![Page 1: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Land Use and Transportation Models
G111/211a
Draft Notes
![Page 2: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
New era
Policies aim at more complex processes Sustainability is becoming increasingly more
popular – possibly accepted practice(?!) Cause and effects between transportation
and land use are not one-way linear sequences
Short, medium, and long term relationships can now be modeled using somewhat sophisticated tools and fast computers
![Page 3: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
CAAA – ISTEA - TEA-21
LAND USE
AIR QUALITYTRANSPORTATION
INTEGRATED MODELS = AN
ACCOUNT
FOR
TWO WAY RELATIONSHIPS
![Page 4: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
It is a different and changing policy world – European
Union, Japan, Canada, Australia, and USA
Mobility vs Accessibility
![Page 5: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mobility vs accessibility policies (Kennedy et al, 2005)
![Page 6: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
-Policy Coordination with Packages of Policy Actions in the EU
-Effective Governance =
Integration of Policies =
New Needs for Policy Action Assessments =
More Informative Models
![Page 7: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Transportation and Land Use
Land Development --> Location Choices Location Choices --> Activities Location Choices - Car Ownership Activities -> Travel Travel -> Flows Flows -> Activity Patterns Use Spatial Distribution AND MANY MORE See next
![Page 8: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Example: Mobility as Transit Mobility
Use land use to increase transit use (TCRP study)
![Page 9: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Seven Groups of Factors (1&2/7)
Increase Residential Density Activity locations closer
to each other Transit service more
economical Other factors need to be
considered
Neighborhood Design
Mixed land use Transit friendly designs
(think of turning radius) Mode separation Size!
![Page 10: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Seven Groups of Factors (3&4/7)
Transit Supply Situational barriers System & Service
(availability, frequency, timing/flexibility)
Knowledge/information Negative predisposition Cost/time/comfort
Car Ownership Number of cars Types of cars Specialization = more
use? Costs (perceived and
real)
![Page 11: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Seven Groups of Factors (5&6/7)
Socioeconomics Age Gender Income Employment/Occupation Social Role
Workplace/Employment Density Bring the CBD back! High density suburban
centers Campus examples Parking?
![Page 12: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Seventh Factor
Accessibility Connectivity Amount of activities Closeness
![Page 13: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
These factors are not acting alone –
mediation!
![Page 14: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Wegener’s simplified cycle
![Page 15: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Wegener’s LU/T Feedback Cycle
![Page 16: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Lagged Relationships
![Page 17: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Theories
Spatial Interaction (Distance decay functions) Urban Land Markets (Bid rent) Waves Theories – Urban Life Cycles (Rise and Fall) Social Ecology (Clusters and specialized centers) Action-space analyses -> optimal space and
location for activities Time-budgets -> time geography -> activity-based
approaches NEXT??????
![Page 18: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Von Thunen Model of Market, Production, and Distance R = Y(p-c) – Yfm
R = Rent per unit of land. Y = Yield per unit of land. p = market price per unit of yield. c = Average production costs per unit of yield. m = Distance from market (in kilometers or miles). f = Freight rate per unit of yield and unit of distance.
Assumptions: Isolation. There is one isolated market in an isolated state having no interactions
(trade) with the outside. Ubiquitous land characteristics. The land surrounding the market in entirely flat and
its fertility uniform. Transportation. It is assumed there are no transport infrastructures such as roads or
rivers and that farmers are transporting their production to the market using horses and carts. Transportation costs are dependent of the type of commodity being transported to the market as well as the distance involved.
