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REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
Overview
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How does the human reproductive
system work?
• Mammals, including humans produce
gametes in paired organs called gonads
• In males: testes (singular = testis);
produce sperm
•In females: ovaries;produce eggs
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Human male reproductive tract
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Human male reproductive tract
Testes (in scrotum)
SpermTestosterone
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Human male reproductive tract
Accessorystructures
Seminal vesicles
Prostate glandBulbourethral gland
(together producesemen)
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Human male reproductive tract
Accessorystructures
Epididymis
(sperm storage)
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Accessorystructures
Vas deferens
(connects testes to
urethra)
Human male reproductive tract
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Testes produce sperm &testosterone
Sperm production occurs
in seminiferous
tubules
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Testes produce sperm &testosterone
Sperm production occurs
in seminiferous
tubules
At puberty, testosterone
production begins
in interstitial cells
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Testes produce sperm &testosterone
Sperm production occurs
in seminiferous
tubules
Sertoli cells regulate
sperm production &
nourish developing
sperm
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Testes produce sperm &testosterone
Sperm production occurs
in seminiferous
tubules
Spermatozoa are
produced by
spermatogonia
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The Seminiferous Tubules
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The Seminiferous Tubules
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia (2n) either undergo mitosis toproduce new spermatogonia, or undergo meiosis toproduce sperm (1n)
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Spermatogenesis
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Spermiogenesis and SpermatozoonStructure
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Human sperm – almost no cytoplasm;carries male DNA to egg DNA
HeadNucleus – DNAAcrosome –
Enzymes
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Human sperm – almost no cytoplasm;carries male DNA to egg DNA
HeadNucleus – DNAAcrosome –
Enzymes
MidpieceMitochondria –
Energy
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Human sperm – almost no cytoplasm;carries male DNA to egg DNA
HeadNucleus – DNAAcrosome –
Enzymes
MidpieceMitochondria –
Energy
TailFlagellum –
Propeller
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• Seminal vesicles Active secretory gland Contributes ~60% total volume of semen Secretions contain fructose,
prostaglandins, fibrinogen• Prostate gland
Secretes slightly acidic prostate fluid
• Bulbourethral glands Secrete alkaline mucus with lubricating
properties
Accessory glands
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• Typical ejaculate = 2-5 ml fluid Contains between 20 – 100 million
spermatozoaper ml
• Seminal fluid A distinct ionic and nutritive glandular
secretion
Contents of Semen
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Human female reproductive tract
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OvariesEggsEstrogen / progesterone
Accessory structuresreceive & move spermto egg & nourishdeveloping embryo
Vagina – receivessperm
Fallopian tubes–
site of fertilizationUterus – site of
development ofembryo
fimbriae
cervix
Fallopian tubes,
a.k.a . uterine tubes,
a.k.a . oviducts
ovaryuterus
vagina
Human female reproductive tract
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OvariesEggsEstrogen / progesterone
Accessory structuresreceive & move spermto egg & nourishdeveloping embryo
Vagina – receivessperm
Fallopian tubes–
sites of fertilizationUterus – site of
development ofembryo
fimbriae
cervix
Fallopian tubes,
a.k.a . uterine tubes,
a.k.a . oviducts
ovaryuterus
vagina
Human female reproductive tract
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•
During embryonic development, the female’slifetime supply of eggs are formed.
• Just before birth, the eggs develop to acertain size and then enter a resting stage
until puberty.• At birth, a female’s ovaries contain 1 million
eggs.
O i f ti f ll i
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Oogenesis – formation of egg cells viameiosisIt has long been thought that women have
all their primary oocytes (halted atProphase of Meiosis I) by
the time they are born
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Oogenesis
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• Ovulation occurs on approximately the 14th day
of the menstrual cycle.• Can be divided into four stages in terms of
ovarian activity.
Menstrual phaseProliferative (follicular) phase
(preovulatory)
OvulationSecretory (luteal) phase (postovulatory)
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• Increased levels of estradiol (or estrogen) inblood causes the pituitary gland to secreteLH.
• LH causes the follicle to rupture.
• The egg is released into the end of thefallopian tube and is moved along by ciliatedcells in the lining.
