Download - LA VALLEE DE CHAMONIX 1820
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LA VALLEE DE CHAMONIX 1820
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JUILLET 20031920
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Thème 2 : Climats – du passé à l’avenir
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Ch I : Les changements climatiques récents(< 1Ma)
I- Les climats actuels de la Terre
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II- Comment reconstituer les climats récents
1) La palynologie
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Bordas SVT TS spé 2002
2) Le rapport 18O/16O dans les glaces
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Bordas SVT TS spé 2002
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Condensation sur les
inlandsis
Evaporation préférentielle de 16O, + léger
que 18O
Glace contient + de 16O que l’eau
18O/16O = δ18O de la glace faible
Froid
18O/16O = δ18O de la glace fort
Chaud
Le thermomètre isotopique
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3) Date de début des vendages
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4) Dendrochronologie
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III- L’évolution de la composition de l’atmosphère
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CO2 et CH4
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Ch II : Les causes des changements climatiques
I- Les paramètres astronomiques
Cycles de Milankovitch
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Effet des paramètres orbitaux
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II- L’effet de serre
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Albédo fort
Albédo faible
III- Un système climatique complexe1) L’albédo
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2) Causes tectoniques2) Le volcanisme
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3) Les enveloppes fluides
Dryas (-13 000 ans)
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4) L’influence de l’Homme
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IV- Prévoir le climat de demain et ses conséquences
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Modélisation sans CO2 anthropique
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3 scénarios possibles
Sans CO2 anthropique
=
X2
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Solubilité du CO2 dans l’eau
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Ch III : Les changements climatiques aux grandeséchelles de temps
1) Le rôle de la biosphèreI- L‘évolution de l’atmosphère
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2) Le rôle du cycle du carbone
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a) Mécanismes qui libèrent du CO2
- dégazage du manteau par volcanisme
- Précipitation des carbonates
Ca2+ + 2 HCO3- => CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
- Photosynthèse
b) Mécanismes qui consomment du CO2
- Dissolution des roches carbonées (carbonates)
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 => Ca2+ + 2 HCO3-
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- L’altération des silicates
2 CO2 + CaSiO3 + H2O => SiO2 +2Ca2+ + 2 HCO3-
Ca2+ + 2 HCO3- => CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
- Le piégeage de la MO dans les roches carbonées
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Evolution de la composition de l’atmosphère
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Correction exercice 5 p 133
1. Atmosphère primitive : très riche en vapeur d'eau et en dioxyde de carbone, elle ne contient pas d’O2.
Origine de l’O2: organismes procaryotes photosynthétiques: cyanobactéries (stromatolithes) vers 3,5 Ga.
Atmosphère transparente aux UV.
2. Couche d’ozone: permet la vie hors de l’eau car elle protège les formes de vie terrestre du bombardement ultra-violet. Sans UV, pas de niches écologiques sur Terre, que dans l’eau.
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II-L’exemple du Crétacé (-135 à -65 Ma)
1) Reconstitution du paléoclimat
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Ginkgo biloba
2) Causes possibles
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