYS. 1978. Effect of cortisol on the metabolism of the eel,
Anguilla japonica. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 35: 205 – 215.
Chand R, Shankar JS, Kumar P, Verma SR. 1988. Heavy metal accumulation and
their effects on a few enzymes in Notopterus notopterus. Uttar Prades J.Zool.
8(2): 114-123.
Chandravathi V, Reddy SLN. 1996. In vivo effects of lead acetate on dehydrgenase
activities and metabolites in the fresh water fish, Anabas scandens.
J.Ecotoxicol.Environ. Monit. 5(2): 107-111.
123
Chandravathy V, Reddy SLN. 1994. Enzymological and biochemical alteration in the
fresh water fish Anabas scandens during lead nitrate exposure. J.Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Monit. 4(3): 163-167.
Chandravathy VM, Reddy SCN. 1991. In vivo recovery in glycogen metabolism of a
fresh water fish, Anabas scandens, after exposure to lead nitrate. Ind.
J.Environ. Toxicol. 1: 53-58.
Chaudhry HS. 1984. Nickel toxicity on carbohydrates metabolism of a freshwater
fish, Colisa fasciatus. Toxicol. Lett. 20: 115-121.
Chen JC, Lin CH. 2001. Toxicity of copper sulfate for survival, growth, molting and
feeding of juvenile of the tiger shrimp. Aquaculture. 192: 55-65.
Chen CY, Folt CL, 2000. Bioaccumulation and diminution of arsenic and lead in a
freshwater food web. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 3878-3884.
Chevreuil M, Carru AM, Chesterikoff A, Boet P, Tales E, Allardi J. 1995.
Contamination of fish from different areas of the river Seine (France) by
organic (PCB and pesticides) and metallic (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn)
micropollutants, Sci. Total Environ. 162: 31–42.
Chitra T, Raman Rao JV. 1986. Temperature induced changes in certain
haematalogical parameters in mercury treated Channa punctatus (Bloch).
Com.Physiol.Ecotoxicol. 11(12): 49-53.
Chitra T, Rao JVR. 1981. Effect of sodium fluoride on blood and liver enzyme in
Channa punctatus. Fluoride. 14(3): 115-118.
Chowdhury MJ, Pane EF, Wood CM. 2004. Physiological effects of dietary cadmium
acclimation and waterborne cadmium challenge in rainbow trout: respiratory,
Ionoregulatory, and stress parameters. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol.
Pharmacol. 139(1-3): 163-173.
Christensen GM, Faindt-Poeschi BA. 1978. Cells and certain Physiochemical
properties of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) blood. J. Fish. Biol. 12: 147-
158.
Christensen GM, McKim JM, Brungs WA, Hunt EP. 1972. Changes in the blood of
the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus LeSueur) following short and long
term exposure to copper (II), Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 23: 417-427.
Christian FA, Jackson RN, Tate TM. 1993. Effects of sublethal concentration of
glyphosate and daelepon on protein and aminotransferese activity in
124
Pseudosuccinae columella. Bull.Enviro. Toxicol. 51: 703-709.
Christina Barno, Caterine Ciacci, Rita Fabbri, Silvia Olivieri, Nicola Bianchi,
Gabriella Gallo and Laura Canesi, 2011. Pleiotrophic effects of hexavalent
chromium in Mystilus digestive gland. Chemosphere. in press.
Cicik B, Engin K. 2005. The effects of cadmium on levels of glucose in serum and
glycogen reserves in the liver and muscle tissues of Cyprinus carpio (L.,
1758), Turk. J. Vet. Ani. Sci. 29: 113-117.
Ciftci-Soydemir N, Cicik B, Erdem C, Ay O. 2008. Effects of leaoncentration on sera
parameters and hematocrit levels in Anguilla anguilla L.1758. J. Fish.Sci.
Com. 2(4): 61622.
Claxton LD, Houk VS, Hugles TJ. 1998. Genotoxicity of industrial wastes and
effluents. Muta. Res. 410: 237-243.
Cohan T, Hee S, Ambrose R. 2001. Trace metals in fish and invertebrates of three
California coastal wetlands. Mar.Pollu. Bull. 42: 224-232.
Coimbra TM, Janssen. U, Grone HJ et al. 2000. Early events leading to renal injury in
obesebZucker rats with type II diabetes. Kidney Inter. 57: 167-182.
Coles EH. 1974. Vetnarian and clinical pathology 2nd ed. W.B.Saunders company,
New York, USA, 394-472.
th Coles EH. 1989. Veterinary Clinical Pathology”, 4
p.486.
Edn. Saunders, Philadelphia,
Congleton JL, La Voie WJ. 2001. Comparison of blood chemistry values of samples
collected from juvenile Chinook salmon by three methods. J Aqua. Hlth.
13:168–172.
Coombs TL. 1979. Cadmium in aquatic organism, in the chemistry, biochemistry and
biology of cadmium (M.Webbed), pp. 93-139, Elsevier/ North Holland
Biomedical Press.
Cooper GP, Mc Daniel V. 1970. Standard methods of clinical chemistry. P.159.
Coppo JA, Mussart NB, Fioranelli SA. 2002. “Physiological variation of enzymatic
activities in blood of bull frog, Rana catesbeiana (Shaw, 1802)”, Rev. Vet.
12/13: 22-27.
Cornish IME, Moon TW. 1986. The glucose and lactate kinetics of American eels
Anguilla anguilla under MS222 ananesthesia. J. Fish. Biol. 28 : 1-8.
125
Costa M. 1997. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr (VI) in animal models and
humans. Crit.Rev.Toxicol. 27:431-442.
Costa M. 2003. Potential hazards of hexavalent chromate in our drinking water.
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmocol. 188: 1-5.
Cottton FA, Wilkinson G. 1980. Advanced organic chemistry. A comprehensive text,
4th ed, New York; John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 719-736.
Cousins R. 1982. Relationship of metallothionein synthesis and degradation to
intercellular zinc Metabolism. In: Biological Role of Metal lothionein,
Elsevier North Holland, Amsterdam: 251
Csepai F. 1978. Histological detectable dystrophies in the carp‟s kidney exposed to
chronic effect of some Pesticides. Magy Allatorv. Lapja. 33: 55-58.
Culling CFA. 1974. Hand book of histopathological techniques.Ed.2, Butterworth,
London, U.K.
Danabas D, Yildirin NC, Kucukgul A, Yildirim N, Kaplan O. 2010. J.Ani. Vet.Adva.
9(20): 2578-2582.
Daily Gretchen C. 1997. Natureis services. Island press. ISBN 1-559-63476-6.
Dang ZC. 2000. Adaptive stress responses in fish gills. Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Nijmsen, The Netherland.
Danielli JF, Davis JT. 1951. Reactions at interfaces in relation to biological problems.
Adv. Enzymol. 11: 35 – 89.
Darmono GRW, Dention, Campbell RSF. 1990. The pathology of cadmium and
nickel toxicity in Banana shrimp. Asian. Fish. Sci. 3: 287-297.
Das KK, Das Gupta S. 2002. Effect of nickel sulfate on testicular steroidogenesis in
rats during protein restriction. Environ. Hlth. Persp. 110: 923-926.
Das KK, Gupta AD, Dhundasi SA, Pati AM, Das SN, Ambekar JG. 2006. Effect of
L-ascorbic acid on nickel-induced alterations in serum lipid profiles and liver
histopathology in rats. J. Bas. Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 17: 29-44.
Das KK, Banerjee SK. 1980. Cadmium toxicity in fishes.Hydrobiology. 75: 117-121.
Das PC, Ayappan S, Jena JK, Das, BK. 2004. Effects of sublethal nitrite toxicity on
the haematological parameters of fingerlings of rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham). In
.J.Fish. 51(3) : 287-298.
Das SK, Kaviraj A. 1990. Accumulation of Cadmium in Heteropneustes fossilis and
changes in haematological parameters. J. Nat. Cons. 2:25-30
126
Dautremepuits C, Paris-Palacios S, Betoulle S, Vernet G. 2004. Modulatin in hepatic
and head kidney parameters of carp induced by copper and chitosan. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol. Toxicol. Pharmocol. C 137: 325-33.
De la Torre FR, Salibian A, Ferrari L. 2000. Biomarkers assessment in juvenile
Cyprinus carpio exposed to waterborne cadmium. Environ. Poll. 109:
277-282.
De Lemos CT, Rodel PM, Terra NR, Erdtman B. 2001. Evaluation of basal
micronucleus frequency and hexavalent chromium effects in fish erythrocytes.
Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 20(6):1320-1324.
De Smet H, Blust R, Early JL, Nonavinakere VK, Mallory Z. 2001. Effect of
cadmium on blood glucose level in the rat. Toxicol. Lett. 54: 199-205.
De Smet H, Blust R. 2000. Stress responses and changes in protein metabolism in
carp, Cyprinus carpio during cadmium exposure. Ecotoxicol. Environ.Saf.
48:255-26.
De Smet DH, Blust R. 2001. Stress responses and changes in protein metabolism in
Carp, Cyprinus carpio during cadmium exposure. Ecotoxcol. Environ. Saf. 48:
255-262.
Deb SC, Fukushima AT.1999. Metals in aquatic ecosystems: Mechanism of uptake,
accumulation and release. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 56: 385-33 p.
Dethloff T. 1999. Metals in aquatic ecosystems: Mechanism of uptake, accumulation
and release. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 56: 385-33 p.
Dethloff, G.M., Bailey, H.C., Maier, and K.J.2001. Effects of dissolved copper on
select haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of wild
rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Arch.Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 40: 371-
380.
Dhanapakiam P, Ramasamy VK. 2001. Toxic effects of copper and zinc mixtures on
some haematological and biochemical parameters in common carp,Cyprinus
carpio(L.), J. Environ. Biol. 22(2): 105-111.
Dheer JMS, Dheer TJ, Mahajan CL. 1987. Haematological and haematopoietic
responses to acid stress in an air breathing fresh water fish Channa punctatus
.J.Fish.Biol. 30(5): 577-588.
Di Guiseppi J, Fridovinch I. 1984. The toxicology of molecules oxygen. CRC. Crit.
Rev. Toxicol. 12: 315-342.
127
Diagomanolin V, Farhang M, Ghazi-khansari M, Jafar Zadeh N. 2004. Heavy metals
in the Karoon water way river, Iran. Toxicol. Lett. 151: 63-68.
Diammantino TC, Almeida E, Soares AMVM, Quilhermino I. 2001. Lactic
dehydrogenases activity an effect criteria in toxicity test with Daphnia magna
straus. Chemosphere, 45: 533-568.
Diana JS. 1982. An experimental analysis of the metabolic rate and food utilization of
northern pike. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 71: 395-398.
Dickman MD, Leung KM. 1998. Mercury and organ chlorine exposure from fish
consumption in Hong Kong. Chemosphere. 37 (5): 991-1015.
Dimitrova MST, Tsinova V, Velcheva V. 1994. Combined effects of zinc and lead
on the hepatic superoxide dismutase catalase system in carp (Cyprinus
carpio). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C. 108: 43-46.
Dirilgen N. 2001. Accumulation of heavy metals in freshwater organism: Assessment
of toxic interactions. Turk. J. Chem. 25 (3): 173- 179.
Dobsikova R, Svobodova Z, Blahova J.et al. 2010. The effect of transport on
biochemical and haematological indices of common carp. Czech J. Anim.Sci.
54(11): 510-518.
Domsche S, Domsche W, Classen M. 1971. Zum mechanism derileber Zenschadi
gung durch alkalyphospate. Natururissenchaflan. 58: 575.
Drastichova J, Svovodova Z, Luskova V, Machova J. 2004. Effect of cadmium on
haematological indices of Cyprinus carpio. Bull.Environ. Contam.Toxicol. 72:
725-732.
Dubale MS, Shah P. 1981. Biochemical alteration induced by cadmium in the liver of
Channa punctatus (Bloch). Environ. Res. 26: 110-118.
Dutta H, Richmonds C, Zeno T. 1996. Effects of Diazinon on the gills of blue gill
sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. J.Environ.Pathol.Toxicol.Oncol. 12: 219-227.
Dutta HM, Dalal R. 2008. The effect of endosulfan on the ovary of Bluegill sunfish:
A histopathological study (Lepomis Macrochirus sp). Int. J. Environ. Res.
2(3): 215-224
Dybem B. 1983. Field sampling and preparation subsamples of aquatic organism for
analysis metals and organochlorides.FAO. Fish. Technol. 212: 1-13.
Eaton AD, Clesceri LS, Ggreenberg AE, Franson MAH. 1995. Standard methods for
the examination of the water and waste water. 19TH ED. American Public
Health Association, Washington (DC2005).
Eder M, Gediga P. 1986. Lehrbuch uer Allgeminen pathologie und der
pathologischem Anatomie. Springer, Berlin.
Edward D, Brown JA, Whitehead C.1987. Endocrine and other physiological
indicators of acid stress in the brown trout. Annls. Soc.R.Zool. Brlg. 117(1):
331-342.
Edwards JW, Edyyane KS, Boxall VA, Hamann M, Soole KK. 2001. Metal levels in
seston and marine fish flesh near industrial and meteropollitan centers in
South Australia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42(5) : 389-396.
Eisler R. 1986. Chromium hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: a synoptic
review. US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 85, Laurel, MD.
Eissa IAM, Mona.S.Zaki, Noor El Deen, AIE, Ibrahim AN, Osman.K.Abdel Hady.
2011. Field study on cadmium pollution in relation to internal parasitic
diseases in cultured Nile Tilapia at Kaft-El-Sheikh Government. J. Ameri. Sci.
7(4).
Elango SP, Uthaman M, Muthulingam M. 2011. Effect of chromium on
histopathological changes of fresh water fish. Oreochromis mossambicus
(peters). Inter. J.curr. Res. 3 (3): 018-021.
El-Demerdash M, Mokhtar I, Yousef Fathia A, Elaswad M. 2006. Biochemical
Study on the Protective Role of Folic Acid in Rabbits Treated with Chromium
(VI). J.Environ.Sci.Hlth, Part B, 41 (5): 731-746.
El-Demerdash FN, Yousef MI, Kedwani FS Baghdadi HH. 2004. Cadmium induced
changes in lipid peroxidation, blood haematology, biochemical parameters and
semen quality of male rats: protective role of vitamin E and beta- caroteine.
Food. Chem.Toxicol. 42: 1563-1571.
Elhee KB, Bhagwant S. 2007. Haematological and gill histopathological parameters
of three tropical fish from a polluted lagoon on the west coast of Mauritius.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 68: 361-371.
Ellagard EG, Tura JL, Malizia AA. 1978. Locomotor activitiy of the blue gill Lepins
macrochrus hyperactivity induced by sublethal concentration of Cd, Cr and
Zn. J. Fish Biol. 12: 19-23.
Eller LL. 1975. Gill lesions in fresh water teleosts in W.E. Ribelin and G-magaki eds.
Pathology of fishes. University of Wiscosin press. Madison, pp. 305-330.
128
129
Ellis A. 1981. Stress and the modulation of defenses mechanisms in fish in pickaring
A.D. Stress and Fish Academic Press, New York, 147 – 169.
Ellman GL. 1959. Tissue sulphydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 82: 70-77.
El-Naga GO, El-Deen MAS, Abbas HHH. 2001. Effect of copper and lead toxicity on
some physiological characteristics of blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus and
African catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to copper and lead. J. Egypt.
German Soc. Zool. 34: 225-244.
El-Naggar AM, Soaad A.Mohmoud, Safaa.I.Tayel. 2009. Bioaccumulation of some
heavy metals and histopathological alterations in the liver of Oreochromis
niloticus in relation to water quality. World.J.Fish.Mar.Sci. 1(2): 105-114.
Elumalai M, Antunes C, Guilhermino L. 2002. Effect of single metals and their
mixtures on selected enzymes of Carcinus maenas. Water Air Soil Poll. 141:
273 – 280.
EPA US. 2002. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluent and receiving
waters to fresh water and marine organisms. 5th edn. Office of water,
Washington, DC.
Evans DW, Doo Do KD, Hansan P. 1993. Trace element concentration in fish livers:
implication of Variations with fish size in pollution monitoring. Mar. Poll.
Bull. 26: 329−354.
Fabbri EA, Capuzzo, Moon TW. 1998. The role of circulating catecholamines in the
regulation of fish metabolism: An overview. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C
Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 120: 177-192.
FAO 1975. Manual methods in aquatic environment research, part I, Rome, 223p.
Farag AM, May T, Marty GD, Easton M, Harper DD, Little EE, Cleveland L. 2006.
The effect of chronic chromium exposure on the health of Chinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquat. Toxicol. 76(3-4) : 246–257.
Farkas A, Salanki J, Specziar A. 2002. Relation between growth and heavy metal
concentration in organs of bream, Abramis brama L populating lake balaton
Arch.Environ.Contam. Toxicol. 43(2): 236-243.
Farombi EO, Adelowo OA, Ajimoko YR. 2007. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and
heavy metal levels as indicators of environmental pollution in African cat fish
(Clarias gariepinus) from Nigeria Ogun River. Int .J. Environ. Res. Public
Hlth. 4(2): 158 – 165.
130
Fatima S, Arivarasu NA, Banday AA, Yusufi AN, Mohamed R. 2005. Effect of
potassium dichromate on renal brush border membrane enzymes and
phosphate transport in rats. Hum.Exp.Toxicol. 24: 631-638.
Fatma AS. Mohamed 2009. Histopathological studies on Tilapia zilli and Solea
vulgaris from lake Qarun, Egypt. World. J.Fish.Marine.Sci. 1(1) :29-39.
Feldman BF, Zink JG, Jain NC. 2002. Scholmans veterinary hematology.Lippincott
Williams band Wilkins, Philadelphia. pp.1155-1160.
Ferguson HW. 1989. Systematic pathology of fish. Ames.IA.Iowa State University,
Press.
Fernandez F, Miquel AG, Martinez R, Serra, E, Guinea J, Narbaina FJ, Caseras A.
Bannet, IV. 1999. Dietary chromic oxide does not affect the utilization of
organic compounds but can alter the utilization of minerals salts in Gilthead
sea bream Sparus aurata. J. Nutr. 129: 1053-1059.
Fernandez MN, Mazon AF. 2003. Environmental pollution and fish gill
morphology. In; Val, A.L. and Kapoor, B.G. Fish adaptation, Enfield, Science
publishers, pp. 203-231.
Ferranda M, Andrew M. 1991. Effect of lindane on the blood of fresh water. Bull.
Environ. Contam.Toxicol. 47: 465-470.
Figueiredo-Fernandes A, Ferreira-Cardoso JV, Garcia-Santos S, Monteiro SM,
Carrola J, Matos P. 2007. Histopathological changes in liver and gill
epithelium of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to waterborne
copper. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 27: 103–9.
Figueiredo-Fernandes. Jorge V.Ferreira-Cardoso. Sofia Garcia- Santos. Sandra
M.Monteiro. Joao Carrola. Pedro Matos, Antonio Fontainhas-Fernandes.
2007. Histopathological changes in liver and gill epithelium of Nile tilapia,
Oreochromis nilotica exposed to water borne copper. Pesq.Vet.Bras. 27(3).
Filho DW. 1996. Fish antioxidant defenses-a comparative approach. Braz.
J.med.biol.res. 29: 1735-1742.
Filipovic V, Raspor B. 2003. Metallothionein and metal levels in cytosol of liver,
kidney and brain in relation to growth parameters of Mullus surmuletus and
Liza aurata. From the eastern Adriatic Sea. Water Res. 37(13): 3253- 3262.
Fink NE, Saliban A. 2005. Toxicological studies in adult amphibians effect of lead.
Appl.Herpetol. 2(3): 311-333.
131
Finney DJ. 1971. Probit Analysis. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 337.
Firat O, Hikmet Y, Cogun, Sabahattin Aslanyavrusu, Ferit Kargin. 2009. Antioxidant
responses and metal accumulation in tissues of Nile tilapia Oreochromis
niloticus under Zn, Cd and Zn+ Cd exposures. J.Appl. Toxicol. 29: 295-301.
Firat O, Kargin F. 2010. Individual and combined effects of heavy metals on serum
biochemistry of Oreochromis niloticus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
58(1): 151-7.
Fishbein L. 1981. Sources, transport and alterations of metal compounds; an
overview.I.arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium and nickel. Environ. Hlth
persp. 40: 43-64.
Folmar LC. 1993. Effects of chemical contaminants on blood chemistry of teleost
fish: A bibliography and synopsis of selected effects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.
12: 337–375.
Förstner U, Wittmann TW. 1979. Metal pollution in the Aquatic Environment.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 30-43.
