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Title Kyng　Alisaunder における限定形容語の語順

Author(s) 山本, 勉

Citation 北海道教育大学紀要. 第一部. A, 人文科学編, 22(1): 22-33

Issue Date 1971-09

URL http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/3990

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Vol. 22 No. 1 Journal of Hokkaido University of Education (Section I A) Sept., 1971

Word Order of Attributive Adjectives in

Kyng Alisaunder

Tsutomu YAMAMOTO

Department of English, Asahikawa Branch, Hokkaido University of Education

(U ^ ® : 7^%g AUsaunder ^^'!^%|!S%^gJa]®BgjlR

The present paper is the third report of the syntactic features of Kyng Alisannder,a Middle English metrical romance. The first report was The Conventional Expressions

of Rime Words in Kyng Alisaunder, the second, Word Order of Prepositions inKyng Alisaunder, which are respectively reported in the last number of this Journal.^

In this paper the word order of attributive adjectives will be described. (The positionof predicative adjectives will be treated on another occasion in relation to the word

order of subject-predicate.)

Attributive adjectives are, as a rule, placed before the noun, but in this riming

verse they are frequently placed after the noun for reasons of rhythm, of rhetorical

considerations, and especially of rime. These adjectives are broadly classified into the

following three groups: (i) simple postpositive adjective, (ii) two or more postpositiveadjectives, and (iii) a prepositive and a postpositive adjectives,2) which will berespectively subdivided.

1. Simple postpositive adjectivesCNoun—Adjective]

a. In rime.

batayle apertV) ( :yhert) (2446)cow ne hors auenauni 4) ( :olifaunt) (6323)of steel cler ( ;baner) (3149)

a message gent ( : sent) (359)barouns hende M ( ; of-sende) (1368)of syluer shene6~> ( :quene) (178)

Interesting is the next example, in which two superlatives are postposed for rime

and the latter is converted to a noun.

Pat is now cite pe noblestOf Ynde londe, and pe best. (7148-9)

— 22 —

C^-iUSA) R3fa46^.9^

In the next examples, tbe postposed adjectives become converted nouns by placing

an article before them. The first example is a comparative,

Candaces son \>e yngere ( .-stodmere) (7731)And Samson also, pe strange ( :wronge) (7705)

A symmetrical word order or chiasmus is rarely met with.

Her fair here, her face rody ( : body) (164)Wi)5e riche samytes and pelles longe ( :byhonge) (202)Fiftene }?ousande and hundred seven ( : heuen) (1395)Riche baneres and pensels genie ( :tente) (4296)

b. Within the verse.

The instances of the postpositive adjectives at the caesura are very few. See

Table 2.Where God almi^tty, porou^ his grace, (5677)Kini^ttes dede of Grece Londe (2552)

Pe eye rounder shal signifie (595)Paradys ferreneS) is ri^th in j^e est (5676)

Similarly within the verse; fair (6886), gret^e) (792) (2669) (5219), riche (6371),strange (5801), sweie (2571).

There are some cases where a postpositive adjective is followed by an adverbial

phrase. And the phrase is seen in a fixed pattern, and plays the part of a rime phrase

as well as a modifier of the adjective.

And ]?e lef dyes, bri'7,th in boure ( ; dure) (3271)

Hors and armes gode at nede ( :dede) (980)Gode werroure, mi^tty of handes 9) ( : londes) (631)For her armes, riche of mounde 10) ( : sounde) (7394)

Table 1

Acjectives

almi3th (G)as

apert (R)*

auenaunt (R)

badd (G)best (G)bitter (G)blake (G)

bolde (G)

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIVE ADJECTIVES IN RIME

Combinations

God almi^th ( : onon-ri^th) (2694)( .-ydigth) (7789)

batayle apert ( :yhert) (2446)]?e cite apert ( ; desert) (7996)horses auenaunt ( :asperaunt) (4861)

( :olifaunt) (6323)a body badd ( :ladde) (2118)}3e romaunce best ( ;lyst) (1916)galle so bitter ( : siker) (5064)foules blake ( ; lake) (5435)in lettre blake ( : Er}5e-drake) (6494)of face bolde ( :golde) (4979)]?retyng belde ( :bihelde) (5536)

Freq.