http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/
![Page 19: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Isolated Statevon Thünen, 1826
See also: http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/9
![Page 20: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Lessons Learned
Land Rent: Distance Decay
![Page 21: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Central PlacesChristaller, 1933
A Central Place is a settlement or a nodal point that serves the area around with goods and services (Mayhew, 1997). Christaller's model also was based on the premise that all goods and services were purchased by consumers from the nearest central place, that the demands placed on all central places in the plain were similar, and that none of the central places made any excessive profit. See http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/67
![Page 22: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Bid-Rent TheoryAlonso, 1964
![Page 23: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Example: Bid rent theories
Diamond sales in the CBD and agriculture in the periphery – residences obey a somewhat different law/rule
![Page 24: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Retail LocationHuff, 1964
Huff Retail Location Model – competitive with explicit macro-rules: see also http://www.belkcollege.uncc.edu/mjkhouja/Locate8.ppt#261,10,Single Facility Location Using Cross Median Approach
![Page 25: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Household LocationPark & Burgess, 1925
An evolutionary approach to urban ecology: http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/26
![Page 26: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Burgess Model
![Page 27: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Isard’s Hybrid Model
Note the Corridors of development
![Page 28: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Action SpacesHägerstrand, 1970
![Page 29: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Brotchie Triangle
![Page 30: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Interaction = travel time
Dispersion = employment distance from City centre
![Page 31: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Theoretical Expectations About
Relationships
![Page 32: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
From Land Use to Transportation
![Page 33: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
From Land Use to Transportation
![Page 34: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
From Land Use to Transportation
![Page 35: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
From Land Use to Transportation
![Page 36: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Better Transportation -> Better Accessibility
What happens to land use?
![Page 37: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
From Transportation to Land Use via Accessibility
![Page 38: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
From Transportation to Land Use via Accessibility
![Page 39: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
From Transportation to Transportation
![Page 40: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
From Transportation to Transportation
![Page 41: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
From Transportation to Transportation
![Page 42: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Ideal Designs
Monocentric – Compact City
Polycentric – Pockets of Paradise
Dispersed Development – People Driven
![Page 44: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Empirical (Data analysis) Studies
General findings
![Page 46: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
From Land Use to Transport
![Page 47: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
From Land Use to Transport
![Page 48: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Be Aware of Selectivity Issues
People that select city centers different than people in suburbs
People that select to live in large cities different than small town dwellers
Large portions of decision making spheres largely neglected – school choice, effect of family and friends, family endowments, what else?
![Page 49: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
From Transportation to Land Use
![Page 50: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
From Transportation to Transportation
![Page 51: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
MODELS
Many – different time and space resolutions and assumptions
about behavior
![Page 52: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
What we need
See Meyer and Miller chapter 6 And Miller in KG book
![Page 53: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The Miller model – policies and models
![Page 54: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Models in Practice
![Page 55: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Three Main ways to Quantify Land Use Transport Interactions
Hypothetically change land use and ask people what they will do differently Advantages and disadvantages
Create experiments were we actually change land use and observe people behavior Advantages and disadvantages
Build computer simulators with models that show these interactions and behavioral changes Advantages and disadvantages
![Page 56: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The Models Developed
![Page 57: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Waddell’s Taxonomy
![Page 58: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Operational and Under Development Land Use Models
![Page 60: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
From TRB workshop by Miller – based on Knight and Trygg 1977
![Page 61: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/ornl.html
![Page 62: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Dynamics/Lags
![Page 63: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Integration for what?
Meplan – source Hunt/Miller TRB workshop
![Page 64: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Idealized Model System (TCRP H-12)
![Page 65: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Design & Modeling
![Page 66: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Beyond todays LU/Trans
![Page 67: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Websites www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~jabraham/ MEPLAN_and_Urban_Economics.PDF http://www.urbansim.org/ http://www.modelistica.com/tranus_english.htm http://www.mussa.cl/E_index.html http://www.civil.engineering.utoronto.ca/English/ILUTE-Research.html http://www.geosimulation.org/geosim/lutms.htm http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP/Modeling.shtml http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/ornl.html
![Page 68: Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102907/56649d3b5503460f94a16258/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
What else can we change by design?
Next Models in Practice & PROPOLIS Examples