Foulkes EC. 1993. Metallothionein and glutathione as determinants of cellular
retention and extrusion of cadmium and mercury. Life Sci. 52 : 1617-1620.
Freedel R, Diederichs F, Lindena J. 1979. Release and extracellular turnover of
cellular enzymes. In: „Advances in clinical Enzymology‟. (Eds.), Schmidt, E.,
Schmidt, F.W., Trauschold, I. And Friedel, R. New York, pp. 70 – 105.
Freedland J.H, Ciriolo M.R, Peisach J. 1989. The role of glutathione in copper
metabolism and toxicity. J.Biol.Chem. 264: 5598-5605.
Freeman BA, Crapo JD. 1982. Biology of disease free radicals and tissues injury,
Lab-Invest. 17: 412-426.
Friberg L, Piscator M, Nordberg G. 1974. Cadmium in the environment. CRC Press,
Cleveland.
Fromm PO, Schiffman RH. 1958. J.Wild.Manag. 22: 40-44.
Gabriel UU, Obomanu FG, Edori OS. 2009. Haematology, plasma enzyme and organ
indices of C.gariepinus afterintramuscular injection with aqueous leaves
extracts of Lepida gathis alopecuroides. Afric.J.Biochem.Res. 3(9): 312-316.
Gail Nussey JHJ, Van Vuren, du Preez HH. 1995. Effect of copper on the
haematology and osmoregulation of the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis
mossambicus (Cichlidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 111 (3): 369-380.
132
Galina J, Nemsock J, Jeney Z, Olah J. 1992. Acute effect of sublethal ammonia
concentration on common carp, C.carpio ii effect of ammonia on blood
plasma transaminase (GOT, GPT) LDH enzyme activities and ATP value.
Aquaculture. 104: 149-156.
Galvez F, Hogstrand C, McGeer JC, Wood CM. 2001. The physiological effects of a
biologically incorporated silver diet on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Aquat. Toxicol. 55: 95–112.
Garcia-Rodriguez MC, Lopez-Santiago V, Altamirano-Lozano M. 2001. Effect of
chlorophyll in on chromium tri oxide induced micronuclei in polychromatic
erythrocytes in mouse peripheral blood.Muta.Res. 496: 145-151.
Garg VK, Garg SK, Tyagi SK, 1989. Effects of manganese on the histochemical
locolaization of alkaline phosphatase in a teleost Ophiocephalus punctatus.
UP. J.Zool. 9(2): 207-211.
Garrett SH, Phillips V, Somji S, Sens MA, Dutta R, Park S, Kim D, Sens DA.
1982. Transient induction of metallothionein isoform 3 (MT-3), c-fos, c-jun
and c-myc in human proximal tubule cells exposed to cadmium. Toxicol. Lett.
126: 69–80.
Gatta PP, Piva A, Paolini M, Testi S, Bonaldo A, Antelli A, Mordenti A. 2001.
Effects of dietary organic chromium on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)
performances liver microsomal metabolism. Aquacult.Res. 32:60-69.
Gautam AK, Gupta ML. 1989. Chromium induced hematological anomalies in
afreshwater fish, Channa punctatus (Bl). J. Environ. Biol. 10: 239–243.
Gbem TT, Balogun J K, Lawal FA, Annune PA. 2001. Trace metal accumulation in
Clarias gariepinus (Teugels) exposed to sublethal levels of tannery effluent.
Sci. Total Environ. 271: 1-9.
Gerhard A. 1993. Review of impact of heavy metals on the stream invertebrates with
special emphasis on acid conditions. Water, Air and Soil Pollu. 66(3-4): 289-
314.
Gerhard Krumschnabel, Muhammad Nawaz. 2004. Acute toxicity of hexavalent
chromium in isolated teleosts hepatocytes. Aqua.Toxicol. 70 (2): 159-167.
Gey Van Puttius M, Van Vuren JH, Du Preez HH. 1992. Effects of chromium during
pH change on blood coagulation in Tilapia sparrmanii (Cichlidae). Comp.
Biochem. Physiol. C: 101(2): 371–374.
133
Ghalab M. 1997. Clinicopathological studies of fish exposed to some environmental
pollution in El-Manzal Lake. Ph.D. thesis, Fac. Vet.Med., Suez Canal
University.
Ghazaly KS, Zari TA, Attar AM. 1994. Chronic influence of sublethal concentration
of copper on the biochemical composition, growth and gill structure of
Cyprinion mhalensis. J. Egy. Ger. Soc. Zool. 15: 43-56.
Ghosh TK, Chatterjee SK. 1989. Influence of nuvan on the organic reserves of Indian
Freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus. J. Environ. Biol. 10: 93 -99.
Ghosh TK. 1988. Chronic toxic influence of chromium on biochemical composition
of blood of Channa punctatus. Ad.Bios. 7(11): 153-157.
Giesy JP, Wiener JG. 1977. Frequency distributions of trace metal concentrations in
five freshwater fishes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 106: 393-403.
Gill TS, Pant JC, Tewari H. 1988 a. Branchial and renal pathology in the fish
exposed to chronically to methoxy ethyl mercuric chloride. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 41: 241-246.
Gill TS, Epple A. 1993. Stress-related changes in the hematological profile of the
American eel, Anguilla rostrata. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 25: 227–235.
Gill TS, Leitner G, Porta S, Epple A. 1993. Response of plasma cortisol to
environmental cadmium in the eel, Anguilla rostrata LeSueur. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol. 104(3): 489-495.
Gill TS, Pant JC 1987. Hematological and pathological effects of chromium toxicosis
in freshwater fish Barbus Conchnius Ham. Water Air Soil Pollut. 35: 241-250.
Gill TS, Pant JC. 1981. Effect of sub-lethal concentrations of mercury in a teleost,
Puntius conchonius: Biochemical and hematological responses. Ind. J.Exp.
Biol. 19: 571-573.
Gill TS, Pant JC. 1985. Erythrocytic and leukocytic responses to cadmium poisoning
in freshwater fish, Puntius conchonius. Ham. Environ. Res. 30: 372-373.
Gill TS, Tewari H, Pande J. 1991. In vitro and in vivi effects of cadmium on selected
enzymes in different organs of the fish Barbus conchonius Ham. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol. C. 100(3): 501-505.
Gingerich WH. 1982. Hepatic toxicology of fishes. In; Aquatic toxicology, Webber,
L.J., New York, Raven Press, pp. 55-105.
134
Gluth G, Hanke W. 1985. A Comparison of physiological changes in carp, Cyprinus
carpio, induced by several pollutants at sub lethal concentrations. I. The
dependency on exposure time. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 9 :179-188.
Goldberg B Stein A. 1976. Production of superoxide anions during the oxidation of
hemoglobin by menadione. Biochem. Biophy. Acta. 437: 628-632.
Golovina NA. 1996. Morpho-functional characteristics of the blood of fish as objects
of aquaculture. Doctoral thesis. Moscow: University of Moscow.
Golovonova IL, Komov VT. 2005. Influence of mercury on hydrolysis of
carbohydrates in the perch intestine, Voprosy Ikhtyologii, 45(5): 695-701.
Golovonova IL. 2004. Influence of natural and anthropological factors upon the
carbohydrates activities in young fish. Biologia Vnutrennih Vod. 2 : 76-83.
Gomaa MNE, Abou-Arab AAK, Badawy A, Khayria N. 1995. Distribution pattern of
some heavy metals in Egyyptian fish organs. Food Chem. 53: 385-389.
Goodale BC, Walter R, Pelsue SR, Thompson WD, Wise SS, Winn RN et al. 2008.
The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium in medaka cells.
Aquatic. Toxicol. 87(1): 60-7.
Gopal V, Paravathy S, Balasubramanian PR. 1997. Effect of heavy metals on the
blood protein biochemistry of the fish Cyprinus carpio and its use as a bio-
indicator of pollution stress. Environ. Monit. Assess.48:117-124.
Goss GG, Wood CM.1988. The effects of acid and acid/aluminium exposure on
circulating plasma cortisol levels and other blood parameters in the rainbow
trout. J. Fish.Biol. 32: 63-76.
Goyer RA.1991.Transplacental transfer of cadmium and fetal effects.
Fundam.Appl.Toxicol.16 (1): 22-23.
Graham R.Scott, Katherine Sloman A. 2004. The effects of environmental pollutants
on complex behaviour; Integrating behavioue and physiological indicators of
toxicity. Aqua.Toxicity. 68(4): 369-392.
Gravato C, Teles M, Oliveira M, Santos MA. 2006. Oxidative stress in liver
biotransformation and genotoxic effects produced by copper in Anguilla
anguilla, The influence of pre-exposure to Beta-napthoflavone. Chemosphere.
65: 1821-1830.
Green HJ, Hughson RL, Orr GW, Ranney DA. 1983. Anaerobic threshold bloods
lactate and muscle metabolites in progressive exercise. J.Appl.Physiol. Resp.
135
Environ. Exer. Physiol. 54: 1032-1038.
Grosell M, Boetius L, Hansen HJM, Rosenkilde P. 1996. Influence of pre exposure to
sublethal levels of copper on Cu-64 uptake and distribution among tissues of
the European eel anguillia Anguilla. Comp.Biochem.Physiol. 114C: 229-235.
Grosell M, McDonald MD, Wood CM, Walsh PJ. 2004. Effects of prolonged copper
exposure in the marine gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta)I: Hydromineral balance
and plasma nitrogenous waste products. Aquat Toxicol. 68: 249–262.
Guijarro AI, Lopez-Patino MA, Pinillos ML, Isorana E, De Pedro N, Alonso-
Gomez AL, Alonso-Bedate M, Delgado MJ. 2003. J. Fish. Biol. 62: 803-815.
Gul S, Kurutas EB, Yildiz E, Sahan A, Doran F. 2004. Pollution correlated
modifications of liver antioxidant systems and histopathology of fish
(Cyprinidae) living in Seyhan Dam Lake. Turk. Environ. Int. 30: 605-609.
Gulfraz M, Ahhamed T, Afzal H. 2001. Concentration of heavy metals and trace
metals in fish and relavent water from Rawal and Mangala lakes. Biol. Sci. 1:
411-416.
Guoda Mackeviciene 2002. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in noble cryfish
tissues under aquaculture conditions. Ecologija (Vilnius) 2: 79-82.
Gupta AK, Dalela RC. 1987. Kidney damage in Notopterus notopterus (Pallus)
following exposure to phenolic compounds. J. Environ. Biol. 8: 167-172.
Gupta S. 1987. Physiological stress induced by vegetable oil effluent in Channa
punctatus; Measurement of hepatic dehydrogenase. Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 39: 417-424.
Gupta S, Srivastava N. 2006. Effects of sublethal concentrations on
histopathologicalchanges and bioaccumulation of zinc by kidney of fish
C.punctatus. J.Environ.Biol. 27: 211-21.
Gupta Ashok Kumar, Kumar Ashwani. 2006. Histopathological lesions in the
selected tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) fingerlings exposed to a
sublethal concentration of mercury. J Environ. Bio. 27(2): 235–239 [33 Refs].
Gupta PK. 1974. Malathion induced biochemical changes in rats. Acta. Pharmocol.
Toxicol. 35(3) : 191-194.
Gurcu B, Sukran Yildiz, Yucel Basimo GluKoca. 2010. Investigation oistopathology
and cytogenetic effects of heavy metals pollution on C.carpio in the
Golmarmara Lake, Turkey.
136
Guyton AC. 1991. Text book of medical physiology, 8th Edn. WB Saunders Company,
Philadelphia, USA.pp:1014.
Hadi AA, Shokr AE, Alwan SF. 2009. Effects of Aluminium on the biochemical
parameters of fresh water fish, Tilipia zillii. J. Appl.Sci. 3(1): 33-41.
Hadjispyrou S, Kungolos A, Anagnostopoulas A. 2001. Toxicity, Bioaccumulation
and interactive effects of organotin, cadmium and chromium on Artemia.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 49(2): 179-186.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. 1999. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, third ed.,
Oxford, New York.
Hameed SVSA, Mutha Kumaravel K. 2006. Impact of cadmium on the biochemical
constituents of freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Ind. J. Environ.
Sci. 10(1): 63 -65.
Harper AH 1963. Review of Biochemistry. 20th ed. Lange Medical Publications Co.
California, pp.1012.
Harper AH. 1983. Review of Physiological Chemistry. Language Medical
Publications Co. Ltd., Japan.
Hasspieler BM, Bbeha JV, Digiulio RT. 1994. Glutathione-dependent defence in
channel catfish (lctalurus punctatus) and brown bulhead (Ameiurus
nebulosus). Ecotoxicol.Environ. Saf. 28: 82-90.
Haux C, Larsson A. 1982. Influence of inorganic lead on the biochemical blood
composition in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
6: 28-34.
Health AG. 1984. Changes in tissues enylates and water content of Blue Gil
Lepromis macrochirus exposed to copper. J. Fish. Biol. 24: 299-309.
Heath AG. 1995. Water Pollution and Fish Physiology (2nd edition), CRC Press,
Florida, pp79 – 86.
Heath AG. 1987. Water pollution and fish physiology,359, CRC Press, Inc., Florida,
USA.
Hegab AS, Hanke W. 1984. The significance of cortisol for osmoregulation in carp,
Cyprinus carpio and tilapia, Sarotherodon mossambicus. Gen. Comp.
Endocrinol. 54: 409 – 417.
Hellemans K, Bailiene M. 1990. Toxicity and accumulation of copper by a fresh
water fish Rutilus rutilus. Belg.J.Zool. 120 (1): 37.
Hemlata Verma, Neera Srivastava 2010. Changes in certain enzymes of the ovary
and liver in Channa Punctatus. Elect. J. Ichthyol. 6: 1-8S.
Hernandez F, Medira J, Ansuategui, Loopes FJ. 1990. Application of simple
procedure of digestion for the determination of trace metals in marine
organisms. Analysis. 18: 327-330.
Hibiya T. 1982. An Atlas of Fish Histology: Normal and Pathological Features.
Kodansha (Ltd.), Japan, pp 82-90.
Hilmy AM, Shabana MB, Daabbes AY. 1987. Effects of cadmium toxicity upon the
in vivo and in vitro activity of proteins and five enzymes in blood serum and
tissue homogenates of Mugil Cephalus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 81C: 145-
153.
Hilmy AM, Shabana MB, Daabees AY. 1985. Bioaccumulation of cadmium toxicity
of Mugil cephalus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 81C: 139-143.
Hinton DE, Laurén DJ. 1990. Integrative histopathological effects of environmental
stressors on fishes. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 8: 51-66.
Hochachka PW, Somedro GN. 1973. In: „Strategies of Biochemical Adaptation‟,
Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 385.
Hogstrand C, Haux C. 1991. Mini-review. Binding and detoxification of heavy metal
in lower vertebrates with reference to metallothionein. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. 100C: 137-141
Holcombe GW, Benoit DA, et al. (1976) Long-term effects of lead exposure on three
generations of brook trout, SalvalinusFontinalis. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 33:
1731-1741.
Hollis L, Mc Geer JC, Mcdonald DG, Wood CM. 1999. Cadmium accumulation gill,
Cd binding, acclimation and physiological effects during long term sublethal
Cd exposure in rainbow trout. Aquat. Toxicol. 46: 101-119.
Hontela A, Daniel C, Ricard AC. 1996. Effect of acute and subacute exposure to
cadmium on the interregnal and thyroid function in rainbow trout,
Oncorhyncus mykiss. Aquat. Toxicol. 35: 171-182.
Hontela A. 1998. Interrenal disfunction in fish from contaminated sites: in vivo and in
vitro assessment. Annual review. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17: 44–48.
Hoo LS, Sampat A, Othman RM. 2007. The level of selected heavy metals at
137
138
residential area nearby Labu river system riverbank, Malaysia. Res. J.Chem.
Environ. 8: 24-2.
Hook JB. 1980. Toxic responses of the kidney. In Dull, J., Klaasslen, C.D. and
Amdur, M.O. Eds‟ Casarett and Dull‟s toxicology- The Basic science of
poisons. Mac millan publishing co. Inc., New York. pp.232-245.
Hossam. H. Abbas, Fagr K. Ali. 2007. Study the effect of hexavalent chromium on
some biochemical, cytotoxicological and histopathological aspects of the
Oreochromis spp. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10(22): 3973-3982.
Houston AH. 1997. Are the classical haematological variables acceptable indicators
of fish health. Trans.Am. Fish. Soc. 126: 879-894.
Hughes GU. 1963. The water flow across the gills of bony fishes; Comparative
physiology of vertebrate respiration, Edr.W. H.Dowdeswell, ET. BS.14-16.
Humtsoe N, Davoodi R, Kulkarni BG, Chavan B. 2007. Effect of arsenic on the
enzymes of the Rohu carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Raff. Bull. Zool.
14: 17-19.
Hun-Je Jo, Jino Son, Kijong Cho, Jinho Jung. 2010. Combined effects of water
quality parameters on mixed toxicity of copper and chromium toward Daphnia
magna. Chemosphere. 81(10): 1301-1307.
Hurtung R. 1973. Biological effect of heavy metal pollutants in water in; Dhar, S.K.
metal ions in biological system. Studies of some biochemical and
environmental problems. Adv. E.Med. Biol. 40: 161-178.
Hymavathi V, Rao LM. 2000. Effect of sublethal concentration of lead on the
haematology and biochemical constituents of Channa punctata. Bull. Pure.
Appl. Sci. 19: 1-5.
IARC 1990. Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans, vol. 49.
Chromium, Nickel and welding. International Agencyfor Research on Cancer,
Lyon.
Idachaba MM, Nyavor K, Egiebor NO. 2004. The leaching of chromium from cement
based waste form via a predominantly biological mechanism. Adv.Environ.Sci.
Res. 8: 483-491.
IIiopoulou-Georgudaki J, Kotsanis N.2001. Toxic effects of cadmium and mercury in
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A short-term bioassay. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 66: 77-85.
139
Ikem A, Egiebor NO, Nyavor K. 2003. Trace elements in water, fish and sediment
from Tuskegee lake, Southeastern. U.S.A. Water, Air and Soil poll. 149: 51-
75.
Ikhtiar-ud-Din K, Hafeez MA. 1996. Effect of Cr (VI) on blood parameters of the fish
Cyprinus watsoni. Pak.J.Zool. 28: 45-49.
Indirabai WPS, Geetha Tharani, Seetha P. 2010. Impact of sublethal concentration of
endosulfan on biochemicals and histology of tissues of fresh water fish Labeo
rohita. The Bioscan. 5(2): 215-218.
Ines Domingues A, Rhaul Oliveira A, Joana Lourenco A, Cesar Koppe Grisolia B,
Sónia Mendo A, Soares AMVM. 2010. Biomarkers as a tool to assess effects
of chromium (VI): Comparison of responses in zebra fish early life stages and
adults.Comp. Biochemi. Physiol. part C. 152: 338-345.
Ip YK, Low WP, Lim ALL, Chew SF. 1990. Changes in lactate content in the gills of
the mudskipper Periophthalmus chrysospilos and Boleophthalmus boddaerti
in response to environmental hypoxia. J. Fish. Biol. 36(4): 481-488.
Iqbal F, Qureshi IZ, Ali M. 2004.Histopathological changes in the kidney of common
carp, Cyprinus carpio, following nitrate exposure. J. Res. Sci. 15(4): 411-418.
Irwin RJ, Vanmouwerik KM, Stevens L, Seese MD, Basham W. 1997. Environmental
contaminants Encyclopedia chromium entry.
Isaac R, Arunkumar P, Rajasekaran, Dinakaran M. 2000. Differential effect of
chromium compounds on the immune response of the African mouth breeders
O.mossambicus. Fish Shell. Immunol. 10: 667- 676.
Iyengar V, Woittiez J. 1988. Trace elements in human clinical specimens; Evaluation
of literature data to identify reference value, Clini. Chem. 34: 474.
Jacobson-Kram D, Keller KA. 2001. „Toxicology Testing Handbook‟. Marcel Decker,
New York.
Jaffri SIH, Narejo NT, Shaikh SA. 2003. Toxic effect of hexavalent chromium on
fingerlings of commercial carp. Pak.J.Zool. 33: 339-345
Jaffri SIH, Shaikh SA, Dewan VK. 1999. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of chromium
in tilapia. Pak. J. Zool. 31: 167-171.
Jan Marek, Elzbieta SW, Zofia C. 1991. The effect of copper (Cu2+) on carp, Cyprinus
carpio (L.) juveniles in laboratory experiment. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 38(3-4):
485 – 494.