2

2

2

1112

2

— 23 —


Adjectives Combinations Freq.

bri^thbrood

broun

cheldclene

cler

gent

glorious

gode

(G)(G)(G)(G)(G)(R)

debonaire

deddeliciouse

dougttyeue-long

faire

feintefele

(R)(G)(R)(G)(G)(G)(R)(G)

felouns

ferlich

fetefyne

forlore

free

(R)(G)

(G)(R)

(G)(G)

(R)

(R)(G)

a coroune bri^th ( :ypr3th) (6694) | 1pe water brood ( .-stood) (4292) I 1his swerd broun ( : arsoun) (2359) I 1j?e yrne cheld ( :sheld) (3787) I 1wi]? armes clene ( : shene) (1464) I 1a place cler ( .-morter) (2882) I 5of steel cler ( :baner) (3149)armes cler ( rcroupere) (3418)w[p voice cler ( ; here) (3858)]?e sonne clere ( : fyre) (4931)wi> wordes debonaire ( :faire) (6722) I 1bodies dede ( :stede) (2550) | 1]?is game deliciouse ( :Neptanabus) (243) I 1kni^ttes dou^tty ( ; fou^tty) (2758) | 1visages eue-long ( : wrong) (6436) I 1Her answere swij^e faire ( :debonaire) (6723) I 1herte feinte ( : aqueinte) (7591) I 1};ousandes fele ( : damoysele) (172) I 5kni^ttes feles ( ; castels) (2648)wormes felle ( : telle) (5800)costes fele ( ; damoysele) (7357)ageaunt fel ( ;Babel) (7786)kynges felous ( : traisouns) (5952) I 1a beeste ferliche ( :pucche) (5182) ] 3bestes ferlich ( : swich) (5405)a man ferlich ( : pycch) (5938)his houses fete ( .-strete) (3276) I 1of golde fyne ( : ]?ere-inne) (1516) I 2in golde fyne ( : Apolyne) (8004)man forlore ( .-spare) (4468) | 1pat leuedy free ( ; glee) (192) I 4lefdy free ( : ]?ee) (3173)sir fre ( :>ee) (3173)his meigne free ( : tree) (3774)a message gent ( : sent) (359)of maydens gent ( :firmament) (1844)my baroun gent ( ramendoment) (3190)]?i lorde gent ( : auauncement) (3365)pensels gent ( : tente) (4296)kyng glorious ( :Porus) (7435)in shippes gode ( : wode) (1579)kni^ttes gode ( : blode) (3047), ( :stode) (3132),( :hode) (6471)

— 24 —

F=),~fy (H-S15A) BSft46-^9^

Adjectives

grete (G)grene (G)grymme (G)griseliche (G)ônge (G)hard (G)

hardy (G)

heiê (G)hende (G)

honest (R)

kene (G)

lyte (G)longe (G)

malicious (R)

Combinations

watres swi>e gode ( :wode) (5214), (5224)mete good ( :brood) (6117)her destreres gode ( : vnderstoode) (6791)ost so grete ( : êtt) (7806)of olyue grene ( :]3rittene) (1690)his bristel grymme ( ;swymme) (6611)a face wel griseliche ( ;pycche) (5592)êres ônge ( ;punge) (1728)a shelde hard ( : amydward) (692)lettres hard ( :ferd) (1811)on de]? hard ( : warde) (1898)on swiche dep hard ( : award) (4000)dee]? wel hard ( ; here-afterward) (6895)in ]3e steel hard ( .-mydward) (2299)chaunce hard ( : homward) (3594), ( : ward) (4548),( :ferd) (7180)in bondes harde ( : warde) (3935)a wonder hard ( ; ward) (5330)a cry hardy ( : ly) (3814)flesshe so hardy ( : ensury) (3874)dedes hardye ( : partye) (4784)an hyll wel heiê ( :deye) (6396)barouns hende ( : of-sende) (1368)gestes hende ( : ende) (1572)socour hende ( :ende) (1911)wij? voice hende ( : frende) (3758)kni^th hende ( : defende) (4042)wij? herte hende ( : frende (4730)conseil hende ( : wende) (6004)in }?e somer hende ( ;wende) (7809)lefdyes honest ( :fest) (158)his stedes honestes ( : bestes) (5047)ciclatounes honestes ( .-beestes) (6687)]?is trowe honeste ( : beeste) (6830)his ost honest ( : fest) (6972)Frendes honeste ( : heste) (7216)wi> word kene ( :ysene) (845)so lyoun kene ( .-eiêne) (1315)of body lyte ( : white) (6568)pelles longe ( : byhonge) (202)in ]?e day longe ( : strange) (2524)cartes longe ( : strange) (5097)His fomen wel malicious ( : Porus) (5036)