M thl t l l di t
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Monthly menstrual cycle coordinates:1) maturation of several eggs2) release of one egg3) preparation of the uterine lining forpossible pregnancy
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Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle:Hormones from the brain’s “master gland” (pituitary)initiate development of egg-bearing follicles in the
ovary
H l t l f th t l l
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Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle:Estrogen produced by egg-bearing follicles
stimulates the growth of the uterine lining
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Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle:Ovulation occurs on about day 14; remnants ofruptured follicle become the corpus luteum, which
produces both estrogens and progesterone
Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle:
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Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle:Combination of estrogens + progesterone:
1) Inhibits hormone release from pituitary,
preventing development of more follicles2) Stimulates further growth of uterine lining
Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle:
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Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle:If pregnancy does not begin:
1) The corpus luteum breaks down
2) Estrogens & progesterone levels fall3) Uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow
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• Myometrium –
outer muscular layer• Endometrium – a thin, inner, glandular
mucosa
• Perimetrium –
an incomplete serosacontinuous with the peritoneum
Uterine wall consists of three layers:
The Uterine Wall
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The Uterine Wall
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• Repeating series of changes in theendometrium• Continues from menarche to
menopause
• Menses• Degeneration of the endometrium• Menstruation
• Proliferative phase• Restoration of the endometrium
• Secretory phase• Endometrial glands enlarge and
accelerate their rates of secretion
Uterine cycle
Th Ut i C l
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The Uterine Cycle
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Fertilization may lead to pregnancy…
Sperm deposited in the vagina during copulation
swim through the uterus into the Fallopian tubes,where they may encounter an egg
Oocyte (egg)
SpermSperm
Sperm
Sperm
Fertilization may lead to pregnancy
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Fertilization may lead to pregnancy…
Sperm release enzymes that break down the
barriers around the egg (corona radiata and
zona pelucida)
Corona radiata – layer ofaccessory cells around egg
Zona pellucida –
jelly-like layeraround e
oocyte
Fertilization may lead to pregnancy
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Fertilization may lead to pregnancy…
Fusion of the nuclei of an egg and one sperm
(fertilization) produces a zygote
Corona radiata – layer ofaccessory cells around egg
Zona pellucida –
jelly-like layeraround e
oocyte
If b i th b t
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If pregnancy begins, the embryo secretes ahormone that prevents the breakdown of the
corpus luteum
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M t t t d t t th f
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Most pregnancy tests detect the presence of ahormone produced by the embryo – and present
in the woman’s urine
Fetal development
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Fetal development…• The inner wall of the uterus together with embryonic tissues
become the placenta, which transfers oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients and wastes between the mother and the developing fetus
Umbilical cord
Fetalcapillaries
Maternal blood
pools
Umbilical cord
Maternal portion
of placenta
Fetal portion of
placenta (chorion)
Maternal
arteries
Maternal
veins
Placenta
Uterus
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Journey of Ovum
Ovum
Zygote
Mature ovum in
follicle
Menstrual Disorders
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Menstrual Disorders
• Amenorrhea
• Absence of menstrual flow• Dysmenorrhea
• Pain during or shortly before menstruation
• PMS
• A complex, poorly understood condition thatincludes a number of cyclic symptoms
occuring in the luteal phase of the menstrualcycle
Endometriosis
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Endometriosis
• Characterized by the presence and growth of
endometrial tissue outside of the uterus.• Tissue may be implanted on the ovaries, cul-
de-sac, uterine ligaments, rectovaginal
septum, sigmoid colon, pelvic peritoneum,cervix, and inguinal area.
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
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Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
•
Oligomenorrhea / Hypomenorrhea• Cause: physical (hypothalamic, pituitary,
ovarian function, oral contraceptives) orpsychological
• Rx: aimed at reversing the underlyingcause (hormonal therapy is often thetreatment of choice). Counseling may beindicated.
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
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Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
•
Metrorrhagia• Intermenstrual bleedings. Any episode of
bleeding, whether spotting, menses, orhemorrhage, that occurs at a time other
than the normal menses.• Cause: hormonal, oral contraceptives, IUD,
pregnancy.
•
Rx: depends on cause.
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
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Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
• Menorrhagia
• Excessive menstrual bleeding, in eitherduration or amount.
• Causes: hormonal disturbances, systemic
disease, benign & malignant neoplasms,infection, and contraception (IUDs).
• Rx: education about contraceptionmethods; medical & surgical management offibroids.
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
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Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
• Abnormal Uterine Bleeding:
• Any form of uterine bleeding that isirregular in amount, duration, or timing andnot related to regular menstrual bleeding.
•
Causes: anovulation; pregnancy-relatedconditions; lower reproductive tractinfections; neoplasms; trauma; systemicdiseases; iatrogenic causes. Refer to box
7-1 in text (p.167).• Rx: dependant on cause.
Menopause
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Menopause
• Perimenopause: the period that encompasses
the transition from normal ovulatory cycles tocessation of menses and is marked by irregularmenstrual cycles.
• Menopause: refers to the complete cessation
of menses and is a single physiologic event saidto occur when women have not had menstrualflow or spotting for 1 year & can be identifiedonly in retrospect.
• Postmenopause: the time after menopause.
Osteoporosis
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Osteoporosis
• A generalized, metabolic disease
characterized by decreased bone mass andincreased incidence of bone fractures.
• Affects >25 million women loder than 45 years old, in the US.
• Approximately 50% of American women havesome degree of osteoporosis. 1 out of 2 havechanges severe enough to predispose them to
fractures.
NOTE:
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NOTE:
• Alternative therapies are beneficial in
relieving discomforts associated withmenstrual disorders and menopause.
• Osteoporosis, a progressive loss of bone mass
that results from decreasing levels ofestrogen after menopause, can be preventedor minimized with lifestyle changes andmedication.
NOTE:
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NOTE:
• Estrogen increases calcitonin levels toprevent bone resorption and maintain bonedensity.
• Sexuality and the ability for sexual
expression continue after menopause.
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Surgical Means of Birth Control
• MaleVasectomy – surgically taking portion
of vas deferens out
• FemaleTubal sterilization – surgically taking
portion of fallopian tubes out
Hysterectomy – removing all or part ofuterus and ovaries
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