140
Jana S, Bandyopadhyaya N. 1987. Effect of heavy metals on some biochemical
parameter in the fresh water fish Channa punctatus. Environ. Ecol. 3: 488-
493.
Jankauskas J. 1974. Effects of fluoride on the kidney; a review. Fluoride. 7(2):
93-105.
Jastrazbska EB, Protasowick M. 2005. Effect of cadmium and nickel exposure on
haematological parameters of Cyprinus carpio .Acta. Icthyol. Piscat. 35(1):
29-38.
Jayantha Rao K, Madhu CH, Ramamurthy K. 1984. Histopathological changes and
histochemical changes under phosphomidon intoxication in liver of fresh
water fish Tilapia moossambica. Proc.Bull. Environ. Sci. 3 : 20-23.
Jayasankar 2007. Effect of sodium fluoride on mammalian model, albino mice.
Ph.D. thesis, S.V. University, Tripathi, India.
Jenkinsons F, Smith V, Rajanna B, Shameem U, Umadevi K, Sandya V, Madhavi
R. 2003. Effects of sublethal concentrations of endosulfan on haematological
parameters in the carp, C. carpio. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 70(5): 993-
997.
Jezierska B, Witeska M. 2001. Metals toxicity to fish. Wydawnicko akademii
podlaskiei, Siedlce, 318.
Jha MM, Jha, BS. 1994. Variations in blood glucose, serum protein and serum
cholesterol levels due to nickel intoxication in fish Anabas testudineus.
Environ. Ecol. 12: 909-912.
Jhingaran VG. 1983. In. Fish and Fisheries of India. Hindustan publishing house.
Jiraungkoorskul W, Somphong Sahaphong ABD, Niwat Kangwanrangsan. 2007.
Toxicity of copper in butter fish; tissues accumulation and ultrstructural
changes.Wiley periodicals, Inc.
Jobling M. 1995. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Chapman and Hall, London, pp
415-436.
Joshi PK, Bose M, Harish D. 2002. Haematological changes in the blood of Clarias
batrachus exposed to mercuric chloride, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 12 : 119
– 122.
Johal MS, Sharma ML, Ravneet S. 2007. Impact of low dose of organophosporous
onocrotophos on the epithelial cell of gills of C.carpio SEM study.
J.Environ.Biol. 28(3): 663-667.
Johanson RD, Bergman HL. 1983. Use of histopathology in aquatic toxicol-a citric.
In: Contamination effects on fisheries. Caims VW, Hadson PV, Nriagy JO.
19-36.
Johansson-Sjobeck ML, Larsson A. 1979. Effects of inorganic lead on delta-
aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and haematological variables in the
rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8 : 419-431.
Joseph B, Raj SJ. 2011. Impact of curacron toxicity on LDH in the serum of the fish
C.carpio. J.Pharmocol. Toxicol. 6: 333-336.
Joshi PK, Bose M, Harish D.2002. Haematological changes in the blood of Clarias
batrachus exposed to mercuric chloride, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 12:
119 – 122.
Jrueger HM, Saddler JB, Chapman GA, Tinesly IJ, Lowry RR.1968. Bioenergetics
exercise and fatty acids of fish. Amer.Zool. 8:9.
Jung SH, Sim D, Park MS, Jo QT, Kim Y. 2003. Effects of formalin on the
haematological and blood chemistry in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.
Aquacul. Res. 34: 1269-1275.
Kabeer AI, Begum MR, Sivaiah S, Ramana Rao KV. 1978. Effect of Malathion on
free amino acids, total proteins, glycogen and some exzymes of pelecypod,
Lamellidens marginalis (lamark). Proc. Ind. Acad, sci. 87(12): 377 -380.
Kadiiska MB, Xiang QH, Mason RP. 1994. In vivo free radical generation by
chromium (VI); an electron spin resonance spin trapping investigations. Chem.
Res. Toxicol. 7: 800-805.
Kagi JHR, Schaffer A.1988. Biochemistry of metallothionein. Biochemistry. 27:
8509-8515.
Kaji T, Yamamoto C, Tsubaki S, Ohkawara S, Sakamoto M, Sato M, Kazuka M.
2001. . Metallothionein induction by cadmium, cystokines, thrombin and
endothelin-I in cultured vascular endothelial multicellular eukaryotic
biosensors. FEBS Lett. 493: 36–9.
Kalay M, Ay Canil M. 1999. Heavy metal concentration in fish tissue from the
northeast miditerranean sea. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 36: 671-673.
Kalay M, Canli M. 2000. Elimination of essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential (Cd, Pb)
141
metals fromtissues of a freshwater fish Tilapia zilli. Turk. J. Zool. 24:
429-436.
Kamble GB, Muley DV. 2000. Effect of acute exposure of endosulfan and
chloripyriphos on the biochemical composition of the fresh water fish,
Sarotherodon mossambicus. Indian J. Environ. Sci. 4(1): 97-102.
Kanagaraj MK, Ramesh M, Sivakumari V, Manavalaramanujam R. 1993. Impact of
acid pollution on the serum haemolymph cholesterol of the crab.
J.Ecotoxicol.Environ.Monit. 3 : 99-102.
Kumari K, Ranjan N, Sinha RC. 2011. Multiple biomarker response in the fish
Labeo rohita due to hexavalent chromium. IInd Int. Conference on Biotech.
Food Sci. 7
Kaoud HA, El-Dahshan AR. 2010. Bioaccumulation and histological alterations of
the heavy metals in Oreochromis niloticus fish. Nat. and Sci. 8(4).
Kaplan A, Ozabo LL, Ophem KE. 1988. Clinical Chemistry: Interpretation and
Techniques. 3rd edn. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
Kaplan LA, Pesce AJ. 2009. Clinical chemistry. Theory, analysis and correlation,
Mobsy Year book inc.Missouri, pp.1200.
Karadede-Akin H, Unlu E. 2007. Heavy metals concentrations in water sediments fish
and some benthic organisms from Tigris River, Turk. Environ. Monit. Asses.
131: 323-33
Karan V, V.itorovic S, TutundzicV, Poleksic V. 1998.Functional enzymes activity
and gill histology of carp after copper sulfate exposure and recovery.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 40: 49-55.
Karbassi R, Bayati I, Moattar F. 2006. Origin and chemical portioning of heavy
metals in riverbed sediments. Int.J.Sci.Tech. 3(1): 35-42.
Kargin F, Cogun HY. 1999. Metal interactions during accumulation and elimination
of zinc and cadmium in tissues of the fresh water fish, Tilapia nilotica. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 63: 511 – 519.
Kargin F. 1996. Seasonal changes in levels of heavy metals in tissues of Mullus
barbatus and Sparus aurata collected from Iskenderum gulf. Water, Air,
Soil.Poll. 90: 557-562.
Karlsson-Norggren L, Dickson W, Ljungberg O, Runn P. 1986. Acid water and
142
aluminium exposure: gill lesions and aluminium accumulation in farmed,
brown trout, Salmo trutta (L.). J. Fish. Dis. 9: 1–9.
Karuppasamy R, Subathra S, Puvaneswari S. 2005. Heamatological responses to
exposure to sublethal concentrations of cadmium in Channa punctatus.
J.Environ.Biol. 26(1): 123-128.
Karuppasamy R. 1999. The effect of phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA) on the
physiology, biochemistry and histology of selected organs in a freshwater fish,
Channa punctatus (Bloch). Ph.D Thesis, Annamalai University, India.
Karuppasamy R. 2000. Tissue histopathology of Channa punctatus under phenyl
mercuric acetate toxicity.Bull. Pure. Appl. Sci. 9A (2): 109−116.
Karuppasamy R. 2004. Evaluation of Hg concentration in the tissue of fish Channa
punctatus (Bloch.) in relation to short and long-term exposure to phenyl
mercuric acetate. J. Plat. Jubilee A.U. 40: 197.
Karuppasamy R, Senthil Murugan S, Poongodi K, Puveneswari S. 2008.
Bioaccumulation pattern of zinc in fresh water fish Channa punctatus after
chronic exposure. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 8: 55-59.
Kataria N, Kataria AK, Pandey N, Gupta P. 2010. Serum biomarkers of physiological
defense against reactive oxygen species during environmentall stress in Indian
dromedaries. HVM Biofluxx. 2(2): 55-60.
Kendall MW. 1975. Acute effect of methyl mercury toxicity in channel catfish
kidney. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13(5): 570–575.
Kendrick MH May MT, Plishka MJ, Robinson KD. 1992. Metals in biological
system.Ellis Horwood Ltd., England.
Kelso JRM, Shaw MA, Minns CK, Mills KH. 1990. An evaluation of the effects of
atmospheric acidic deposition on fish and the fishery resources of Canada.
Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci. 47(3): 644-655.
Kasherwani D, Lodhi HD, Tiwari, KJ, Shukla S, Sharma UD. 2009. Cadmium
toxicity to freshwater Heteropneustes fossilis. Asia.J.Exp.Sci. 23(1): 149-156.
Keup LE, Ingram WM, Mackenthum KM. 1967. In; Biology of water pollution‟, U.S.
Dept. Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Washington,
D. C.
Khadre S. 1991. Cytocheraical localization of heavy metals in some tissues of Tilapia
143
144
zillii inhabiting Lake Mariut. Inter. Conf. Marine Fish Manag and Develop.
24-27 Feb, Alexandria, Egypt.
Khangarot BS, Rathore RS, Tripathi DM. 1999. Effects of chromium on humoral and
cell-mediated immune responses and host resistance to disease in a freshwater
catfish, Saccobranchus fossilis (Bl). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 43: 11–30.
Khoshnood Z, Khodabandel S, Shahryari M, Moghaddam S, Khorjestan M. 2011.
Histopathological and pathomorphological effects of mercuric chloride on the
gills of Acipenser persicus. Inter.J.Natu. Resou. Mar. Sci.1 (1): 23-32.
King J.1965. “The dehydrogenase of oxido reductase lactate dehydrogenase”, In
“Practical Clinical Enzymology” (Ed. D .Van), Nostrand Co., London,
pp.83-93.
Kirubagaran R, Joy KP. 1988. Toxic effects of three mercurial compounds on survival
and histology of the kidney of the catfish, Clarias batrachus.
Ecotoxicol.Environ. Saf. 15: 172–279.
Klassen CD, Doull J. 1980. Evaluation of Safety: Toxicologic evaluation. In: Casarett
and Doull‟s Toxicology – The Basic sciences of Poisons‟. (Eds.), Doull, J.,
Klassen, C.D. and Amdur, M.O. Macmillan Publishing co. Inc., New York,
USA, pp. 11-27.
Knoll J, Fromm. 1960. Accumulation and elimination of hexavalent chromium in
rainbow trout. Physiol. Zool. 33: 1-8.
Knox WE, Greengaurd O. 1963.The regulation of some enzymes of nitrogen
metabolism. An introduction to enzyme physiology. Adv. Enz.Regul. 3:
247-313.
Koca YB, Koca S, Yildiz BG, Osanc E, Tuncbas O, Aksoy G. 2005. Investigation of
histopathological and cytogenetic effects on Lepomis gibbosus (Pisces:
Perciformes) in the Cine stream (Aydin/Turkey) with determination of water
pollution. Environ. Toxicol. 20: 560-571.
Kock G, Triendl M, Hofer R.1996. Seasonal patterns of metal accumulation in Arctic
char (Salvelinus alpinus) from an oligotrophic Alpine lake related to
temperature.Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci. 53: 780-786.
Kock P, Bucher F. 1997. Accumulation of zinc in rainbow trout after waterborne and
dietary exposure. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 58: 305-310.
145
Kori - Siakpere O, Ake JEG, Avworo UM. 2006. Sublethal effects of some
selected haematological parameters of Heteroclarias (A hybrid of
Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Clarias gariepinus). Int. J. Zool. Res.2:
77-83.
Kori-Siakepere O, Oboh EC. 2011. Heamatological effects of sublethal concentrations
of tobacco leaf dust on the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Arc.Appli. Sci.
Res. 3(2): 493-502.
Kori-Siakepere O, Ubogu EO. 2008. Sublethal haematological of effects of zinc on
fresh water fish H.fossilis. Afr.J.Biotech.7: 2068-2073.
Kori-Siakpere O, Ake JEG. Avworo UM. 2006. Sublethal effects of Cadmium on
some selected haematological parameters of Heteroclarias. Inter.J.Zool.Res.
2(1): 77-83.
Kori-Siakpere O. 1995. Some alterations in haematological parameters in Clarias
isheriensis (Sydenham) exposed to sublethal concentrations of water-borne
lead. Bio. Sci. Res. Commun. 8(2): 93-98.
Kori-Siakpere Ovie, Ubogu, Ewoma Oghoghene. 2008. Sublethal haematological
effects of zinc on the freshwater fish, Heteroclarias sp. (Osteichthyes:
Clariidae) Afr. J.Biotech. 7 (12): 2068-2073.
Korkmaz N, Cengiz EI, Unlu E, Usyal E, Yanar, M. 2009. Cypermethrin induced
histopathological and biochemical changes in Oreochromis niloticus and the
protective and recuperative effect of ascorbic acid. Environ. Toxicol.
Pharmocol. 28(2): 198-205.
Kotze P, du Preez H H, Van Vuren JHJ. 1999. Bioaccumulation of copper and zinc in
Oreochromis mossambicus and Clarias gariepinus, from the Olifants River,
Mpumalanga, South Africa. Water SA. 25 (1): 99- 110.
Koundinya PR, Ramamurthy R. 1977. Effects of organophosphate pesticides on some
aspects of carbohydrates metabolism in a fresh water fish Sarotherodon
mossambica. Experientia. 35: 1632.
Kowk LL, Powai K, Wong KY, Chan KM. 1998. Metal toxicity and metallothionein
gene expression studies in common carp and tilapia. Mar. Environ. Res.
46(1-5): 563 -566.
Kraemer LD, Campbell GC, Hare l. 2005. A field study examining metal elimination
kinetics in juvenile yellow perch. Aquat.Toxicol. 75(2): 108-126.
146
Kristaffevsson et al. 1974: Effect of sub lethal concentration of phenol on plasma
enzyme activities in pike in brakish water. Ann. Zool. Fennici. 11: 220 -223.
Kroglund F, Finstad B. 2003. Low concentrations of inorganic monomeric aluminum
impair physiological status and marine survival of Atlantic salmon.
Aquaculture. 222: 119–133
Krumschnabel G, Nawaz M. 2004. Toxicity of hexavalent chromium in isolated
teleost hepatocytes. Aquat. Toxicol. 70: 159-167.
Kumada H, Kimur S, Yokoto M. 1980. Accumulation and biological effects of
cadmium in rainbow trout. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 40: 97-103.
Kumar A, Barthwal R. 1991. Hexavalent chromium effects on haematological indices
in rats. Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol. 46: 761-768.
Kumar S, Pant SC. 1984. Organal damage caused by aldicarb to a fresh water teleost,
Barbus conchonicus (Hamilton). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33: 50-55.
Kumari AS, Kumar, SRN. 1995. Electrophoretic study on serum, muscle, and liver
proteins of fish Channa punctatus in polluted urban reservoir, Hydrabad, A.P.
UP.J.Zool. 15(2): 124-126.
Kumari K, Sinha RC. 2006. Effects of carbaryl and lindane on sonme biochemical
constituents of the blood, liver, kidney and brain of the frog, Rana tigarina.
17: 55-65. In: Pro.Inter.Conf. Poll. Asses. pp.278–297.
Kundu R, Patel D, Dave S. Roy A, Vadgama R, Devani M, Pandya S, Mirsra S,
Patel N, Sambathkumar K. 2002. Influence of short term Cr (VI) toxicity and
subsequent withdrawl of toxic stress to some membrane bound enzymes in
mice. Adv.Pharmocol. Toxicol. 3: 47.
Kuo WY, Tang TK. 1998. Effects of g6pd overexpression in nih3t3 cells treated with
tert-butyl hydroperoxide or paraquat. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 24:1130-1138.
Kuroshima R. 1992. Cadmium accumulation in the Mummichog, Funduluys
heteroclitus, adapted to various salinities. Bull.J. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
49: 680-685.
Kuroshima R. 1995. Hepatic metallothionein and glutathione levels in red sea bream.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 110C: 95-100.
Kuz‟mina VV, Golovonova IL, Pavlov DF. 2002. Separate and combined effects of
cadmium, temperature and ph on digestive enzymes in three fresh water
teleost. Bull. Environ. Contom. Toxicol. 69(2): 302-308.
147
Lakshman Nayak. 2001. Heavy metal concentration in some cat fish from Golakpur
coast, East coast of India, Aquat. Poll. Toxicol. ABD Pub. pp.77-133.
Langard S, Norseth T.1979. Chromium. In: Hand Book on Toxicology of Metals,
Friberg, L., F.N. Cunnar and B.V. Vehinir (Eds.). Elsevier, North-Holland,
Biochemical Press, Netherlands, pp: 383-394.
Langard S. 1982. A survey of respiratory symptoms and lung function in
ferrochromium and ferrosilicon workers. Inter. Arc. Occu. Environ. Hlth. 46:
1-9.
Lange A, Ausseil O, Segner H. 2002. Alterations of tissue glutathione levels and
metallothionein in rainbow trout during single and combined exposure to
cadmium and zinc. Comp. Biochem.physiol. 131C: 231-243.
Larsson A, Bengtsson BE, Svanberg O. 1976. Some haematological and biochemical
effects of cadmium on fish. In: Effects of pollutants on Aquatic organisms‟.
Lockwood, A. P. M. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K, pp. 35-45.
Larsson A, Haux C, Sjobeck M. 1985. Fish physiology and metal poullution. Result
and experiences from laboratory and field studies. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 9:
250 -281.
Larsson A, Haux C. 1982. Altered carbohydrate metabolism in fish exposed to
sublethal levels of cadmium. J.Environ. Biol. 3: 71-81.
Larsson A. 1975. Some biochemical effects of cadmium on fish. In: Koeman J.H.
Stirk JJTWA. (Eds). Sublethal effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic animals,
Elsevier, Amsterdam, 3-13.
Laura AM, Jose LR, Estela MDM, Maria CN, Elsa S, Luz MD. 2006. Alpha-
tocopherol of protists against the renal damage caused by potassium
dichromate. Toxicology. 218: 237-264.
Lauren DJ, Mc Donald 1987b. Mechanisms of copper toxicity and acclimation to
copper in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Ph.D Thesis, Dept. of Biology,
McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.
Laws EA. 2000. Aquatic Pollution – An introductory text. John Wiley and Sons, New
York, U.S.A. pp. 309-430.
Lee RN, Gerking SD, Jezierska B. 1983. Electrolyte balance and energy Mobilization
in acid stressed rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri and their relation to
reproductive stress. Environ. Biol. Fish. 8: 115-123.
148
Lemaire GS, Lemaire P.1991. Interactive effects of cadmium and benzopyrene on
cellular structure and biotransformation enzymes of the liver of the European
eel. Aquat.Toxicol. 22: 145-160.
Leonard A, Lauwerys RR. 1980. Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium.
Muta.Res.76: 227-239.
Leninger AL. 1993. Amino acids oxidation and the production of Urea. In; principles
of Biochemistry; Ist Indian edn., (Eds), Leninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L and Cox,
M.M CBS Publishers and distributers, Delhi, India. Pp-514.
Lesmos NG, Dias AL, Silva Suoza AT, Mantovani MS. 2005. Evaluation of
environmental waters using comet assay in Tilapia rendalli. Environ. Toxicol.
Pharmocol. 19: 197-201.
Levesque H, Dorval J, Van Der Kraak G, Campbell PGC, Hontela A. 2007.
Hormonal, morphological and physiological responses of yellow perch (Perca
flavescens) to chronic environmental metal exposure. J. Toxicol. Environ.
Hlth. 66: 657–676.
Levesque HM, Moon TW, Campbell PGC, Hontela A. 2002. Seasonal variation in
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
chronically exposed to metals in the field. Aquat. Toxicol. 60: 257-267.
Limke TL, Heidemann SF, Atchison WD. 2004. Disruption of intraneuronal divalent
cation regulation by methylmercury is specific targets involved in altered
neuronal development and cytotoxicity in methylmercury poisoning.
Neuro.Toxicol. 25: 741–760.
Linde AR, Arribas P, Sanchez-Galan S, Garcia-Vazquez E. 1996. Eel (Anguilla
Anguilla) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) target species to asses the biological
impact of trace metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems. Arch. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 31: 297–302
Lionetto MG, Giordano ME, Vilella S, Schettino T. 2000. Inhibition of Eel enzymatic
activities by Cadmium. Aqua. Toxicol. 48(4): 561-571.