Freq.

11111

11

3

18

6

2

13

1

— 25 —


Adjectives Combinations Freq.

meruei House (R)mery

mi^ttyon-hende

orgoillousprecious

rede

riche

ripe

rodyrowe

sad

sauage

selcou]?

shene

smale

strange

(G)(G)(G)(R)(R)(G)

(G)(G)(G)(G)(G)(R)(G)(G)

(G)(G)

swete

vneste

vertuous

west

widewi^thlZ)

wylde

wyse

(G)(G)(R)

(G)(G)(G)

(G)

(G)

pe stretes merueillouse ( : house) (7143) I 1sonne mery ( :dery) (6444) I 1his barouns mi^tty ( : fyfty) (5417) | 1ded on-hende ( : mynde) (2889) | 1a kyng ful orgoillous ( : Archillaus) (2006) | 1]?e stede precious ( :Porus) (4560) | 1pat wyne rede ( :grede) (4179) I 3golde rede ( : grede) (4190), ( :ded) (7852)a cite riche ( : iliche) (2639) ] 1wi}? peren ripe ( :pype) (1574) I 1her face rody ( .-body) (164) | 1as beres rowe ( : avowe) (5760) I 1of golde^ad ( :ymad) (5578) | 1a colt sauage ( :ymage) (767) I 1pat folk selcoul? ( : coup) (6290) I 1of syluer shene ( : quene) (178) | 4so metal shene ( :gres-grene) (300)wip armes shene ( :grene) (859)myne estres sene ( : quene) (7651)>e addren smale ( : tale) (5319) I 1bataile so strange ( : longe) (2523). ( : amonge) | 11(5039)waynes strange ( : alonge) (3431)armes strange ( : longe) (5098)of clowes strange ( : amonge) (5442)eles strange ( : longe) (5783)metal strange ( : longe) (6232), ( :londe) (6247)a folk wel strange ( :longe) (6304)an home strange ( : longe) (6540)a wal strange ( : longe) (7140)spyces swete ( : whete) (5642) I 1a ]?ing vneste ( :beest) (621) I 1kni^th so vertuousll) ( : vs) (3867) | 2fyres vertuous ( : hous) (5235)in Ethiope west ( : est) (6362) I 1furchures swi]?e wide ( : biside) (4985) I 1her dukes wi^th ( : mi^th) (1172) | 2of sergeant wi^ttes ( : kni^ttes) (5346)so dragon wylde ( : childe) (353) I 2a beeste wilde ( ; childe) (2474)of maistres wyse ( : pryse) (669) | 3a folk ful wijs ( : prijs) (5003)on Sarasynes wise ( : sacrifise) (6152)

— 26 —

H? 22 ^ ^ I ^ C^-SISA) 8^46^9^

Adjectives

wood (G)

Combinations

conion wood ( : blood) (1717)of wytt wood ( .-vnderstood) (1830)

Freq.

2

* (G) means the adjective is of Germanic origin, and (R) means theadjective is of Romance origin.

In the above table the numerals and half-converted adjectives areexcluded. Only the adjectives which are placed immediately afterthe noun are cited.

From the above table and the preceding investigation the following points may beindicated: —-

1) The number and ratio of postpositive adjectives.

Table 2.

Words

Instances (%)

Within the Verse

12

15 (9%)

In Rime

71

149 (91%)

Total

73s"

164 (100%)

* Ten out of twelve words within the verse are common with thosein rime. So the total is 73.

