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Lab Week 6The Skeletal System
Vertebral Column
• Structure– Vertebrae (26 bones)– Intervertebral discs
• Functions– Protection– Support– Movement
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Vertebral Column
• Curvatures– Increase the resilience and flexibility of the spine
• 2 posteriorly concave curvatures– Cervical and lumbar
• 2 posteriorly convex curvatures– Thoracic and sacral
Vertebral Column
– Abnormal spine curvatures• Scoliosis (abnormal lateral curve)• Kyphosis (hunchback)• Lordosis (swayback)
Intervertebraldisc
Intervertebral foramen
Anulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Sectioned bodyof vertebra
Transverse process
Sectionedspinous process
Ligamentum flavum
Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the compositionof the discs and the ligaments
Posterior
Anterior
Lamina
Transverseprocess
Pedicle
Spinousprocess
Vertebralarch
VertebralforamenBody(centrum)
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Pectoral Girdle
• A.k.a. Thoracic or shoulder girdle• Components
– Clavicle– Scapula
• Function– Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton– Attachment points for muscles
The Pelvic Girdle
• Components– Ossa coxae (hip bones)
• Ilium• Ischium• Pubis
• Function– Supports trunk– Leg attachment
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Pelvic Girdle
Female Male
General structure Less massive Massive, robust, heavy
Sacrum Broad, less curved Narrow, more curved
Symphysis Shallow Wide
Pelvic inlet Larger, circular Narrower, heart shaped
Pelvic outlet Wide, ischial spines spaced
Narrow, ischial spines close
Pubic arch Obtuse angle >90° Acute angle <90°
Obturator foramen Triangular Oval
Iliac crest Low High