Litchfield JR, Wilcoxon F.1949. A simplified method of evaluating dose effects
experiments. J. Pharma. Exp. Ther. 96: 99-113.
Livingstone DR. 2001. Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production
and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms. Mar.Poll.Bull. 42: 656-666.
149
Lloyd R. 1992. Pollution and Freshwater Fish. Fishing New Books, Blackwell
Scientific Publications Ltd., London.
Lock RA, Van Overbeeke AP. 1981. Effects of mercuric chloride on mucus secretion
in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, Richardson, Comp. Biochem. Phys. 69 (1):
67-73.
Lohner TW, Reash RJ, Willet VE, Rose LA. 2001. Assesment of tolerant sunfish
population inhabiting selenium-laden coal ash effluent. Haematological and
population levels assesments. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 50 : 203-216.
Lokeshwari H, Chandrappa GT. 2006. Journal of Environment. Scien and Engi.
48(3): 1 Channa 83-188.
Lomte VS, Sontakke YB. 1992. Effect of mercury chloride on protein content of
Thoiara lineate, Environ. Ecol. 10: 734-735.
Lopes PA, Pinheiro T, Santos MC. da Luz Mathias M, Collares-Pereira MJ, Viegas-
Crespo AM. 2001. Response of antioxidant enzymes in fresh water fish
population to inorganic pollutants exposure. Sci. Total. Environ. 280: 153-63.
Lowry OH, Rosenberg NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. 1951. Protein measurement with
folin-phenol reagent, J. Biol.Chem. 193: 265-275.
Luckey TD, Venugopal B.1977. PT, a new classification system for toxic compounds.
J.Toxicol. Environ. Hlth. 2: 633-8.
Luschchak VI, Bagnyukova TV, Luschchak LP, Storey JM, Storey KB. 2007.
Diethyldithiocarbamate injection induces transient oxidative stress in gold fish
tissues. Chem. Biol.Int. 170(1): 1-8.
Lushchak OV, Kubrak OI, Nykorak MZ, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. 2008. The effect
of potassium dichromate on free radical processes in gold fish possible
protective role of glutathione. Aquatic. Toxicol. 87: 108-114.
Luskova V, Svobodo M, Kolfiova J. 2002. The effect of diazionon on blood plasma
biochemistry in carp. Acta.Vet.Brno.71: 117-121.
Luskova V. 1997. Annual cycles and normal values of haematological parameters in
fishes. Acta Sc. Nat. Brno. 31(5): 70-78.
Lynch MJ, Raphelers SS, Mellor LD, Spare PD, Inwood, MJH. 1969. In: Medical
technology and clinical pathology‟. 2nd ed., W. B. Saunders Company,
London, U.K.
150
Mac Farlane GR, Schreider M, Mc Lennam B. 2006. Biomarkers of heavy metals
contamination in the red fingered marsh crab, Parasesarma erythodactyla.
Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 5: 584-593.
MacLeod JC, Pessah E.1973. Temperature effects on mercury accumulation, toxicity
and metabolic rate in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Fish. Res. Boa. Can.
30: 485-492.
Madoni P, Maria GR. 2006. Acute toxicity of heavy metals towards fresh water ciliats
protists. Environ. Poll. 141: 1-7.
Maheswaran R, Devapaul A, Muralidharan S, Velmurugan B, Ignacimuthu S.
2008.Haematological studies of fresh water fish, Clarias batrachus (L.) to
mercuric .IJIB
Mahipaul singh 1995. Haematological responses in a fresh water teleost Channa
punctatus to copper and chromium. J. Environ. Biol. 16: 339 - 341.
Majer BJ, Tscherko D, Paschke A, Wennrich R, Kundi M, Kandeler E, Knasmller S.
2002. Effects of Heavy metal contamination of soil on micronucleus induction
in Tradescantia and on microbial enzyme activities: A comparative
investigation.Mutat.Res. 515: 111-124.
Malins DC, Haimanot R. 1991. The etiology of cancer; hydroxyl radical induced
DNA lesions in histologically normal liver of fish from a population with liver
tumor. Aquat. Toxicol. 20: 123-130.
Mallat J. 1985. Fish gill structural changes induced by toxicants and other irritants: a
statistical review. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 630 – 648.
Manahan SE. 1991. Water Pollution Environment Chemistry, first ed. Lewis
Publishers, London.
Manezes MR, Quasim SZ. 1983. Determination of acute toxicity levels of mercury to
the fish, Tilapia mossambicus (Peters). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 92(5):
375-380.
Mansour SA, Sidky MM. 2002. Ecotoxicological studies. Heavy metals
contaminating water and fish from Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Food chem.
78: 15-22.
Maracine M, Segner H. 1998. Cytotoxicity of metals in isolated fish cells: importance
of the cellular glutathione status. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 120a: 83-88.
151
Marafante E. 1976. Binding of mercury and zinc to cadmium binding protein in liver
and kidney of gold fish, Carassius auratus. Experintia. 32: 149-150.
Mareaud M, Mareaud F, Donlds E. 1977. Primary and secondary affect of stress in
fish, some new data with a general review. Trans. Amer. Fish Sac. 106 - 201.
Mariagoudar SR, Nazeer Ahamed R, David M. 2009. Impact of cypermethrin on
behavioural responses in the fresh water teleost fish, Labeo rohita. World. J.
Zool. 4(1) : 19-23.
Markert C, Moller F. 1959. Proc.Natl.Acad. Sci.m 45:753.
Martinez CBR, Nagae MY, Zaia DAM. 2004. Acute morphological and physiological
effects of lead in the Neotropical fish .Braz. J. Biol. 64: 797-807.
Martinez CBR, Souza MM. 2002. Acute effects of nitrite on ion regulation in two
Neotropical fish species. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 133A: 151-160.
Maruthappan V, Ramesh M, Noortheen A, Saraswathi K. 2005. Lead induced
biochemical changes and recovery in a freshwater Cyprinus corpio. Indian J
Environ Toxico. 14(2): 70-74.
Mary Chandravathi V, Reddy SLN. 1996. Lead nitrate exposure changes in
carbohydrate of freshwater fish, Anabas scandems. J.Environ.Biol.17:75-79.
Mary Josephine Rani, John Milton MC, Uthiralingam M, Azhaguraj R. 2011. Acute
toxicity of mercury and chromium to C.batrachus. Bioresearch Bulletin. 5:
368-372.
Mastan S, Indu Priya G, Babu E. 2009. Haematological profiles of Clarias
batrachus exposed to sublethal concentration of lead nitrate. The Internet. J.
Haematol. 6(1).
Mathan R. 2006. Studies on the impact of heavy metal cadmium on certain enzymes
in a freshwater teleost fish, Cyprinus carpio. Toxicol. Lett. 164: 157.
Mathur AK, Chandra SV, Thadon SK. 1977. Toxicology. 8: 53-61.
Matsumoto ST. 2003. Efeitos toxicsos egenotxicos demetais pesados, especificamente
do cromo trivalentee hexavalente. Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Estadual
Paulista „Julio de Mesquita Filho‟, Sao Jose do Rio Preto.
Mattsson K, Lehtiner KJ, Tana J, Hardig J, Kukkon J, Nakari T, Engtrom C. 2001.
Effects of pulp mill effluent and restricted diet on growth and physiology of
rainbow trout O.myskiss. Ecotoxicol.Environ. Saf. 49: 144-149.
Mayer FL, Versteeg DJ, Mckee MJ, Folmar LC, Graney RL, Mccume DC, Rattner
BA. 1992. Physiological and Non-specific Biomarkers. In: Biomarkers:
Biochemical, Physiological and Histological Markers of Anthropogenic
Stress, Huggett, R.J., R.A. Kimerle, P.M. Mehrle-Jr. and H.L. Bergman (Eds.).
Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
Mayers TR, Hendricks JD. 1984. Histopathology .In GM Rand, S.R.Petrocelli, Eds.
Funda. Aquat. Toxicol. Washington DC.
Mazeaud MM, Mazeaud F. 1981. Adrenergic Responses to Stress in Fish. In: Stress
and Fish. Edited by Pickering, A.D., Academic Press, New York, and
pp: 49-55.
Mazon AF, Cerqueira CCC, Fernandes MN. 2002. Gill cellular changes induced by
copper exposure in the South American tropical freshwater fish Prochilodous
scrofa. Environ. Res. 88: 52-63.
Mazon, A.F. and Fernandes, M.N. 1999. Toxicity and differential tissue
accumulation of copper in the tropical fresh water fish. Braz. J. Biol. 62(4A):
621-631.
Mc Carter JA, Roach M.1983. Hepatic metellothioneins and resistance to copper in
juvenile coho salmon. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 74C: 133-137.
Mc Donald DG. 1983a. The effects of H+ upon the gills of fresh water fish. Can. J.
Zool. 61:691-703.
Mc Donald DG. 1983b.The interaction of environmental calcium and low Ph on the
physiology of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdenari I. Branchial and renal net
ion and H+ fluxes. J.Exp. Biol. 102: 123-140.
Mc Donald MD, Grosell M. 2006. Maintaining osmotic balance with an aglomerular
kidney. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. 143:447–458.
Mc Glashan DJ, Hughes JM. 2001. Genetic evidence for historical continuity between
populations of the Australian fresh water fish Craterocephalus
stercusmuscarum east and west of the Great diving range. J.Fish. Biol. 59:
55-67.
McKim J, Christensen G, Hunt E. 1970. Changes in the blood of brook trout
Salvelinus fontinalis after short tern and long term exposure to copper. Fish
Des. Bd. con. 27: 1883 -1889.
Mearns AJ, Young DR. 1977. Chromium in the southern California marine
152
153
environment. IN: Pollution effects on Marine organisms, Lexington Book,
Lexington.
Meister A, Anderson ME. 1983. Glutathione. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 52: 459.
Mela M, Randi MAF, Ventura DF, Carvalho CEV, Pelletier E, Oliveira
Ribeiro COA. 2007. Effects of dietary methylmercury on liver and
kidney histology in the Neotropical fish Hoplias malabaricus. Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Saf. 68: 426–435.
Mendil D, Uluozlu OD, Hasdemir E, Tuzen M, Sari H, Suicmez M. 2005.
Determination of trace metals in seven fish species in lakes in Tokat. Turk.
Food. Chem. 90: 175-179.
Mertz M. 1969. Chromium occurance and function in biological systems. Physiol.
Rev. 4919-126.
Mertz W.1993. Chromium in human nutrition:A review. J.Nutr.123 (4):626-633.
Metelev VV, Kanaev AL, Diasokhva NG. 1983. Water toxicity. Amerind publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Metkovics B, Witas H, Gabrielak T, Szuboi L. 1987. Paraquat as an agent affecting
anto-oxidant enzymes of common carp erytherocytes. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. 87C : 217-219.
Mgbenka BO, Oluah NS et al. 2003. Effect of Gammalin 20 (Lindane) on differential
white blood cell counts of the African cat fish, Clarias punctatus. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 71: 248 – 254.
Mishra AK, Mohanty B. 2008. Acute toxicity impacts of hexavalent chromium on
behavior and histopathology of gill, kidney and liver of the freshwater fish,
Channa punctatus (Bloch). Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 26:136–41.
Mishra AK, Mohanty B. 2009. Effect of hexavalent chromium exposure on the
pituitary-interrenal axis of a teleost, Channa punctatus (Bloch).
J.Chemosphere. 04.012.
Mishra KD, Sulochana MI. 1995. Acute toxicity estimation of copper to fish by two
bio-assay methods. J. Environ. Pollut. 2(4): 189-194.
Moghaddas S, Gelerinter E, Bose R. 1995.Mechanisms of formation
anddecomposition of hexavalent chromium metabolites in glutathione-Cr
(VI) reaction. J.Inorg. Biochem. 57: 135–46.
Mohamed FA. 2001. Impacts of environmental pollution in the southern region of
154
Lake Manzalah, Egypt, on the histological structures of the liver and intestine
of Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia zillii. J. Egypt. Acad. Soc. Environ.
Develop. 2: 25-42.
Mohamed M, Abdellatif MD, Sabar A, Elglammal MD. 2003. Sodium fluoride ion
and renal function after prolonged sevooflurane or isoflurane anaesthesia.
Eng.J.Aneasth. 19:78-83.
Mohamed NE, Saber RA. 2011. Effect of aqueous extract of damsissa on the
biochemical changes induced by potassium dichromate in rats. J. Ameri. Sci.
7(3): 234-242.
Mohamed S, Kheireddine O, Wyllia HM, Roquia R, Aicha D, Mourad B. 2008.
Proportioning of biomarkers indicators of pollution at Gambussia affinis
exposed to cadmium. Environ. Res. J. 2(4): 177-181.
Mohammed A. AI-Kahtani. 2011. Effect of an Abamectin on some Biochenical
Characteristics of Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis Niloticus). Ameri. J. Biol. Sci.
6(1): 62 – 68.
Mourad M, Wahby O. 1999. Physiological and histological changes in tilapia Zillii
(gerv.) exposed to sublethal concentration of the effluent of the Egyptian
copper works. Acta.Ichthyol.ET.Piscato. Vol. XXIX, Fase. 2
Mohanta MK, Salam MA, Saha AK, Hasam H, Roy AK. 2010. Effects of Tannery
effluent on survival and histopathological changes in different organs of
Channa punctatus. Asi J. Exp. Biol., Sci. 1 (2) : 294 – 302.
Mona S. Zaki, Saran Mousatafa, Olfar M, Fawzi H, Bellbasi EL, Sohier M, Syame,
Isisi M Awad. 2010. Assessment of the hazardous effect of lead population on
Tilapia zilli, including hematological, biochemical, and immunological
parameters. Repo. Opini. 2 (1).
Mona Saad Zaki, Ahamed Hassam Osman, Olfat Mohamed, Susan Omar Mostafa,
Nagwa Said Ata, Medhat Khafagy. 2009. Clinicopathological and biochemical
studies on Tilapia exposed to climate change and Cadmium chloride.Repo.
Opini. 1(2).
Monteiro S, Mancera M, Fontainhas JM, Fernandes A, Sousa M. 2005. Copper
induced alteration of biochemical parameters in the gill and plasma of
Oreochromis niloticus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 141C: 375-383.
155
Moore MN, Pipe RK, Farrar SV. 1982. Lysosomal and microsomal responses to
environmental factors in Littorina littorea from sullom voe. Mar.Pollu. Bull.
13: 340-343.
Morsey MG, Protasowicki M. 1990. Cadmium bioaccumulation and its effects on
some haematological and histological aspects in carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) at
selected temperature. Acta. Ichthyol. ET Piscat. Vol. XX, Fasc. 1.
Mount DI, Stephan CE. 1967. A method for establishing acceptable toxicant limit for
fishes Malathion and the butoxyethanol ester of 2, 4D. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
96: 185 – 193.
Mount DI, Warner RE. 1965. Publ. Health.Serv.Publi. Wash, 999-WP- 23: 16.
Mount DR, Hockett JR. 2000. Use of toxicity identification evaluation method to
characterize, identify and confirm hexavalent chromium toxicity in an
industrial effluent.Water Res. 34: 1379-1385.
Mousa MMA, El-Ashram AMM, Hameed M. 2008. Effects of neem leaf extracts on
fresh water fish and zooplankton community .The central laboratory for
aquacultural research. Cairo, Egypt, Oct, 12-14.
Muley DV, Karanjkar DM, Maske SV. 2007. Impact of industrialeffluents on the
biochemical compositionof fresh waterfish Labeo rohita. J. Environ. Biol.
28(2): 245-249.
Muller A, Cavatorta A, Pedroni C, Borghi A, Giarote C, Franchini I. 1979. The role
of chromium accumulation in the relationship between air borne and urinary
chromium in welders. Int.Arch.Occup.Environ.Hlth.43: 123-133.
Munoz A, Riber C, Trigo P, Castejon F. 2010. Pathological changes and clinical use
of the measurement of serum concentrations of insulin like growth factor type
1 (IGF-1) in horses, dogs and cats. HVM Biofluxx. 2(2): 39-54..
Murad A, Everill S, Houstan A. 1993. Division of goldfish erythrocytes in circulation.
Can. J. Zool. 71: 2190-2198.
Murao H, Sakagami N, Iguchi T, Murakami T, Suketa Y. 2000. Sodium fluoride
increases intracellular calcium in rat renal epithelium cell line NRK-52e.
Biol.Pharm.Bull. 35(5): 581-4.
Murthy RC, Saxena DK, Gupta SK, Chandra SV. 1991. Ultrastructural observations
in testicular tissue of chromium-treated rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 5: 443–447.
156
Murugesan AG, Haniffa MA. 1985. Effect of textile mill effluent on haematological
changes of the obligatory air breathing fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch) Proc.
Symp. Assess. Environ. Pollu. 121-128.
Nagai M, Ikeda S.1971. Carbohydrate metabolism in Fish-1. Effects of starvation and
dietary composition on the blood glucose level and haepatopancreatic
glycogen and lipid contents in Cyprinus carpio. Bull.Appl. Soc. Sci. Fish. 37:
404-409.
Nair A, Vijayamohanan G, Sathyanarayanan H. 2000. Impactof effluent of titanium
dioxide factory on the pripheran haematology of Oreochromis mossambicus.
J.Environ. Biol. 21: 293-296.
Nakano T, Tomlinson T. 1967. Catecholamine and carbohydrate concentrations in
rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri in relation to physical disturbance. J. Fish.
Res. Bd, Can. 24: 1701-1715.
Nanda P. 1997. Haematological changes in the common Indian Catfish
Heteropneustes fossilis under nickel strees. J. Ecobiol. 9: 243-246.
Narain AS, Srivastava PN. 1989. Anemia in the fresh water teleost Heteropneustes
fossilis under the stress of environmental pollution. Bull. Environ.
Contam.Toxicol. 43:627-634.
Narayan AS, Sing BB. 1991. Histopathological lesions in Heteropneustes fossilis
subject to acute thiodan toxicity. Acta Hydrochem. Hydrobiol. 19: 235-243.
Naskar R, Sen NS, Ahmed MF. 2006. Heavy metals induced toxicity in air breathing
fish, Clarias batrachus. Indian. J.Exp. Biol. 44: 83-85.
Natarajan GM. 1981. Changes in bimodal gas exchanged and some blood parameters
in the air breathing fish following lethal exposure to metasystox. Curr. Sci. 50:
40-41.
Nath K, Kumar N, Srivastav AK. 1997. Chromium induced histological alterations in
the gills of a freshwater teleost, Colisa fasciatus. Fish. Biol. J. Meda. 9: 37–
40.
Nath K, Kumar N. 1988.Hexavalent chromium: Toxicity and its impact on certain
aspects of carbohydrate metabolism of the Freshwater teleost, Colisa
fasciatus. Sci. Total Environ. 72: 175–81.
Neff JM. 1985. Use of biochemical measurement to detect polluatant medicated
damage to fish. ASTM Spec.Tech. Publ. 854: 154–183.
157
Negilski DS. 2002. Acute toxicity of zinc, cadmium, and chromium to the marine
fishes, yellow eye mullet (Aldrichette forstery C. and V.) and small-mouthed
hardyhead (Atherinasoma microstoma Whitley) Aus.J.Mar. Fresh. Res. 27:
137-149.
Nejila Soudani, Mediha Sefi, Ibtissem Ben Amara, Tahia Boudawara, Najiba Zeghal.
2010. Protective effects of selenium (Se) on Chromium (VI) induced
nephrotoxcity in adult rats. Exoticol. Environ. Saf. 73: 671-678
Nemcsok J, Boross L. 1982. Comparative studies on the sensitivity of different fish
species to metal pollution. Hoto. Biol. Hung. 33: 27-27.
Nemcsok JG, Hughes GM. 1988. The effect of copper sulphate on some biochemical
pa-rameters of rainbow trout, Environ. Poll. 49: 77-85.
Nemova NN. 2005. Biohimicheskiye effect nakopleniya rtuti u ryb, (Biochemical
effects of mercury accumulation in fish), Moscow, Nauka, 164.
Nero V, Farwell A, Lister, A, Van der Kraak A, Lee LE.et al. 2006. Gill and liver
histopathological changes in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and goldfish
(Carassius auratus) exposed to oil sands process-affected water. Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Saf. 63: 365-377.
Nevalennyi AN, Tuktarov AV, Bednyakov DA. 2005. Functional organization and
adaptive regulation of digestive processes in fish, Astrakhan; Astrahan state.
Tech. University, pp152.
Ni Y, Tizard, IR.2004.Analytical methodology; The gel analysis of aloe pulp and its
derivatives.In; aloes. The genus aloe Renolds T.ED; CRC Press: Bock raton,
pp.111-126.