As seen in the above table, the number of postpositive adjectives in rime is

overwhelmingly high (91%). This fact tells us that the demand of rime has a greatinfluence on the position of the adjective.

2) The number and ratio of postpositive adjectives by word origin.

Table 3.

Germanic Origin

Romance Origin

Within the Verse

Words

10

2

Instances

13 (9%)

2 (6%)

In Rime

Words

54

17

Instances

115 (91%)

34 (94%)

Total

Words

54

19

Instances

128(100%)

36(100%)

From the above table it can be said that the ratio of postpositive adjectives

within the verse against those in rime is approximately 1 (within the verse) to 9(in rime) regardless of the difference of word origin.

The total number of instances of postpositive adjectives is 128 (.78%') for Germanic

origin and 36 (.22%') for Romance origin.

As shown in Table 1, mono- or disyllabic adjectives are often seen in rime, and

especially the following are in frequent use: (Germanic origin) fele (5 times), free(4), gode (8), hard (11), hende (8), s^ewe (4), strange (11); (Romance origin)

cler ( 5 ), gent ( 5 ), honest ( 6 ).


2. Two postpositive adjectives

[Noun—Adjective— ' and' —Adjective]

Jn }?is tyme faire and jolyf ( : wijf) (155)Jt was a cite proude and kene ( : Athene) (2912)And ]3e pensel riche and good ( : blood) (4411)

Fel a chaunce selcoupe and strange ( ; longe) (564)Wonep a folk tfz'se (?%(

^22^ ^l^- ^•%?iaW±^a^(ltt-aSA) RS;f046^9 J^

are treated in the last number of this Journal.

3. A prepositive and two postpositive

[Adjective—Noun—Adjective—'and'—adjective^

alle chaunces, nesshe and hard ( :yledi) (63)Wi}? armed men, r;'cAe re homes sharps and longe ( ;strange) (5411)Of these postpositive adjectives, antitheses ' nesshe and hard' and ' riche and

pouer' are also treated in the last number of this Journal as rime phrases.

In the next example five adjectives follow the noun. They seem to be half-pre-

dicative by placing a slight pause between the noun and the adjectives.

A riche almaur he was,

Fair man, gneynf and veriuous,

Fel and hardy and courageous : (3038-40)

4. A prepositive and a postpositive adjective

[Adjective—Noun—Adjective]In this case most of the prepositive adjectives are numerals and pronominal

adjectives, and generally the postpositive adjectives stand in rime.

An himdre}-) \>ousande kni^ttes sauage ( : meynage) (2088)fours hundre\i lyouns ivhiie ( : byte) (6702)her gentile myddel smal ( :al) (210)

many banere good ( : blood) (6076)many tente good ( : blood) (2703)riche dukes prittene ( :ysant) (1689)gritty \>ousande maydens bristles ( : kni^ttes) (6710)

Tiventy pousande kni^ttes sauage ( :Cartage) (2076)Very rarely postpositive adjectives occur inside the verse. In such cases an adjunct

follows a postpositive adjective.

Pere-inne doo luelue kni^ttes armed wel. (2028)Alle clerkes tulse on book (500)

5. A prepositive adjective and one or two postpositive adjectives connected with

a noun by placing ' and' after the noun. Rarely an article comes between 'and' and

the postpositive adjective.

[Adjective—Noun—' and ' —(Article]—adjective (s)]

a. One or two postpositive adjectives without an article.

[Adjective—Noun— ' and ' —Adjective (s)]

(1) In rime.

— 29 —


broune lyouns and ek ivhite ( :abite) (7086)

A fair ledy and delitouse ( :spouse) (7733)

Gentil leuedyes and nou^th nyce ( : noryce) (652)Grete bestes and griselich ( .-sikerlich) (5159)

Grete foxes and griselich ( : sodeynlich) (5424)

Hardy baroun and corageous ( : Tholomeus) (3538)Hardy man and strange ( :longe) (4395)hole man and f ere ( ; here) (3505)

Large wodes and ek heiy ( : ryuers) (7134)Strong men and foule ( : oule) (6320)

Wise men, and kene and belde ( : elde) (3123)

fyne hardy men and uii^th ( :fi3th) (4883)(2) Within the verse.