Nikkiman M, Soiva A, Railba E. 1998. Studies on histopathology of Salmo gairdneri
under the influence of chromium hexavalent. Comp.Biochem. Physiol. 66A:
767-769.
Nilton Massuo Ishikawa, Maria Jose, Tavares Ranzani-Paiva, Julio Vicente
Lombardi, Cláudia Maris Ferreira. 2007. Hematological parameters in Nile
Tilápia, Oreochromis niloticus exposed to sub-letal concentrations of mercury.
Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 50(4).
Nimmi AJ Jinde L. 1984. Differential blood cells ratios of rainbow trout, Salmo
gairdneri exposed to methyl mercury and chlorobenzenes. Arch. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 13: 303-311.
158
Nimmo DR, Willox MJ. 1998. Effects of metal mining and milling on boundary
waters of Yellowstone National Park, USA. Environ. Manage. 22: 913 – 926.
Noel-Lambet F, Gerday C, Disteche A. 1978. Distribution of Cd, Zn, Cu in liver and
gills of the eel, Anguilla anguilla with special reference to metallothioneins.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61C: 177-187.
Noor EL Deen AIE, Shalaby SIA, Zaki. 2011. Field study on cadmium pollution in
water and crustacean gill parasites in Tilapia zilii at Lower Egypt fish farms.
Life. Sci. J. 8(2).
Nordberg J, Arner ES. 2001. Reactive oxygen species, anti-oxidants, and the
mammalian thiredoxin system. Free Radi. Biol. Med. 31: 1287-1312.
Norey CG, Brown MW, Cryer A, Kay J. 1990. A comparison of the accumulation,
tissue distribution and secretion of cadmium in different species of fresh water
fish. Comp.Biochem. Physiol. 96C: 181-184.
Norris DO, Felt SB, Woodling JD, Dores RM. 1997. Immunocytochemical and
histological differences in the interrenal axis of feral brown trout, Salmo
trutta, in metal-contaminated water. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 108: 343–351.
Nowak B. 1992. Histological changes in gills induced by residues of endosulfan.
Aquatic. Toxicol. 23:63-84.
Nuray Ciftci, Bedi Cicik, Cahit Erdem, Ozean Ay. 2008. Effects of lead
concentrations on sera parameters and hematocrit levels in Angilla anguilla.
J.Fish. Sci. Com. 2(4): 616-622.
Nuray Ciftci. Bedi Cicik, Cahit Erdem, Ozcan Ay, Celal Gunlap. 2010. Accumulation
of chromium in liver, gill and muscle tissues of O.niloticus. J.Ani. Vet.Advan.
9(14): 1958-1960.
Nussey G, Van Vuren JHJ, Preez. 2002. Bioaccumulation of chromium, Manganese,
Nickel in tissues of Labeo umbratus from Witbank Dam Mpunmalanger.
Water S.A. 26(2): 269-289.
Nussey G, Van Vuren JHJ, du Preez HH. 1995. Effect of copper on the haematology
and osmoregulation of the Mozambique tilápia, Oreochromis mossambicus
(Cichlidade). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 111C (3): 369-380.
Nussey G, Van Vuren JHJ, Du Preez HH. 1996. Acute Toxicity tests of copper on
juvenile Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Cichlidae), at
different temperatures. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 26(2): 47-55.
159
O‟ Neil JG. 1998. The humoral immune response of Salmo truutta. L and Cyprinus
carpio L. exposed to heavy metals. J. Fish .Biol. 19: 297 – 306.
O‟Brien T, Xu J, Patierno SR. 2001. Effects of glutathione on chromium induced
DNA crosslinking and DNA polymerase arrest. Mol.cell. Biochem. 222: 173-
182.
O‟Brien TJ, Ceryak S Patierno SR. 2003. Complexities of chromium carcinogenesis:
role of cellular response, repair and recovery mechanisms. Muta.res. 533:
3-36.
Oakes KD, Vander Kraak GJ. 2003. Utility of the TBARS assay in detecting
oxidative stress in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) populations
exposed to pulp mill effluent. Aquat. Toxicol. 63(4): 447 – 463.
Obasohan EE, Oronsaye JAO, Eguavoen OI. 2008. Acomparative assessment of the
heavy metals loads in the tissues of a common catfish from Ikpoba and Ogba
rivers in Benin City, Nigeria. Afri. Sci. 9(1): 13-23.
Ochei J, Kolhatkar A. 2005. Medical Laboratory Science theory and practice. Tata
McGraw- Hill publishing company, New Delhi, pp-281-283.
Odum EP. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology, Saunders, W.B.Co., Ltd., London, 1-574.
Ogueji EO, Auta J. 2007. Investigations of biochemical effects of acute concentration
of Lamda-cyhalothrin on catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Teugels J. Fish. Int. 2(1):
86-90.
Oguzie FA, Izevbigatusie EE. 2009. Heavy metals concentration in the organs of the
silverCatfish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitaus (Lacepede) caught upstream of the
Ikpoba river and the reservoir in Bennin City. Biosci. Res. Comm. 21(4).
Oikari A, Lonn, BEN, Castren M, Nakari T, Nikinamaa, BS, Bister H, Eviztanen.
1983. Toxicological effects of dehydroabietic acid in the trout, Salmo
gairdneri. Richardson in fresh water. Water res. 17: 81.
Olafson RW, Sim RG, Boto KG. 1978. Isolation and chemical characterization of the
heavy metals-binding protein metallothioneins from marine invertebrates.
Comp.Biochem. Physiol. 96B: 407-416.
Olafson RW, Thompson JAJ. 1974. Isolation of heavy metal binding proteins from
marine vertebrates. Mar.Biol. 28: 83-86.
Olaifa FG, Olaifa AK, Onwude TE. 2004. Lethal and sub lethal effects of copper to
the African cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) Afr.J. Biomed. Res. 7: 65-70.
160
Olanike K. Adeyemo, Funmilola Ajani, Olufemi B. Adedeji, Olajide O. Ajiboye.
2008. Acute toxicity of adult gariepinus exposed to Lead Nitrate. The Inter J.
Haematol. 4(2).
Oleh V. Lushchak, Olha I. Kubrak, Mykola Z, Nykorak Z, Kenneth B, Storey,
Volodymyr I. Lushchak. 2008. The effect of potassium dichromate on free
radical processes in gold fish; possible protective role of glutathione. Aquat.
Toxicol. 87: 108-114.
Oliveira H, Santos TM, Ramalho-Santos J, Pereira ML. 2006. Histopathological
effects of hexavalent chromium in mouse kidney. Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 76: 977–983.
Oliveira Ribeiro CA, Filipak Neto F, et al. 2006. Hematological findings in
Neotropical fishHoplias malabaricus exposed to subchronic and dietary doses
of methylmercury, inorganic lead, and tributyltin chloride. Environ. Res. 101:
74–80.
Olojo EAA, Olurin KB, Mbaka G, Oluwemimo AD. 2005. Histopathology of the gill
and liver tissues of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus exposed to lead.
Afr. J. Biotechnol. 4: 117–22.
Ololade IA, Oginni O. 2010. Toxici stress and haematological effect of nickel on cat
fish fingerlings. J. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol. 2(2) : 014-019.
Olson KR, Bergam HL, Fromn PO. 1978. Uptake of methylmercuric chloride and
mercuric chloride by trout: a study of uptake pathways into the whole animal
and uptake by erythrocytes in vitro. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 1293 – 1299.
Olurin K, Olojo E, Mbaka G, Akindele A. 2006. Histopathological responses of the
gill and liver tissues of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings to glyphosate.
Afri.J.Biotechnol. 5: 2480-2487.
Omoniyi Y, Negele RD, Braunbeck T. 1995. Cytopathology of liver and kidney in
rainbow trout after long term exposure to sublethal concentrations of linuron.
Dis. Aquat. Org. 21: 35-52.
O‟Neil G. 1981. The humoral responses of Salmo trutta and C.carpio.L exposed to
heavy metals. J. Fish. Biol. 19 :297-306.
Oner M, Atli G, Canli M. 2008. Changes in serum biochemical parameters of
freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus following prolonged metal (Ag, Cd, Cr,
Cu, and Zn) exposures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 27 : 360–366.
161
Ortiz JB, De Canales MLG, Sarasquete C. 2003. Histopathological changes Induced
by lindane (-HCH) in various organs of fishes. Sci. Mar. 67 (1): 53–61.
Oruca OE, Uner N. 2000. Combined effects of 2, 4-d and azinphosmethyl on
antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver of Oreochromis niloticus.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 127C: 291-296.
Oshode OA, Bakare AA, Adeogun AO, Efuntoye MO, Sowunmi AA. 2008.
Ecotoxicological assessments using Clarias gariepinus and microbial
characterization of leachate from municipal solid waste landfill.
Int.J.Environ.Res. 2(4): 391-400.
Osmon AGM, Kouth M, Sayed AEDH. 2010. Use of haematological parameters to
asses the efficiency of quince leaf effects U-V radiation on African catfish
Clarias gariepinus. J.Photochem.Photobiol. 99: 1-8.
Pagenkopf GK. 1983. Gill surface interaction model for trace metals toxicity to fish:
role of complexation, pH and water hardness. Environ. Sci.Technol. 17: 347-
352.
Palaniappan PLRM, Karthikeyan S. 2009. Bioaccumulation and depuration of
chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish
Cirrhinus mrigala individually and in binary solution with nickel. J. Environ.
Sci. (online article).
Palaniappan PLRM, Vijayasundaram V. 2008. FTIR of Arsenic induced biochemical
changes on the liver Tissues of fresh water fingerlings Labeo Rohita. Roman.
J. Biophys. 18(2): 135-144.
Palanisamy K, Vasanthy M. Indira N. 2007. Bioaccumulation of arsenic in the
freshwater fish Labeo rohita (ham.) The Bioscan. 2 (1): 67-69.
Palanisamy S. Baskaran P. 1995. Selected biochemical and physiological responses
of the fish C.striatus as a bio-monitor to asses‟ heavy metal pollution in fresh
water environment. J.Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 5(2): 131-138.
Pamila D, Subbaiyan PA, Ramasamy M. 1991. Toxic effect of chromium and cobalt
on Sarotherodon mossambicus. Ind.J. Enviro.Hlth. 33: 218-224.
Pan Q, Liu S, Tan Y, Bi Y. 2003.The effect chromium picolinate on growth and
carbohydrate utilization in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and Oreochromis
aureus. Aquaculture. 225: 421-429.
162
Pang-Hung Y, Jian S, Amaratalingam R, Choon-Fah JB. 2008. Boric Acid levels in
fresh Noodles and Fish Ball. Am. J. Agr. Biol. Sci. 3: 476 – 481.
Panigrahi AK, Misra BN. 1978. Toxicological effects of mercury on a freshwater fish,
Anabas scandens, CUV. & VAL. and their ecological implications. Environ.
Poll. 16: 31-39.
Parashar RS, Banerjee TK. 1999. Histopathological analysis of sublethal toxicity
induced by lead nitrate to the accessory respiratory organs of the air-breathing
teleost, H. fossilis (Bloch). Poll. Arch Hydrobiol. 46: 194–205.
Pardo RE, Barrado L, Perez M. Vega M. 1990. Determination and association of
heavy metals in sediments of the Pisucrga River. Water Res. 24: 373-379.
Paris-Palacios S, Biagianti-Risbourg S, Vernet G. 2002. Biochemical and
(ultra)structural hepatic perturbation of Brachydanio rerio (Teleostei,
Cyprinidae) exposed to two sublethal concentration of copper sulphate.
Aquat.Toxicol. 50: 109-124.
Parlak H, Katalay S, B uy¨ukisik B. 1999. Accumulation and loss of chromium by
mussels (M. galloprovincialis). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 62: 286–292.
Parrish PR. 1985. Acute toxicity tests. In: Fundamentals of Aquatic toxicology;
Methods and Applications‟. (Eds.), Rand, G.M. and Petrocelli, S.R.
Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, pp.31-56.
Part P, Svanberg O.1981. Uptake of cadmium in perfused rainbow trout, Salmo
gairdneri gills. Can, J.Fish. Aquat.Sci. 38: 917-924.
Partap HP, Bonga SEW. 1990. Effect of water- borne cadmium on plasma cortisol
and glucose in the cichilid fish Oreochromis mossambicus.
Comp.Biochem.Physiol. 95: 313-317.
Passow H, Rothestain A, Clarkson TW. 1961. The general pharmacology of heavy
metals. Pharmocol. Rev. 13: 183-224.
Patel JM. 2010. J.Cell and Tissue Research.
Patiolla K, Constance Barnes, Clement Yedjou VR, Velma, Paul B.Tchounwou. 2007.
Oxidative stress, DNA damage and antioxidant enzyme activity inducewd by
hexavalent chromium in Sprague-Dawley rats. Environ. Toxicol. 2008. Wiley
periodicals. Inc.
Patnaik K. 2010. Biochemical alterations induced by sevin in Clarias batrachus.
Asia.J.Exp.Biol.Sci. 1:124-127.
163
Patriche T, Neculal Patriche, Elena Bocioc, Marian T.Coada. 2011. Serum
biochemical parameters of farmed carp. AACL.Bioflux: 4(2).
Patriche T, Patriche N, Bocioc E. 2011. Serum biochemical parameters of juvenile
stages of the ossetra sturgeon. Bull. UASVW Cluj-Napoca. 67: 300-303.
Pavicic J, Skreblin M, Raspor B, Branica M, Tusek-Znidaric M, Kregar I, Stegnar
P.1987. Metal pollution assessment of the marine environment by
determination of metal-binding proteins in Mystilus sp. Mar. Chem. 22: 235-
248.
Pazhanisamy K, Vasanthy M, Indira N. 2007. Bioaccumulation of arsenic in the fresh
water fish Labeo rohita (Ham). The Bioscan. 2(1): 67-69.
Pedrajas JR, Peinado J, Lopez- Berea J. 1995. Oxidative Stress in Fish Exposed to
Model Xenobiotics. Oxidatively Modified Forms of Cu, Zn-superoxide
Dismutase as Potential Biomarkers. Chem. Biol. Interactions. 98: 267-282.
Pedro C, Alicia ER. 2008. Distinctive accumulation patterns of cadmium (II),
copper(II) and chromium(VI) in tissues of south American teleost. Aquat.
Toxicol. 86: 313-322.
Pelgrom S, Lamers L, Lock R, Balm P, Wendelaar Bonga S. 1995. Integrted
Physiological response of Tilapia, Orechromis mossambicus, to sub lethal
copper exposure. Aquat. Toxicol. 32: 303 – 320.
Perry SF, Laurent P. 1991. Environmental effects on fish gill structure and function.
In: Fish Ecophysiology‟. (Eds.), Rankin, J.C. and Jensen, F.B. Chapman and
Hall press, London, pp.233-263.
Petrescu-Mag IV, Botha M, Oroian I, Odagiu A, Petrescu-Mag. 2007a-c. Latimeria
review: introneless HSP70 gene in the extant coelacanth species L.chalumnae
and L. menadoensis. ELBA Bioflux Pilot (a):15-22.
Peyghan R, Razixalay, Baiat M, Rasekh A. 2003. Study of bioaccumulation of copper
in liver and muscle of common carp, C.carpio after copper sulfate bath.
Aquacult. Int. 11: 597-604.
Picaud JC, Cochat P, Parchoux B, Berthier JC, Gilly J, Chareyre S, Larbre F. 1991.
Acute renal failure in a child after chewing of match heads. Nephrotoxicology.
57: 225-226.
Pickering AD, Pottigar TG, Christee P. 1982. Recovery of brown trout from acute
handling stress. A time course study. J.Fish.Biol. 20: 229-244.
164
Pickering AD. 1993. Endocrine pathology in stressed salmonid fish. Fish. Res. 17:
35-50.
Pickering OH. 1980. Chronic toxicity of hexavalent chromium to the fathead ninnow.
Arc. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9: 405 – 413.
Piscator M. 1964. On cadmium in normal human kidneys together with a report on the
isolation of MT from liver of cadmium exposed rabbits. Nord.Hyg. Tidskr.
45:76-82.
Pitter R. 1999. Hydrochemie.Ed. Vydavatelstvi, VSCHT Praha. 568.
Poldoski JE. 1979. Cadmium bioaccumulation assays. Their relationship to various
ionic equilibria in Lake Superior water. Environ. Sci. Tech. 13(6): 701-706.
Potter DW, Tran TB. 1993. Apparent rate of glutathione turnover in rat tissues.
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 120: 186-192.
Pourang N, Dennis JH, Ghourchian H. 2004. Tissue distribution and redistribution of
trace elements in shrimp species with the emphasis on the roles of
metallothioneins. Ecotoxicology. 13(6): 519-533.
Pourang N. 1995. Heavy metals bioaccumulation in different tissues of two fish
species with regards to their feeding habits and trophic levels. Environ. Monit.
Asses. 35: 207-219.
Pourahmad J, O‟Brien PJ. 2000. A comparation of hepatocytes cytotoxic
mechanism for Cu2+ and Cd2+.Toxicol.143 : 263-273.
Prabakaran M, Binuramesh C, Steinhagen D, Michel RD. 2007. Immune response in
the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus on exposure to tannery effluent.
Ecotoxicol.Environ.saf. 68: 372-378.
Prasad Bijay Bhushan 2002. Effect of copper and zinc in the gills of Channa
marulius. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 12(1): 35-40 [12 Refs].
Prasanta N, Millan KB. 1996. Nickel induced changes in some hemato-biochemical
parameters of a cat fish, H. fossilis (Bloch). Environ. Ecol. 14: 82-85.
Pritchard JB. 1987. The fish Gill; site of action and model for toxic effects on the
environmental pollutions. Environ. Hlth. Perspect. 71: 47-58.
Pritchard KA, Ackerman A, Kalyanaraman B. 2000. Chromium VI increases
endothelial cell expression of ICAM-1 and decrease nitric oxide activity.
J.Environ.Pathol.Toxicol.Oncol. 19: 251-260.
Ptashynski MD, Klaverkamp JF. 2002. Accumulation and distribution of dietary
nickel in Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Aquat. Toxicol. 58:
249-264.
Ptashynski MD, Pedler RM, Evans RE, Baron CL, Kleverkemp JF. 2002. Toxicology
of dietary nickel in Lake Whitfish. Aquat. Toxicol. 58 : 229-247.
Putte IVD, Brinkhorst MA, Koeman JH. 1981 b. Aquatic toxicol. 2: 129-142.
Rabergh CMI, Bylund G, Eriksson JE. 1991. Histopathological effects of micro
cystein LR, a cylic peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium microcrystis
aerasinosa on common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aqua.Toxicol. 20 :131-146.
Rabitto IS, Costa JRMA, Silva de Assis HC, Randi MAF, Akaishi FM, Pelletier
E,Oliveira Ribeiro CA. 2005. Dietary Pb (II) and TBT (tributyltin) exposures
to Neotropical fish Hoplias malabaricus: Histopathological and
biochemical findings. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 60: 147–156.
Racicot YC, Gander M, Leay C. 1975. Blood and liver enzymes in their diagnostic
study with emphasis in their diagnostic study of CCL4 toxicity and a case of
aeromonas infection. J.Fish. Biol. 7: 825.
Radha G, Logan kumar K. 2005. Sublethal toxicity of dimethoate on protein, glucose
and cholesterol contents in fish, C.carpio. Nature. Environ. Poll. Tech. 4(2):
307-310.
Radhakrishnaiah K. 1988. Accumulation of copper in the organs of fresh water fish
Labeo rohita (Ham) on exposure to lethal and sub lethal concentrations of
copper. J.Environ. Biol. 9: 319-326.
Radhakrishaniah K, Venkataramana P, Suresh B, Sivaramakrishna S.1992. Effect of
lethal and sublethal concentrations of copper on glycolysis in the liver of the
fresh water teleost, Labeo rohita (Ham). J.Environ.Biol.13: 63-68.
Radhakrishnan MV, Hemalatha S. 2010. Sublethal toxic effects of cadmium Chloride
to liver of freshwater Fish Channa striatus (Bloch.). Amer. Eura. J. Toxicol.
Sci. 2(1): 54-56.
Rahman MZ, Hossain Z, Mellah MFR, Ahmed GU. 2002. Effect of Diazion 60EC on
Anabas testudineus, Channa punctatus and Barbades gomonotus. NAGA, The
ICLARM Quarterly. 25: 8-11.
Rahul Kundu, Dolly Patel. 2005. Cr (VI) toxicity in mudskipper. Disturbance in
165
membrane ATPase. In. Metal Essentiality, Toxicity and Selectivity, edited by
Anna B, Fischer and Ram Prakash (ABD Publishers, Jaipur, 184).
Rainza-Paiva MJT, Ishikawa CM, Das Eiras AA, Felizardo NN. 2000.
Haematological analysis of Chara, in capacity. Aqua. 2000. European
Aquaculture in the new millennium.Nice, France. May 2-6-2000. Europ.
Aquacul. Soc. Spl. Pub. 28: pp.590.
Rajamanikkam T. 1992. Effects of heavy metals copper on the bioaccumulation,
biochemical contents and histology of the selected organs in the fresh water
fish, Mystus vittatus. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, India.
Rajanna B, Chetty CS, McBride V, Rajanna S. 1990. Effects of lead on K+ para-
nitrophenyl phospatase activity and protection by thiol reagents. Biochem.Int.
20: 1011-1018.
Ramberg CMI, Bylund G, Eviksson JE. 1991. Histopathological effects of micro
cystin LR-a cyclic peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium on common carp,
Cyprinus carpio. Aquatic. Toxicol. 20: 131-146.
Ramesh M, Manavalaramanujam. 1992. Effects of water hardness and the toxicity of
Malathion on haematological parameters of fresh water fish, Cyprinus carpio.
J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 2: 31-34.
Ramoliya J, Kamdar A, Kundu R. 2007. Movement and bioaccumulation of
chromium in an artificial fresh water ecosystem. Inter.J.Exp.Biol. 45:475-479.
Rana SVS, Rekha Singh, Seema Verma. 1995. Mercury – induced Lipid peroxidation
in the Liver, Kidney, Brain and Gills of a Fresh Water Fish, Channa
punctatus. Jap. J. Ichthyol. 42(3/4): 255-259.
Rand GM, Petrocelli SR. 1985. Introduction. In; Fundamentals of aquatic
toxicology, methods and applications. Rand GM and Petrocelli SR. (EDS).
Hemisphere publishing corporations, USA. pp: 31-57.
Randall DJ, Hoar WS.1970. Fish Physiology, Academic press, London, 4: 222 – 277.
Randi AS, Monserrat JM, Rodriguez EM, Romano EL. 1996. Histopathological
effects of cadmium on the gills of the freshwater fish, Macropsobrycon
uruguayanae Eigenmann (Pisces, Atherinidae). J. Fish. Dis. 19: 311-322.
Rao BV, Gopal V, Karthikeyan G, Pius A, Meenakshi, S. 1990. Ground water
pollution due to tannery effluent in certain areas of dindigul town of Tamil
Nadu. IJEP. 11(8): 568-571.
166
167
Rao JV, Begum G, Jakka NM, Srikanth K, Rao RN. 2006. Sublethal effects of
profenofos on locomotor behavior and gill architecture of the mosquito fish,
Gambusia affinis. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 29: 255–267.
Rao LM, Vani S, Ramaneswari R. 1998. Metal accumulation in tissues of
macrobrachium from mehadrigedda stream, Visakhapatnam. Poll. Res. 17(2):
137- 140.
Rao MA, Sceiza R, Scotti R, Gianfreda L. 2010. Role of Enzymes in the Remediation
Polluted Environments. J. Soil sci. Plant Nutr. 10 (3): 333-353.
Rauf A, Javed M, Ubaidullah M. 2008. Heavy metal levels in three major carps
from the river Ravi. Pak.Vet. J. 28(4) : xxx.
Ravichandran S, Midhunashanthi K, Indira, N. 1994. Impact of phenol on protein
metabolism in the fresh water fish Oreochromis mossambicus. J. Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Monit. 4(1): 33-37.
Reddrop CJ, Cheeseman KH, Slater TF. 1983. Correlations between common tests for
assessement of liver damage. Cell.Biochem.Func.1:55-63.
Reddy SLN, Venugopal NBRK. 1991. In vivo effect of cadmium chloride on certain
aspects of protein metabolism in tissues of a fresh water field crab. Bull.
Environ.Contam. Toxicol. 46:583-590.
Redondo-Gomez S, Naranjo EM, Bueno IV, Susasane R.Feldman. 2011.
Accumulation and tolerance of chromium in a Cora grass Cr-hyper
accumulator. J.Hazardous materials. 185(2-3): 862-869.
Rehulka J. 2000. Influence of astaxanthin on growth condition and some blood
indices of rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss. Aquaculture.190: 27-47.
Rehulka J. 2002b. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyl Delors103 on some
haematological and biochemical indices of the blood plasma of the rainbow
trout, Onchorynchus mykiss.In: The second PCB workshop. Recent advances
in the environmental toxicology and health effects of PCBs. Brno, Czech
Republic, May07-11, 2002. Book of Abstracts, p. 36.
Reish DL, Oshida PS. 1987. Manual of methods in aquatic environment research part
10. Short term static bioassay. FAO. Fisheries Technical paper. FAO Rome,
pp: 1-62.
Reite OB. 2005. The rodlet cells of teleostean fish: Their potential role in host
168
defence in relation to the role of mast cells/eosinophilic granule cells. Fish
Shell. Immunol. 19: 253-267.
Remia KM, Logaswamy K, Logankumar K, Rajmohan D. 2008.Effect of an
insecticides (Monocrotophos) on some biochemical constituents of the fish
Tilipia Mossambica. Poll. Res. 27: 523-526.
Revathy B. 2002. Lead induced primary and secondary stress responses in a fresh
water teleosts fish, Cyprinus carpio Var -Ph.D. Thesis Bharathiar University.
Riba IE, Lugue G, Blasco J, Dalvalls TA. 2004. Bioavailability of heavy metals
bound to esturine sediment as a function of Ph and salinity values. Chem.
Spec. Bioavaila. 15: 101-114.
Ricard AC, Daniel C, Anderson P, Hontela A. 1998. Effects of sub chronic exposure
to cadmium chloride on endocrine and metabolic functions in rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34: 377- 381.
Richmonds C, Dutta HM. 1989. Histopathological changes induced by Malathion in
the gills of blue gill, Lapomis macrochirus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
43: 123-130.
Riji John K, Jeyabalan N. 2007. Sublethal effects of endosulfan on the histology and
protein pattern in Cyprinus carpio gill. J.Appl. Ichthyol. 9: 49-56.
Risbourg N, Bastide S. 1995. Hepatic perturbations induced by an herbicide in
juvenile grey mullet Liza ramada; an ultrstructural study. Aquat.toxicol. 31:
217-29.
Robbins SL. 1974. Pathological basis of diseases. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Robert
RJ, Rodger HD. 2001. The pathophysiology and systemic pathology of
teleosts. In; Robert, R.J, editor. Fish pathology, London; WB Saunders, p.55-
132.
Robert AP, Oris JT. 2004. Multiple biomarkers response in rainbow trout during
exposure to hexavalent chromium.Comp.Biochem.Physiol, Part
C.Toxicol.Pharmacol. 138:221-228.
Rocha E, Moteiro RAF. 1999. Histology and cytology of fish liver: A review, p.321-
344.In: Saksena D.N. (ed).Ichthyology: Recent research advances.science
Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire.
Roganovic- zafirova D, Jordanova M. 2003. Histopatholgical analysis of liver from
orchid roach (rutilus rubilio ohridanus) collected in gransnica, a contaminated
lake site of Lake Ohrid. Macedon. Ecolo. Soc. (Spl issues) 5(1-2): 530-544.
Roling JA, Baldwin WS. 2006. Alterations in Hepatic Gene Expression by Trivalent
Chromium in Fundulus heteroclitus. Mar. Environ. Res. 62: S122-S127. Roman RJ,
Carter JR, North WC, Kauker ML.1997. Renal tubular site of action of
fluoride in Fischer 344 rats. Anesthesiology. 46(4):260-4.
Romanenko VD, Malyzheva TDYU, Yevtushenko N. 1986. The role of various
organs in regulating zinc metabolism in fish. Hydrobiol. J. 21(3): 7−12.
Romeo M, Siau Y, Sidoumou Z, Gnassia Barelli M. 1999. Heavy metal distribution in
different fish species from the Mauritania coast. Sci.Total.Environ. 232: 169-
175.
Roy PK, Dutta Munshi. 1991. Malathion induced structural and morphometric
changes of gills of a fresh water fish, Cirrhinus mrigala. J.Environ.Biol. 12:
79-87.
Roy R, Campbell RGC. 1995. Survival time modeling of exposure of juvenile atlantic
salmon to mixture to aluminium and zinc in soft water at low pH. Aqua.
Toxicol. 33(2):155-176.
Roy SS. 2002. Some toxicological aspects of chlorpyrifos to the intertidal fish
Boleopthalmus dussumieri. PhD thesis, University of Mumbai, India. Pp. 52-
71.
Rupareella SG, verma Y, Saiyed SR, Rawal UM. 1990. Effect of cadmium on blood
of tilapia Orechromis mossambicus (Peters) during prolonged exposure.
Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 45: 305 -312.
Sala LF, Rizzotto MA, Frascaroli MI, Palopoli CM, Signorella SR. 1995.
Contaminacion ambiental por el metal de transicion cromo.Estamos frente a
UN serio problema ecológicog. Quim. Nova. 18: 468–474.
Samina K, Muzammal A. 1999. Heavy metal bioassay on selected fauna from Karachi
coast. Pak.J.Zool. 30: 147-157.
Sampath K, James R, Akbar Ali KM.1998. Effect of copper and zinc on blood
parameters and prediction of their recovery in Oreochromis mossambicus
(Pisces: cichildae) Ind. J. Fish. 45: 129 – 139.
Samson E.Abalaka, Kaing AN, Esievo, Shodeinde VO, Shoyinka. 2011. Evaluation of
169
170
biochemical changes in C.garipinus adults exposed to aquous and ethanolic
extracts of Parkia biglobosa pods. Afr.J. Biotechnol. 10(2): 234-240.
Sanfeliu C, Sebastia JA, Kim SU. 2001. Methyl mercury neurotoxicity in cultures of
human neurons, astrocytes, neuroblastoma cells. Neurotoxicology. 22:
317-327.
Sanjay P, Ravindra K, Shilpi S, Nagpure NS, Satish K, Srivastava S, Verma MS.
2006. Acute toxicity of chromium exposed Channa marulius. J. Environ.Biol.
38: 118-121.
Sannadurgappa D, Aladakatti RH. 2010. Effect of phenol on oxygen consumption and
bioaccumulation in different tissues of fresh water fish C. mrigala. J.
Environ.Sci. Hlth. 42: 157-163.
Santhakumar M, Balaji M, Ramudu K. 2001. Gill lesions in the perch,
Anabastestudineus, exposed to monocrotophos. J. Environ. Biol. 22(2): 87–90.
Santhi K. 1991. Histological and metabolic changes in selected tissues of a fresh fish
Orechromis mossambicus under chronic ammonia stress, Ph.D.thesis, Sri
Venkateswara University, Tirupathi, India.
Santos MA and Hall A. 1990. Influence of inorganic lead on the biochemical blood
composition of the eel, Anguilla anguilla L. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 20: 7-9.
Saraswathy CP, Usharani MV. 2007. Monitoring of cellular enzymes in the serum of
electroplating workers. J. Environ. Biol. 28(2): 287-290.
Saravanan TS, Anees Mohamed, Harikrishnan R. 2000. Studies on the chronic effects
of endosulfan on blood and liver of O. Mossambicus. J.Ecobiol. Res.Biocon.
1 : 24-27.
Saravanan TS, Rajesh R, Sundaramoorthy M. 2010. Studies on effect of chronic
exposure of endosulfan to Labeo rohita. J.Environ.Biol. 31(5): 755-758.
Sastry K, Sachdeva V, Rathee P. 1997. Chronic toxic effects of cadmium and copper,
and their combination on some Enzymological and biochemical parameters in
Channa punctatus. J. Environ. Biol. 18(3) : 291-303.
Sastry KV, Sunita K. 1984. Toxic effects of chromium in a fresh water teleost fish
Channa. Punctatus, Toxicol. Lett. 11: 17-21.
Sastry KV, Gupta PK. 1980. Alternations in the activities of a few dehydrogenases in
the digestive system of 2 teleost fishes exposed to lead nitrate. Ecotox.
Environ. Saf. 4: 232 – 239.
171
Sastry KV, Rao DR. 1984. Effect of mercuric chloride on some biochemical and
physiological parameters of the freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus. Environ
Res. 34: 343 – 350.
Sastry KV, Sharma K. 1980. Mercury induced haematological and biochemical
anomalies in Ophiocephalus (Channa punctatus). Toxicol. Lett. 5: 245-249.
Sastry KV, Shukla V. 1994. Acute and chronic toxic effects of cadmium on some
haematological, biochemical and enzymological parameters in the fresh water
teleosts Channa punctatus. Acta.Hydrochem. Hydrobiol. 22: 171-176.
Sastry KV, Shukla V. 1990. Toxic effects of cadmium on some biochemical
parameters in the fresh water fish, Channa punctatus. Environ. Ecol. 5:
488-493.
Sastry KV, Sunita KM. 1982. Effect of cadmium and chromium on the intestinal
absorption of glucose in the Snakehead Fish, Channa punctatus. Toxicol Lett.
10 (2-3): 293–6.
Sastry KV, Sunita KM.1983. Enzymological and biochemical changes produced by
chronic chromium exposure in a Teleost fish, Channa punctatus. Toxicol. Lett.
16: 9–15.
Sastry KV, Sunita Tyagi. 1982. Toxic effects of chromium in a freshwater teleost
fish, Channa punctatus. Toxicol. Lett. 11 (1-2):17-21.
Sathyanarayana U. 2002. Essentials of biochemistry.Publisher Interlinks,
Vijayawada.p p.32, 147.
Satyaparameshwar K, Ravinder Reddy T, Vijay Kumar N. 2006. Effect of chromium
on protein metabolism of freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis. J.
Environ. Biol. 27(2) (Suppl): 401–403.
Savolainen H. 1995. Cadmium associated renal disease. Ren. Fail. 17: 483-487.
Saxena MP, Saxena HM. 2008. Histopathological changes in lymphoid organs
of fish after exposure to water polluted with heavy metals. The Inter.
J.Vet.Medi. 5 (1).
Sayeed L, Parvez S, Pandey S, Bin-Hafeez B, Haque R, Raisuddin S. 2003.
Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure to deltamethrin in freshwater fish,
Channa punctatus (Bloch.) Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 56: 295-301.
Scherck CB. 1981. Stress and compensation in teleoste on fish responses to social and
physiological factors. In: stress in fish, (Eds). Pickering, A.D., Academic
172
press, London, pp.77-82.
Schiffman RA, Fromm PO. 1959. Chromium induced changes in the blood of
rainbow trout. Sewag. Ind. Was. 31: 205-211.
Schlenk D, Davis KB, Griffin BR.1999. Relationship between expression of hepatic
metallothioneins and sublethal stress in channel cat fish following acute
exposure to copper sulphate. Aquaculture. 177: 367-379.
Schmidt Nielson B.1975. Osmoregulation; effects of salinity and heavy metals. Fed.
Proc. 2137-2146.
Schroeder HA. 1970. Chromium, Air quality Monograph No. 70-15, American
Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.
Sekhar DH, Balaram N, Jayananda P. 2002. Toxicological effects on some
biochemical parameters of fresh water fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.) under
the stress of nickel. J Environ. Biol. 23(3): 275-277.
Seith N, Saxena KK. 2003. Haematological responses in a fresh water fish Channa
punctatus due to fenvalerate. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 71: 1192-1199.
Seluck Z, Tiril SU, Alagil F, Belen V, Salman M, Cenesiz S, Muglali OH, Yagci FB.
2010. Effects of dietary L-carnitine and chromium picolibate supplimentations
on performance and some serum parameters in Onchorhynchus mykiss.
Aquacult. Int. 18 :213-221.
Sen G, Behra MK, Patel PN. 1992. Effect of zinc on haemato-biological parameters
of Channa punctatus. J.Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 2: 89-92.
Serra R, Carpene E, Marcantonio AC, Isani G. 1995. Cadmium accumulation and
cadmium binding proteins in bivalve Scapharca inaequivalvis. Copm.Biochem.
Physiol.C. 111(2):165-174.
Serezli R, Akhan S, Sonay FD. 2011. Acute effects of copper and lead on some blood
parameters on Coruh trout. Afri. J.Biotechnol. 10(16): 3204-3209.
Sesha Srinivas V, Rao BM. 1998. Chromium induced alteration in the gill of the fresh
water teleost fish, Labeo rohita. Ind. J.Comp.Anim. Physiol. 17(1): 31-33.
Sesha SV, Balaparamesewara, RM. 1999.Chromium induced alterations in the oxygen
consumption of the fresh water teleost fish, Labeo rohita .Poll.Res. 18: 377-
380.
Sesha SV, Balaparameswara RM. 1996. Acute toxicity of chromium to the freshwater
fish. Labeo rohita (Ham.). Ind. J. Comp. Anim. Physiol. 14: 30-32.
Seyle H. 1950. Stress and the general adaptation syndrome. Brit. Med. J. 1 :1383-
1392.
Seymore T, Du Preez HH, Van Vuren JHJ, Deacon A, Strydom G. 1994. Variations in
selected water quality variables and the metal concentration in the sediment of
thelower Olifants and Selati River. Sout. Afri. Koedoe. 37(2): 1-18.
Shaffi SA, Manohar YR, Choudhary SL, Ghani N. 1999. Bioassay of cadmium and
its effect on differential distribution of dehydrogenases in different brain
regions in L.rohita (HAM). Physiol. Res. 48: 221-226.
Shaffi SA. 1978. Effect of Ca (NO) on Labeo rohita, Ophiocephalus punctatus and
Clarias batrachus. J.Environ.Biol. 6(3): 200-208.
Shaffi SA. 1980. Thiodan toxicity; Nonspecific phosphomonoesterases in afresh
water teleosts. Toxicol. Lett. 6: 339-348.
Shaffi SA. 1999. Effect of hexachlorohexane on tissue biochemical components in
Labeo rohita. Int.J.Fish. 46: 55-61.
Shaffi SA. 2001. Influence of sub lethal HCH on differential distribution of
dehydrogenases, glygogen, pyruvate and lactate in different brain region in
Labeo rohita. Int.J.Fish. 48(2): 151-157.
Shah SL, Altindag A. 2004a. Hematological parameters of tench (Tinca tinca L.) after
acute and chronic exposure to lethal and sublethal mercury treatments. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 73: 911–918.
Shah SL, Altindag A. 2005. Alterations in the immunological parameters of tench
(Tinca tinca L.) after acute and chronic exposure to lethal and sublethal
treatments with mercury, cadmium and lead. Turk. J. Vet. Anim Sci. 29: 1163-
1168
Shah SL. 2006. Haematological parameters in tench Tinca tinca after short term
exposure to lead. J. Appl. Toxicol. 26: 223-228
Sahaheen T. 2009. Studies on chromium toxicity in Cyprinus carpio brood stock
progeny relationship. Ph.D Thesis, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Shaheen T, Akhtar T. 2011. Histological alterations in C.carpio kidney due to
sublethal concentrations of chromium hexavalent. Int. J.Agri.Biol. 13: 458-
460.
Shahsavani D, Kazerani HR, Kaveh S, Gholipour-Kanani H. 2010. Determination of
173
174
some normal serum parameters in starry sturgeon during spring season. Comp.
Clin. Pathol. 19: 57-61.
Shakoori AR, Javed Iqbal M, Latif Mughal A, Syed Shahid A. 1994. Bio chemical
changes induced by inorganic mercury on the blood, liver and muscles of fresh
Ctenopharyngodon idella. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 4 : 81–92.
Shakoori AR, Alam J, Aziz F, Ali SS. 1990. Biochemical effects of bifenthrin
(talsar) administered orally for one month on the blood and liver of rabbit.
Proc. Pak.Congr. Zool. 10: 61-81.
Shalaby AM, Khattab YA, Abdel-Rahman A M. 2006. Effects of garlic Allium
sativum and chloramphinicol on growth performance, physiological
parameters and survival of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. J. Venom.
Anim. Toxins. Incl. Trop. Dis. 12(2): 172-201.
Shalaby AM. 2001. Protective effect of Ascorbic acid against Mercury intoxication in
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J. Egy. Acad. Soc. Environ. Develop. (D-
Environmental studies), 2(3): 79 – 97.
Shalaby AM. Abbas HH, Khatab YA. 2005. The effect of sublethal doses of
cadmium on the disposition of some trace elements and liver function in
common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Egy. J. Basic. Appl.Physiol. 4: 383 - 395.