Wi]? brode visage and pleyn, jwys (6415)Of dou^tty men and grete of prise (3586)Depe stremens and siuift o rage (4254)Gode kni^ttes and doutty a-store (2110)Grete men and blake hij ben (5617)Michel folk and griselich of faas (5652)

A strong knigth and hardy a-fyne (5624)b. Half-converted adjectives with an article.

[Adjective—Noun— ' and ' —Article—Adjective]

A colde water and a sauage ( :Estrabe) (4084)a Utel man flwrf «w elde ( : chelde) (5491)

6. Numerals

Numerals are frequently postposed for the reason of rime.

sones tiuo ( :goo) (2343)ostes tiuo ( : }?oo) (2405)

twynnes iiuo ( : go) (2861)dogged ttuo ( : ho) (3709)traitour tivo ( : mo) (4549)armes two ( : wo) (4641)'An hundred kni^ttes tiuenty and to ( : mo) (5415)hondes tivo ( : woo) (5785)

j^ousandes tiuo ( : noo) (6027)roches two ( : go) (6225)trowes tiuo ( : boo) (2752)kni^ttes fivo ( : goo) (7400)]5e sones tzueye ( : contreye) (2125)barouns tiueye ( ; cuntreye) (7260)

— 30 —

N? 22^ ^'l^- ^bîiSaW^â^ C^-SISA) Bg-iH46^9^

in armes iueye ( :joye) (7634)hundre]? \>re ( .-wreiê) (3655)kni^ttes ^ree ( : meignee) (4133)pe kynges )>re ( : cite) (6389)dayes fours ( : honoure) (7264)hundreês fyu.e ( : lyue) (3261)]3ousandes sexe ( :wexe) (6028)pe planetes seuene ( .-heuene) (289)

sterren seueneW ( ;heuene) (1517)pousandes seuene ( :heuene) (6030)

]xmsandes ei^tte ( ikni^tte) (6033)mylen ien ( : men) (2454)Ixmsandes ten ( : men) (6024)Gentil-men an hundre\> \>ousande ( : fynde) (2510)folk many }>ousynde ( :Ynde) (4556)cites fyue pousynde ( : Ynde) (4830)olyfaunz yarmed eiytt }~iousynde ( ;shetynde) (4888)

tigres many hundre ( : wonder) (5384)The numeral is also converted.

By sexty dayes and fourty and twoo ( : moo) (6215)For the necessity of rime, numerals are added at the end of the line.

Tofore pe kyng henge a charbokelstonAnd two jôusande laumpes of gold and on (5243-4)

Negusar, prince of Nynyuen,

Pritty pousande led after and ten, (2079-80)

Pise dragons.....

And slowgen of ]?e kynges men

Moo ]?an an hundrej? and ten (5313, 5-6)In the following instance, the numeral is placed before the noun, but the con-

tinuation of the sentence is made possible by the numeral and the noun. This type

of line division (=adjective/noun) is very rare and appears only once.

Here-vp a litel tofore êe herde

Of ]?e kynges oost and ferde,

Pat amounted fyue kundrep "pousynde

Kni^ttes to armes, als J fynde, (6008-11)

7. Half-predicative adjectives

The adjective is now and then placed after the noun with a slight pause betweenthem. In such a case the adjective is often placed in the next line, " where a relative

clause, or some conjunctional clause, is understood between the noun and adjective,"14)

This sort of expression makes us feel the conciseness of the English language. We

— 31 —


often meet with this structure.

For a dragon ]?ere corn jn fleen,

Swithe griselich on to seeii. (545-6)

Jt is an hardy flumbarlyng,Wijs and zuar, in al ping. (1787-8)Wi}? Darry so was Negusal,

Kyng of Nynyue, zuljs and zuar.W (2269-70)Fifty ]3ousande he ledde of knigth,

Jn bataile strange and wiyth. (2083-4)He was of Edippes ofspryng,

Fel, and proud, and stout also, (2656-7)

At pe opere half is Darrye, jwys,

Wroo\> and grym and alle hise, (3522-3)Among hem of Perce was a kni^th,

Hardy, stalworpe, qneynt, and wi^th. (3886-7)It is a beeste, als J fynde on boke,

Wel griselich on to lake. (6516-7)A symmetrical word order is observed in the following examples.