Shalaby, AME. 2009. The opposing effects of ascorbic acid on ochratoxin toxicity in
O.niloticus.Retrived. 05-04-09.
Sharma B, Gopal K. 1994. Changes in lactic acid content andactivity of lactate
dehydrogenase in Clarias batrachus exposed to carbaryl. Toxicol. Environ.
Chem. 47: 89-95.
Sharma BK, Kaur H. 1997. An introduction to environmental pollution. Goel
Publishing House, Meerut. pp.224.
Shereena KM, Logaswamy S, Sunitha P. 2009. Effect of organo phosphorus
pesticides (Dimothoate) on oxygen consumption of the fish Tilapia
Mossambica. Recent Res. Sci. Technol. 1: 4-7.
Sheridan MA, Mommsen TP. 1991. Effects of nutritional state on in vivo lipid and
carbohydrate metabolism of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. Gen. Comp.
Endocrinol. 81: 473- 483.
Shi X. Chiu A, Chen CT, Halliwell B, Castranova V, Vallyathan V. 1999.
Reduction of chromium (VI) and its relationship to carcinogenesis. J. Toxicol.
175
Environ. Hlth. B 2: 87–104.
Shi HS, Sui YX, Luo YA, Ji LL. 2005. Hydroxxyl radical production and oxidative
damage induced by cadmium and naphthalene in liver of Carassius auratus.
Comp.Biochem. Physiol. 140C: 115-121.
Shi X, Chiu A, Chen CT, Halliwell B, Castranova V, Vallyathan V. 1999. Reduction
of chromium (VI) and its relationship to carcinogenesis. J. Toxicol. Environ.
Hlth. B 2: 87–104.
Shianu SY, Lin SF. 1993. Effects of supplementation dietary chromium and vanadium
on the utilization of different carbohydrates in Tilapia, O.niloticus and
O.aureas. Aquaculture. 110: 321-330.
Shianu SY, Shi SM. 1998. Dietary chronic oxide inclusion level required maximizes
glucose utilization in hybrid Tilapia, O.niloticus and O.aureas. Aquaculture.
161(1): 357-364.
Short S, Meyers TR. 2001. Histology for Finfish. NWFHS Laboratory Procedures
Manual. Version 1.0. Alaska Fish and Game C.F. Division.
Shuhaimi-Othman MY, Nadzifah AK, Ahmad. 2010. Toxicity of copper and
cadmium to fresh water fishes. World. Acad. Sci. Engin. Technol. 65: 869-871.
Shukla V, Dhankhar M, Prakash J, Sastry KV. 2007. Bioaccumulation of Zn, Cu and
Cd in Channa punctatus. J. Environ. Biol. 28: 395-397.
Sidoumou Z, Gnassia-Barelli M, Siau Y, Morton V, Romeo M. 2005.Distribution
and concentration of trace metals in tissues of different fish species from
Atlantic coast of Western Africa. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 74:
998-995.
Sies H.1999. Glutathione and its role in cellular functions. Free Radic. Biol. Med.
27: 916-921.
Silbergeld EK. 1974. Blood glucose a sensitive indicator of environmental stress in
fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11: 20-25.
Silvo De Flora, Maria Bagnasco, Domizio Serra, Patrizia Zanacchi. 2000.
Genotoxicity of chromium compounds. A review. Mutat. Res / Review in
Genetic Toxicol. 238(2): 99-172.
Simenova AD. 1999. Behavioural, haematological and histological studies on acute
toxicity mercury on Salmo gairdneri and Tilapia rendalli Boulenger. J. Fish
Biol. 10: 575–582.
176
Sindhe SCS, Pala Indira, Butchiram MS 2006. Induced histological changes in the
liver of freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton). J Aquatic Bio. 21(1): 239–
242.
Singer C, Zimmermann S. et al.2005. Induction of heat shock proteins (hsp70) in the
zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) following exposure to platinum group
metals (platinum, palladium and rhodium): Comparison with lead and
cadmium exposures. Aquat. Toxicol. 75: 65–75.
Singh HS, Reddy TV. 1990. Effect of copper sulfate on hematology, blood chemistry,
and hepatosomatic index of an Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossillis (Bloch),
and its recovery. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 20: 30–35.
Singh SR, Singh BR. 1982. Effect of copper and zinc sulphate on the blood
parameters of Mystus vittatus. Matsya. 8: 1-6.
Singh, Y, Kant K, Sharma HB, Rana KS. 2008. Bioaccumulation of Cadmium in
Tissues of Cirrihna mrigala and Catla catla. Asia. J. Exp. Sci. 22(3): 411-414.
Singh D, Nath K, Trivedy SP, Sharma YK. 2008. Impact of copper on haematological
profiles of fresh water fish, Channa punctatus. J.Environ.Biol. 29(2): 253-257.
Sinha YKP, Kumar K. 1991. Haematology of Anabas testudineus (Bloch). J. Appl.
Zool. Res. 2(1): 13-16.
Siva Prasad Rao K. 1980. Studies on some aspects metabolic changes with emphasis
on carbohydrate utility in the cell free system of the teleost Tilapia
mossambica under methyl parathion exposure. Ph.D. Thesis, S.V. University,
Tripathi, India.
Skidmore JF Towell PWA. 1972. Toxic effects of zinc sulphate on the gills of
rainbow trout. Water. Res. 6:217-230.
Skidmore JF. 1970. Respiration and osmoregulation in rainbow trout gills damaged
by zinc sulphate. J. Exp. Biol. 52: 481-494.
Smit GL, Hattingh J, Burger AP. 1979. Haematological assessment of the effects of
the anesthetic MS 222 in natural and neutralized formin three fresh water fish
species; Interspecies differences. J. Fish. Biol. 6: 379-387.
Sobecka E. 2007. Changes in the iron leveling the organs and tissues of wells cat fish
Silurus glapis. L by nickel. Acta.Icthyol.Piscat. 3(2): 127-143.
Soivio A, Oikari A. 1976. Haematological effects of stress on a teleost Essox lucius.
J. Fish. Biol. 8: 397-411.
177
Sojbeck ML, Haux C, Larsson A, Lithner G. 1984. Biochemical and hematological
studies on perch Perca fluviatilisFrom the cadmium-contaminated river Eman.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 8: 303-312.
Solis Horedia MJ, Euintanilla Vega B, Sierra Santoyo A, Hernandez J.M, Brambila E,
Cerbrian ME, Albores A. 2000. Chromium increases pancreatic
metallothionein in the rat.Toxicology. 142: 111-117.
Son MH, Kang KW, Lee CH, Kim SG, 2001b. Potentiation of arsenic-induced
cytotoxicity by sulfur amino acids deprivation through activation of ERK1/2,
P38 kinase and JNK1; the distinct role of JNK1 in SAAD potentiated mercury
toxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 121: 45-55.
Son MH, Kang KW, Lee CH, Kim SG. 2001a. Potentiating of cadmium induced
cytotoxicity by sulphur amino acids through activation of extracellular singnal
regulated kinase ½ in conjugation with p38 kinase or c-Jun N-terminal kinase;
complete inhibition of the potrntiated toxicity by U0126 an ERK ½ and p38
kinase inhibitor. Biochem. Pharmocol. 62: 1379-1390.
Soni R. 1990. Studies on environmental management of heavy metal and pesticides
with respect of their toxicity towards aquatic organisms. Ph.D Thesis,
University of Calicut.
Sorensen EM. 1991. Metal poisoning in fish. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, p.243.
Sorenson EMB. 1988. Selenium accumulation, reproductive status and
histopathological changes in environmentally exposed sunfish. Arch. Toxicol.
61: 324-329.
Sprague JB. 1971. Measurement of pollution to fish. III. Sublethal effects and safe
concentrations. Water Res. 5 : 245-266.
Sprague JB. 1973. The ABCs of pollutant Bioassay using fish. Biological methods for
the assessment of water quality. Am. Soc. Test. ASTM STP. 528 :6-30.
Spurny P, Mares J, Hedbavný J, Sukop I. 2002: Heavy metal distribution in the
ecosystems of the upper course of the Jihlava River. Czech. J. Anim. Sci. 47:
160-167.
Sreedevi B, Reddy KV, Reddy SLN. 1998. Effect of trivalent and hexavalent
chromium on antioxidant enzymes activities and lipid peroxidation in a fresh
water field crab. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 61:384-390.
Sreedevi P, Suresh A, Sivaramakrishnan B, Prabhavathi B, Radhakrishnan. 1992.
178
Bioaccumulation of nickel in the organs of the freshwater fish, Cyprinus
carpio, and the freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis, under lethal and
sublethalnickel. Chemosphere, 24: 29–36.
Sridevi B, Reddy SLN. 2000. Effect of trivalent and hexavalent chromium on
carbohydrate metabolism of a freshwater field crab Barytelphusa guerini.
Environ. Monit Assess. 61(2): 291-300.
Subathra S, Karuppasamy R. 2008. Bioaccumulation and depuration pattern of copper
in different tissues of M.vittatus, related to various size groups.
Arch.Environ.Contam. Toxicol. 54: 236-244.
Srivastava AK, Strivastava AK. 1994. Review of investigations on biological effects
of Selenium on fish. J. Freshwat. Biol. 6(4): 285 -293.
Srivastava GJ, Srivastava OP. 1979. Proc.Symp. Environ. Biol. 183-189.
Srivastava K, Agrawal SJ, Chaudhary HS. 1979. Effects of chromium on the blood
of a fresh water teleost. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 3(3): 321-324.
Srivastava PN, Narain AS. 1982. Lecocytic and homeostatic reactions of the Indian
cat fish, Heteropneustes fossilis, subjected to environmental pollution by
sewage, fertilizers and insecticides. Acta. Pharmacol.ET. Toxicol. 50: 13-21.
Srivastava AK, Mishra S. 1979. Blood dyscrasia in a teleost, Colisa fasciatus after
acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of lead. J. Fish Biol. 24: 199-103.
Srivastava N, Verma H.2009. Alterations in biochemical profile of liver and ovary of
zinc exposed fresh water murrel, Channa punctatus. J.Environ. Biol. 30(2/3).
Stagg RM, Shuttle worth TJ. 1982. The accumulation of copper in Platichthys flesus.
J.Fish. Biol. 20: 491-500.
Staniskiene B, Matosevicius P, Budreckiene R, Skibniewska KA. 2006. Distribution
of heavy metals in tissues of freshwater fish in Lithuania. Pol. J. Environ.
Stud. 15: 585-501.
Stearns D, Wetterhahn K. 1994. Reaction of Chromium (VI) withAscorbate Produces
Chromium (V), Chromium (IV), and Carbon-Based Radicals. Chem. Res.
Toxicol. 7: 219–30.
Stehr CM, Myers MS, Johnson LL, Spencer S, Stein JE. 2004. Toxicopathic liver
lesions in English sole and chemical contaminant exposure in Vancouver
Harbour, Canada. Mar. Environ. Res. 57: 55–74.
Steinhagen D, Helmas, D, Maurers S. 2004. Effect of hexavalent carcinogenic
chromium on carp, Cyprinus carpio immune cells. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 23:
155-161.
Stentiford GD, Longshan M, Lyons BP, Jones G, Green M, Feist SW. 2003.
Histopathological biomarkers in estuarine fish species for the assessment of
biological effects of contaminants. Mar. Environ. Res. 55: 137–159.
Stohs S, Bagchi D, Hassoun E, Bagchi M.1995. Oxidative mech- anisms in the
toxicity of chromium and cadmium ions. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol.
20: 77–88.
Stohs SJ, Bagchi D. 1995.Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions .Free
Radic.Biol.Med.12: 397-407.
Stokes RM, Fromm PO. 1962. Effects of chromate on glucose transport by the gut of
rainbow trout. Physiol. Zool. 38:202.
Strik J JTWA, De Longh HH, Van Rijn van Alkemade JWA, Wuite TP. 1975.
Toxicity of Chromium VI in fish, with special reference to organ weights,
liver and plasma enzyme activities, blood parameters and histological
alternations. In Sub lethal effects of toxic chemical on Aquatic animals (J.H.
Koeman & J.J.T.W.A. Strik, Eds) pp. 31 – 58. New York : Elsevier
Subba Rao P, Rajender K. 1990. Kinetics of asparate aminotransferase inhibition by
certain insecticide in haemolmph of Periplanetta americana. J.Environ. Biol.
11(4): 383-387.
Subramanian S, Rajendiran G, Sekhar P, Chandrahasan G, Govindarajulu P,
Aruldhas MM. 2006. Reproductive toxicity of chromium in adult bonnet
monkeys (Macaca radiata Geoffrey). Reversible oxidative stress in the semen.
Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 215(3): 237–249.
Sultana R, Rao DP. 1998. Bioaccumulation pattern of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium
in grey mullet, MugilCephalus (L.), from harbour waters of Visakhapatnam,
Ind. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 60: 949−955.
Suresh A, Sivaramakrishna B, Radhakrishnaiah K. 1993. Patterns of cadmium
accumulation in the organs of fry and fingerlings of fresh water fish Cyprinus
carpio following exposure. Chemosphere. 26: 945-953.
Surya Prakash J.1988. Effects of ammonium salt on the respiratory and ammonium
179
metabolism of fish, Tilapia mossambicus with emphasis on carbohydrate
metabolism. Ph.D. thesis, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi, India.
Susan T, Shoba K, Veeriah K, Tilak S. 2010. Studies on biochemical changes in the
tissues of labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to fenevalerate technical
grade. J.Toxicol. Environ.Hlth. Sci. 2(5): 53-62.
Svecevicius 2006. Acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium to European fresh water
fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 77(5):741-747.
Svobodova Z, Vykusova B, Machova J. 1994. Sublethal chronic effects of pollutants
on freshwater fish. Ed. R. Muller ir R. Lloyd. Lugana. 39-52.
Syversen TLM. 1990. Effects of rnethyl mercury on protein synthesis in vitro. Acta.
Pharmacol. Toxicol. 49: 422-426.
Szegletes T, Polyhos CS, Balint T, Reddy AA, Lang G, Kufesak O, Nemcsok
J.1995. In-vivo effects of deltamethrin on some biochemical parameters of
carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.). Environ. Monitor. Asses. 35: 97-111.
Tacon AJ, Beveridge MM. 1982. Effects of dietary trivalent chromium on rainbow
trouts. Nutr. Rep. Int. 25: 49-56.
Tagliari KC, Ferrão VM, Vargas, Zimiani K, Cecchini R. 2004.Oxidative stress
damage in the liver of fish and rats receiving an intraperitoneal injection of
hexavalent chromium as evaluated by chemiluminescence. Environ.Toxicol.
Pharmacol. 17: 149–157.
Tan F, Wang M, Wang W, Lu Y. 2008. Comparative evaluation of the cytotoxicity
sensitivity of six cell lines to four heavy metals. Toxicol. In Vitro. 22(1): 164-
170.
Tandon SK, Saxena DK, Gaur JS, Chandara SV. 1978. Environ. Res. 15: 90-99.
Tawari - Fufeyin P, Ekaye SA. 2007. Fish species diversity as indicator of pollution
in Ikpoba River, Benin City, Nigeria. Rev.Fish.Biol. Fish. 17:21-30.
Tayal AK, Kaur. I, Mathur RP. 2000. Bioaccumulation and localization of
exogenous cadmium in a teleost by electron microscopy (TEM) and its speciec
quantitation by electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPMA). Bioorg. Med.
Chem. 8: 475-482.
Tayybah S, Tanveer A, Ashraf. 2005. Acute toxicity studies of hexavalent chromium
in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Punj. Univ. J. Zool. 20(2): 209-214.
180
Teh SJ, Adams SM, Hinton DE. 1997. Histpathological biomarkers in feral freshwater
fish populations exposed to different types of contaminant stress. Aquat.
Toxicol. 37: 51-70.
Teles M, Pacheco M, Santos MA.2005. Physiological and genetic responses of
European Eel (Anguilla Anguilla L.) to short-term chromium or copper
exposure-influence of pre-exposure to a PAH-Like compound. Environ.
Toxicol. 20(1): 92–99.
Thaker J, Chhaya J, Nuzhat S, Mittal R, Mansuri AP, Kundu R. 1996. Effects of
chromium (VI) on some ion-dependent ATPases in gills, kidney, and intestine
of a coastal teleost, Periphthalamus dipes. Toxicology. 112: 237–244.
Theodorakis CW, D‟Surney SJ, Bicham JW, Lyne TB, Bardley BP, Hawkins WE,
Farkas WL, Mc Carthy JF, Shugart LR. 1992. Ecotoxicology. 1:45-73(cited
from de la Torre et al. 1998)
Thilagamani KB, Karuppiah P, Ramaswamy M. 1990. Histopathological changes
induced and by a curbamat fubgicides in liver and brain of a teleost fish
Sarotherodon mossambicous (peters). The Indian. Zool. 14: 135-139.
Thomas P, Juedes MJ. 1992. Influence of lead on the glutathione status of Atlantic
croaker tissues. Aquatic. Toxicol. 23: 11-30.
Thomas P, Wofford HW, Neff JM. 1982. Effects of cadmium on glutathione level of
mullet tissues. In; Physiological mechanisms of marine pollutant toxicity, 109-
125. Academic press, New York.
Thophon S, Kruatrachue M, Upathan ES, Pokethitiyook P, Sahaphong S, Jarikhuan S.
2003. Histopathological alterations of white sea bass, Lates calcarifer in acute
and subchronic cadmium exposure. Environ. Pollut. 121: 307-320.
Tietz NW, Logan NM. 1987. Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. WB Saunders,
Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Tietz NW. 1986. In:‟Text book of clinical chemistry‟. W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia,
USA.
Tilak KS, Veeraiah K, Rao DK. 2005. Biochemical changes induced by chloropyrifos,
an organophosphate compound in sublethal concentrations to the Cirrhinus
mrigala. J. Environ. Biol. 26: 341-347.
Tilak KS, Veeraiah KS, Ramanakumari GV.2001. Toxcity and effect of
181
182
chloropyriphostp the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton) Poll. Res. 20:
438-445.
Tiwari S, Singh S. 2003. Metabolic changes in the snake head fish Channa Punctatus
due to Latices of Euphorbia. Asia. Fish. Sci. 16: 147-155.
Topping G. 1973. Heavy metals from Scottish water. Aquaculture, 1: 379-384.
Torra M, To-Figueras J, Brunet M, Rodamilans M, Corbella J. 1994. Total and
metallothionein-bound cadmium in the liver and kidney of a population in
Barcelona. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53: 509-515.
Torreblanca A, Del Ramo J, Diaz-Mayans J. 1991. Gill ATPase acticity in
Procambarus clarkii as an indicator of heavy metal pollution. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 42: 829-834.
Torres P, Tort L, Planas J. Flos R. 1986. Effects ofconfinement stress and additional
zinc treatment on some blood parameters in the dogfish (Scyliorhinus
canicula). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83C: 89-92.
Torrey S. 1978. Noyes Data Corporation. New Jersey; Trace contaminants from the
coal; pp.143-208.
Tort L, Kargacin B, Torres P. Giralt M, Hidalgo J. 1996. The effect of cadmium
exposure and stress on plasma cortisol, metallothionien levels and oxidative
status in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
114: 29-34.
Towill LE, Shriner CR, Drurg AS, Hammons Holleman JW. 1978. Review of the
environmental effects of pollutants; III chromium ORNL/ELS-80, Oak Ridge
Nat. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, and Environ. Health effects Res.ser. EPA-600-1-
78-023, U.S. Environmental protection Agency, Health affects Res. Lab.,
Ciccinnati, OH.
Travacio M, Polo JM, Llesuy S. 2001. Cr (VI) induces oxidative stress in the mouse
brain. Toxicology. 162: 139–148.
Tripathi RD, Chandra P. 1991. Chromium uptake by Spirodela polyrrhiza (L) in
relation to metal chelators and pH. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47: 764-
769.
Trivedi SP, Kumar Manoj, Banerjee Indrani. 2002. Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate
(LAS) induced xenobiotic anomalies in the activity of LDH and SDH in the
183
muscles of fresh water teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). J. Ecophysio
Occupl Hlth. 2(3&4): 205.
Tucker RK, Matte A. 1980. In vitro effects of cadmium and lead on ATPases in gill
of the rock crab, Cancer irroratus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 847-
852.
Tulasi SJ, Reddy PUM, Romano – Rao JV. 1992. Accumulation of lead and effects
on total lipids on lipid derivatives in the freshwater fish Anabas testudineus
(Bloch), Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 23: 33-38.
Tyagi Anupama, Srivastava Neera. 2005. Haematological response of fish Channa
punctatus (Bloch) to chronic zinc exposure. J Environ. Biol. 26(2 Suppl):
429–432.
Unlu E, Gümgum B.1993. Concentration of copper and zinc in fish and sediments
from the Tigris River in Turkey. Chemosphere. 26: 2055-2061.
US EPA 1985. Ambient water quality criteria for chromium 1984, EPA-440/5-
84029.Office of water regulations and standards, Washington.
Vander Oost R, Beyer J, Vermeulen NPE. 2003. Fish Bioaccumulation and
biomarkers in environmental risk assessment a review. Environ. Toxicol.
Pharmacol. 13 (2): 57-149.
Vander Oost R, Goksoyr A, Celander M, Heida H, Vermeulen NPE. 1996.
Biomonitoring aquatic pollution with feral eel; II.Biomarkers; pollution
induced biochemical responses. Aquat. Toxicol. 36:189-222.
Valko M, Morris H, Cronin MT. 2005. Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr.
Med. Chem. 12: 1161-1208.
Vallee BL, Ulmer DD. 1972. Biochemical effects of mercury, cadmium and lead.
Ann.Rev. Biochem. 41: 91-128.
Van der putt I, Vander Galien W, Strick JJTWA. 1982. Effects of hexavalent
chromium in rainbow trout after prolonged exposure at two different pH
levels. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 4: 191-194.
Van der Putte I, Brinkhorst MA, Koeman JH. 1981a. Effect of PH on the acute toxicity
of hexavalent chromium to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquat Toxicol. 1:
129-142.
Van der Putte I, Laurier MBHK, Van Eijk GJM. 1981. Respiration and
osmoregulation in rainbow trout exposed to hexavalent chromium at different
pH values. Aquat. Toxicol. 2: 99-112.
Van Heerden D, Vosloo A, Nikinmaa M. 2004. Effects of short-term copper
exposure on gill structure, metallothionein and hypoxia-inducible factor-1a
(HIF-1a) levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol. 69:
271–280.
Van Hoof F, Van San M.1981. Analysis of copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium in
fish tissue. Atoll for detecting metal caused fish kills. Chemosphere, 10(10):
1127-1135.
Van Leeuwen CJ, Heleler T, Seinen W. 1986. Aquatic toxicological aspects of dithio
carbamates and related compounds- IV. Tetratogenecity and histopathology in
rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Aquatic Toxicol. 9: 147-159.
Van Raaji MTM, Van den Thillart GEEJM, Hallesmeesch M, Balm PHM, Steffens
AB. 1995. Effects of arterially infused catecholamines and insulin on plasma
glucose and free fatty acids in carp. Am. J. Physiol. 268 (Regulatory
integrative Comp.Physiol. 37: R1163-R1170.
Van Vuren JH, Van der Merwe M, du Preeze HH. 1994. The effect of copper on the
blood chemistry of Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
29: 187-199.
Van HD, Vosloo A, Nikinmaa M. 2004. Aquat.Toxicol. 69: 271-280. 2004.
Van Vuren JHJ. 1986. The effects of toxicants on the haematology of Labeo
umbratus. Comp.Biochem. Physiol. 93C (1): 155-159.
Vander Oost R, Beyer J, Vermeulen NPE. 2003. Fish bioaccumulation and
biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environ Toxicol,
Pharmacol. 13(2): 57-149.
Varanka Z, Rojik L, Varanka I, Nemcsok J, Abraham M. 2001. Biochemical and
morphological changes in carp (Cyprinus carpio .L) liver following exposure
to copper sulphate and tannic acid. Comp.Biochem. Physiol. 128: 467-478.
Vargas VMF, Migliavacca SB, deMelo AC, Horn RC, Guidobono RR, Ferreira
ICFS. Pestana MHD. 2001. Genotoxicity assessment in aquatic environments
under the influence of heavy metals and organic contaminants. Mutat. Res.
490: 141–158.
184
Veena B, Radhakrishnan CK Chacko J. 1997. Heavy metal induced biochemical
effects in an estuarine teleost. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 26 : 74-78.
Velez D, Montoro R. 1998. Arsenic speciation in manufactured seafood products: a
review. J. Food. Protect. 61(9): 1240-1245.
Velmurugan B, Ambrose T, Selvanayagam M. 2006 Genotoxic evaluation of
lambdacyhalothrin in Mystus gulio. J. Environ Biol. 27: 247-250.
Velmurugan B, Selvanayagam M, Cengiz EI, Unlu E. 2007. The effects of fenvalerate
on different tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala. J. Environ. Sci. Hlth.
B 42(2): 157–163.
Venkataramreddy Velma, Paul B.Tchounwou. 2010. Chromium induced biochemical
genotoxicity and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of gold fish,
Carassius auratus. Mutat.res/Genetic toxicol&environ. Mutagenesis. 698(1-2):
43-51.
Venkatramreddy Velma, Vutukuru SS, Paul B. Tchounwou. 2009. Ecotoxicolgy of
hexavalent chromium in fresh water fish; A critical review. Rev. Environ.
Hlth. 24(2): 129-145.
Venko V.1985. Chromium: a review of environmental and occupational toxicology. J.
Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 29: 37-26.
Verma H, Srivastava N. 2009. Alterations in biochemical profile of liver and ovary of
zinc exposed fresh water murrel. J. Environ.Biol. 30: (2/3).
Verma H, Srivastava, N. 2008b. Effects of sublethal concentrations of zinc on
bioaccumulation and architectural alterations in the liver of fish Channa
punctatus. J. Environ. Sociobiol. 5: 135-140.
Verma RS, Khan MA, Tripathi R, Shukla S, Sharma UD. 2005. Heavy metal toxicity
to fresh water prawn. Aquaculture. 6(1): 57-62.
Verma SR, Bansal SK, Gupta AK, Dalela RC. 1979. Pesticide induced
Haematological alterations in a freshwater fish Sacchbranchus Fossils. Bul.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22: 467-474.
Verma SR, Rani, Dalela RC. 1980. Effects of phenol and dinitrophenol on acid and
alkaline phosphatases in tissues of a fish Notoptrerous notopterus. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9: 451-459
Vieira LR, Sousa A, Frasco MF, Lima I, Morgado F, Guilhermino L. 2008. Acute
185
186
effects of Benzo pyrene, anthracene and a fuel oil on biomarker of the
common goby Pomatoschistus microps. Sci.Total. Environ. 395: 87-100.
Vijayan MM, Pereria C, Grau EG, Iwama GK. 1997. Metabolic responses
associated with confinement stress in tilapia: the role of cortisol,
Comp.Biochem.Physiol.S 116 (1): 85-89.
Vijayan MM, Moon TW. 1992. Acute handling stress alters hepatic glycogen
metabolism in food deprived rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can. J.
Fish.Aquat. Sci. 49: 2260–2266.
Villarreal-Trevino CM, Villages- Navarro A. 1987. Differential accumulation of lead
by soft tissues of rabbit. Bull. Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 39: 334-342.
Vincent S, Ambrose T, Cyril A.Kumar, Selvanayagam M. 1996. Heavy metal
cadmium influenced anaemia in the Catla catla. J.Environ. Biol. 17: 81-84.
Vincent S, Ambrose T, Cyrill L, Selvanaygam M. 1995.Biochemical responses of the
Indian Major carp, Catla catla (Ham.) to chromium toxicity. Indian J Environ
Health. 37: 192–196.
Vincent S, Ambrose T, Selvaneyagam M. 2002. J. Environ.Biol. 23: 209-212.
Vincent S, Ambrose T. 1994. Uptake of heavy metals cadmium and chromium in
tissuesof Indian major carp, Catla catla. Indian. J.Environ. Hlth. 36(3): 200-
204.
Vinodhini R, Muthuswamy N. 2008. Effects of heavy metals induced toxicity on
metabolic biomarkers in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Majeo.Int.J.Sci. and
Tech. 2:192-200.
Vinodhini R, Narayanan M. 2009. Heavy metals induced histopathological alterations
in selected organs of the Cyprinus carpio (Common carp). Int. J.Environ.Res.
3(1): 95-100.
Vinson JA, AI-Kharrat L, Andreoli L. 2005. Effect of Aloe Vera preparations on the
human bioavailabilty of vitamins C and E. Phytomedicene. 12: 760-765.
Visoottiviseth P, Thamamaruitkun T, Sahaphong S, Riengrojpitak S, Kruatrachue M.
1999. Histopathological effects of triphenyltin hydroxide on liver, kidney and
gill of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Appl. Organometal. Chem. 13:
749–763.
Voegborlo RB, Methnani AME, Abedin MZ. 1999. Mercury, Cadmium and lead
content of canned Tuna fish. Food Chem. 67 (4): 341 – 345.
187
Von Burg R, Liu D. 1993.Chromium and hexavalent chromium. J.Applied Toxicol.13:
225-230.
Vosyliene MZ. 2002. Distinctive features of changes in biological parameters of
rainbow trout exposed to heavy metal model mixture. Ecologija (Vilnius),
no.2
Vosylien MZ. 1999. The effect of long-term exposure to copper on physiological
parameters of Onchorynchus mykiss.2. Studies of haematological parameters.
Kkologiji. 1:3-6.
Vosylience MZ, Jankaite A. 2006. Effect of heavy metal model mixture on rainbow
trout biological parameters. Ekologija. 4: 12-17.
Vosyliene MZ, Kazlauskiene N. 2004. Alterations in fish health state parameters
after exposure to different stressors. Acta Zool. Lituani. Hydrobiologia.
Volumen 9.
Vosyliene MZ. 1999. The effects of heavy metals on haematological indices of fish.
Acta.Zool. Lit. 9:76-82.
Vosyliene MZ. 1999a. The effect of heavy metal mixture on haematological
parameters of rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss. In D.A. Lovejoy(Ed),
Heavy metals in the environment. An integrated approach. Institute of
Geology. Metalecology society Vilnuius: 295-298(S).
Vuorinen PJ, Vuorinen M. 1990. Long-term exposure of adult white fish to low pH/
aluminum effects on reproduction, growth, blood composition and gills. In;
Acidification in Finland. Kaupi, P., Anittila, G and Kenttamines, K., Springer-
verlag, Berlin, pp.941-961.
Vutukuru SS, Prabhat NA, Raghavender M, Yerramilli A. 2007. Effect of arsenic
and chromium on the serum amino-transferases activity in Indian major carp,
Labeo rohita. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Hlth. 4: 224–227.
Vutukuru SS. 2003. Chromium induced alterations in some biochemical profiles of
the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 70(1): 118–23.
Vutukuru SS. 2005. Acute effects of hexavalent chromium on survival, oxygen
consumption, hematological parameters and some biochemical profiles of the
Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita. Int. J Environ. Res. Publ. Hlth. 2(3):
456–462.
188
Vykusova B, Svobodova Z. 1990. Acute Toxicity of Standards to Fish. Buletin
VURH Vodnany (In Czech 26: 15-20)
Wang XF, Xing ML, Shen Y, Xu LH. 2006. Oral administration of hexavalent
chromium induced oxidative stress. DNA damage and apoptotic cell death in
mice. Toxicol. 228: 16-23.
Web PW, Brett JR. 1973. Effects of sublethal concentration of sodium
pentachlorophenate on growth rate, food conversion efficiencies and
swimming performance in sockeys Salmon, O.nerka. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.
30: 499-507.
Webb M. 1979. The metallothioneins. In; „The chemistry, Biochemistry and biology
of cadmium‟, (Ed.), Webb, M.Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Pp.195-266.
Wedemeyer G. 1972. Some physiological consequences of handling stress, the
juvenile coho Salmon and steel head trout. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 29:
1780-1783.
Wedemeyer G. 1969. Stress induced ascorbate depletion and cortisol production in
two salmonid fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 29: 1247-1251.
Wedemeyer GA, Yasutake WT. 1977.Clinical methods for the assessment of the
effects of environmental stress on fish health, United States Technical Papers.
Fish Wild Ser, 89: 1-18.
Wedemeyer GR, Mcleay DJ. 1981. Methods of determining the tolerance of fish to
environmental stressors. In Pickering AD (Ed) Stress and fish. Academic
Press, New York, USA, 247-275.
Weil Malherbe H. 1937. Brain metabolism formation of succinic acid. Biochem. Z.
31: 299-312.
Weiner JG, Giesy JPJr. 1979. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb A and Zn in fishes in
a highly organic soft water pond. J.Fish.Res.Bd. Can. 36: 270-279.
Wells RMG, Mcintyre RH, Morgan AK, Davie PS. 1986. Physiological stress
responses in big gamefish after capture: observation on plasma chemistry and
blood factors. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 84A: 565-571.
Wepener V, VanVuren JHJ, Du Preez HH. 1992. Effect of manganese and iron at a
neutral and acidic pH on the haematology of the banded Tilapia, Tilapia
sparrmanii. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 49: 613-619.
189
Wepener W, Van Vuren JH, Du Preez HH. 1992. The effects of hex- avalent
chromium at different pH values on the haematology of Tilapia sparrmanii
(Cichlidae), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 101C:375–381.
Wepner W, Van Vuren JHJ, Preez du HH. 2001. Uptake and distribution of copper,
iron and zinc mixture in gill, liver, and plasma of a fresh water teleost, Tilapia
spermanii. Water SA. 27:99-108.
Wepner V, Van Vuren JHJ, Du Preez HH. 1992a. The effect of hexavalent chromium
at different pH value on the haematology of T.spermani. Comp.Biochem.
Physiol. 101C (2): 375-381.
Wepner V, Van Vuren JHJ, Du Preez HH. 1992b. Effect of manganese and iron at
neutral and acidic pH on the haematology of the banded tilapia. Bull.Environ.
Contam.Toxicol. 49: 613-619.
Whitefield AK, Elliote M. 2002. Fishes as indicators of environmental and ecological
changes within estuaries: a review of progress and some suggestions for the
future .J. fish. 61(1): 220-250
WHO 2000. Trace elements in Human Nutrition and Health. ISBN 92-4-156173-4.
Wieser W, Hinterleitner S. 1980. Serum enzymes in rainbow trout as tools in the
diagnosis of water quality. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25: 188-193. Winkaler
EU, Santos TRM, Machdo-Neto JG, Martinez CBR. 2007. Acute lethal and
sub lethal effect of neem leaf extract on the neotropical fish Prochilodus
lineatus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. partC, 145: 236-244.
Wintrobe M M. (6th
Eds). Clinical hematology. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia,
Library of Congress, Print USA, 1967.
Witeska M. 2005. Hematological and immunological effects of heavy metals stress in
fish. Elect. J. Ichthyol. 1: 35-41.
Witeska M, Kosciuk B. 2003. Changes in common carp blood after short term zinc
exposure. Environ.Sci.Poll.Res. 3: 15-24.
Witeska M. 1999. The influence of copper exposure on blood parameters of common
carp fingerlings. Heavy metals in environment. An integrated approach.
Ed.D.A.Lovejoy, 291-294 pp.
Witeska M.1998. Changes in selected blood indices of common carp after acute
exposure to cadmium. Acta.Vet.Brno. 67:289-293.
190
Witters HE, Van Puymbroeck, Vanderborght. 1991. Andrenergic response to
physiological disturbances in raibow trout exposed to aluminium at acid
pH.Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.48:414-420.
Witteska M. 2005. The effects of toxic chemical of blood cell morphology in fish.
Environ.Bull. 13: 1379-1384.
Wong PTS, Siverberg BA, Chu YK, Hodson PV. 1978. Lead and the aquatic biota.
In; „The biochemistry of lead in the environment‟. (Ed), Narigu, J.O.
Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical press, The Neatherland, pp. 279.
Wong PPK, Chu LM, Wong CK. 1999. Study of toxicity and bioaccumulation of
copper in silver sea bream, Sparus sarba. Environ. Intl. 25(4): 417-422.
Wood CM, Mc Donald DG. 1982. Physiological mechanisms of acid stress toxicity to
fish in: Acid pain; fisheries: proceedings of the international symposium on
acid precipitation and forest impacts in North Eastern North American
fisheries society D. Bethesda. Maryland, USA. Pp.197-226.
Wood EM. 1960. Definitive diagnosis of fish mortalities. J. Water. Pollu. Contro.
Fed. 32: 994-999.
Wu Y, Cui K, Zhao H, Hou L, Lou Q. 1986. Studies on trace metals concentration in
vertebrates from Bohai Sea. Oceanol. Limnol. Sin/ Haiyang Yu Huzhao. 17:
539-547.
Wua JP, Chan HC, Huang DJ. 2005. Histopathological and biochemical evidences of
hepatopancreatic toxicity caused by cadmium and zinc in the white Shrimp.
Chemosphere. 73:1019-1026.
Wybenga DR, Pileggi. 1970. Clinical chemistry. 16: 980.
Yadav P, Sarkar S, Bhatnagaru D. 1997. Action of Capparis deciduas against alloxan
induced oxidative stress and diabetes in rat tissues. Pharmacol. Res. 36: 221-
228.
Yang J, Chen HC. 2003. Effects of gallium on common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Acute
test, serum biochemistry, and erythrocyte morphology. Chemosphere. 53:
877–882.
Ye J, Wang S, Leonard SS, Sun Y, Butterworth L, 7 others, 1999. Role of reactive
oxygen species and p53 in chromium (VI) induced apoptosis. J.Biol.Chem.
274:34975-34980.
Yeragi SG, Rana AM, Koli VA. 2003. Effect of pesticide on protein metabolism of
mudskipper, Boleophtalmus dussumieri. J.Ecotoxical. Environ. Monit. 13:
211-214.
Yigit S, Altindag A. 2002. Accumulation of heavy metals in the food web
components of Burdur Lake, Turkey. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 11: 1048-1052.
Yilmaz F. 2006. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water, sediment, aquatic plants
and tissues of Cyprinus carpio from kizilirmak. Turkey. Fresen. Environ. Bull.
15: 360-369.
Yilmaz AB, Turan C, Toker T. 2010. Uptake and distribution of hexavalent chromium
of a fresh water fish. Tilapia, O.aureus. J.Environ.Chem.Ecotoxicol. 2(3): 28-
33.
Yousafzai AM, Shakoori AR. 2011. Hepatic responses of a fresh water fish against
aquatic pollution. Pak.J.Zool. 43(2) : 209-221.
Yousuf MHA, El-Shahawi. 1999. Trace metals in Lethrinus lentjan fish from Arabian
Gulf: Metal accumulation in Kidney and Heart Tissues. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 62 (3): 293-300.
Zachariassen KET, Anuaas JF, Borseth S, Einarson T, Nordtug A, Olsen, Skervo
G. 1991. Physiological parameters in ectoxicology. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
100: 77 – 79.
Zalme RC, Mc Dowell, Nasle EM, Trump BF. 1976. Studies on the pathophysiology
of acute renal failure. 11 A. Histochemical study of the rat following
administration of mercuric chloride. Vichows Arch. 22: 197-216.
Zatta P. 1985. Interaction between Zn2+, Co2+, Mn with hemocyanin from Carcinus
maenas. Cah, Biol. Mar. 26:241-249.
Zhi-Hua Li, Ping Li, Thomas Randak. 2011. Evaluating the toxicity of environmental
concentration of waterborne chromium (VI) to a model teleost, O.mykiss.A
comparative study invivo and invitro. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C.
Toxicol. Pharmacol. 153(4): 402-407.
Zhiteneva LD, Poltavceva TG, Rudnickaja OA. 1989. Atlas of normal and
pathological cells in the blood of fish. Rostov-on-Don. pp.112.
Zhou Q, Zhang J, Fu J, Shi J, Jiang G. 2008. Biomonitoring; An appealing tool for
assessment of metal pollution in the aquatic ecosystem. Anal.Chem.Acta. 606:
135-150.
191
Zikic RV, Stajn AS, Ognjanovic BI, Pavlovic SZ, Saicic ZS. 1997. Activities of
superoxide dismutase and catalase in erythrocyte and transaminases in the
plasma of carps, exposed to cadmium. Physiol. Res. 46: 391-396.
Zikic RV, Stajn S, Pavlovic Z, Ognjanovic BI, Saicic ZS. 2001. Activities of
superoxide dismutase and catalase in erytrocyte and plasma transaminases of
goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch.) exposed to cadmium. Physiol Res.
50: 105–111.
Zirong X, Shijun B. 2007. Effects of waterborne cadmium exposure on glutathione
metabolism in Nile tilapia liver. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 67: 89-94.
Zodape GV. 2010. Effect of Aloe Vera juice on toxcity induced by metal chromium in
Labeo rohita (Hamilton). J. Appl. Sci. Res. 6(11): 1788-1793.
192