A kyng pat higth Neptanabus,Curieys in halle, in werre zui'yth. ( : fi^th) (1526-7)Tholomeus ]?e mareschal vp stood,

Wz^th in bataile, in conseil good, (4002-3)

8. Word order of ' All'

' Alle ' (pron. & adj., pl. of ' al ') takes its position freely. When ' alle' is connected

with the noun or the pronoun, it is often postponed and comes at the position of rime.

It seems to be a useful word as a rime word.

Kyng Philippe sitte]? in his halle,Amonge his dukes and barons alle (801-2)Alisaunder and his folk alle

Fast assaileden her walle, (2771-2)Pe kyng ful wel sei^ her pride,And hete quyk his fote-men alle ( : walle) (2808-9)Anon he lepe doun of pe walle

Amonge ]?e kynges fomen alle, (5861-2)Similarly in rime position.

( :halle) 804, 7279; ( : walles) 1876; ( : walle) 2323, 2663, 5831, 7118;

( : yfalle) 4388, 8019 ; ( : falle) 1272, 6840 ; ( : bifalle) 7426, ( : calle)6754,etc.

As seen above. ' alle ' is used more or less in fixed combinations. And its frequent

fellows are ' walle,' 'halle,' and '(-)falle.'

— 32 —

^ 22 -^ ^ i ^ w^tw^jreg? (nr-sisA) Rgm6^9 n

' Al' accurs very rarely in the position of rime.

Alisaunder and Bulcifal

Slee]? pat he mete]? al, (2193-4)Ac Alisaunder vpon Bulciphal

Ridynge passed his poeple al. (2481-2)

Text

Smithers, G. V. : Kyng Alisaunder. Vol. I Text. EETS. OS. 227, (Oxford, 1952).

Notes

1) journal of Hokkaido University of Education. IA, Vol. 21, No. 2. Pp. 116-135.2) See Mossg, F.: Handbook of Middle English. Tr. by Walker, J. A. Baltimore, 1966. P. 123.3), 4) The OED quotes these examples of apwt and auenaunt as the earliest citations.5) " Hende is a conventional epithet of praise, very frequent in Middle English poetry." OED. Vol.

V. p, 222. 'Hend' A. adj. 4.6) As to the word shene, Prof. Masui Writes: " Since about the 14 th century the adjective ' shene'

seems to have been extensively used as a rime word ; especially this is the usual practice withChaucer... According to our Rime-Index to the Canterbury Tales, 'shene' ('sheene') appears10 times in rime in the CT." (The Structure of Chaucer's Rime Word. Tokyo, 1964. P. 58.)This adjective is often used as a rime word also in Kyng Alisannder ( 6 times).

7), 8) Of twelve words within the verse, roimde and terrene are of Romance origin, Cf. Table 3.9) See the nomal order in rime: of miyty honde (97), ivi\) miytty honde (3269), (3307), (3861).

10) See the nomal order in rime: of riche monnde (2651), (3023).11) This is the first contribution to the OED.12) This word is adopted from Old Norse,13) Stereren seuene ( : lieneite) seems to be a set phrase. Cf. Prof. Masui, opt, cit,, p. 92.14) Abbott, E, A.: A Shakespearian Grammar. New York, 1966, P. 306.15) Wijs (==wise) was often used in collocation with toare in Middle English. Cf. Alisaunder was

toijs and war ; ( : ]?ar) (^Kyng Alisaunder, 2129)

— 33 —

Download - Kyng Alisaunder における限定形容語の語順 北海道教育大学紀要. …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/3990/... · 2019. 12. 9. · batayle apertV)

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Download - Kyng Alisaunder における限定形容語の語順北海道教育大学紀要. …s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/3990/... · 2019. 12. 9. · batayle apertV)