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Law Enforcement Organization and Administration
Chapter 14
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Proactive Planning
• Planning Defined -The development of a method or procedure to achieve a defined objective– Planning ahead is the ultimate proactive approach to
anticipate events and have police operations prepared to deal with these anticipated events
– Importance of planning is that it creates a consistency over time so that daily operations are uniform
– Helps members of an organization to understand their roles
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Accreditation
• Accreditation for law enforcement agencies is included in the planning chapter because the department must review all aspects of their operation in comparison with either state or national benchmarks
• The process of accreditation consist of self-study, site visit, agency response, and then awarding or denying accreditation
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Steps in The Planning Process
• Recognize and analyze the problem• Formulate a set of objectives that are specific
and attainable• Gather data related to the problem• Plan an attack to deal with the problem• Obtain consensus in dealing with the issue• Evaluate
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Types of Plans• Long-Range Administrative/Management Plans– Deals with the basic organizational basis of the
development – Often called strategic planning – Reviews the
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) facing the department
– Mission statement summarizes the main purpose of the organization
– Vision statement and core values underline the ideals of the organization
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Strategic planning
– Addresses key issues, internal and external assessments of major economic and political factors, setting goals and monitoring results
– GAP analysis addresses the gap in wants and resources in wants and resources
– Major questions• Changes in the organizational structure• Long range personnel deployment • Training needs and requirements
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Fiscal Plans• These are the monetary plans for future needs
that are focused on the budget– Three budget examples are:• Line Item–Most often used and easy to understand
• Planned Program Budgeting– Has each unit present a set of objectives in terms of
fiscal resources• Zero Based Budgeting– Basically the unit or department starts at zero and
then justifies its existence and future plans
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Supplementing the Police Budget
• Secret of success is never to depend on these supplemental monies but use them for needed capital technology and short-term expenses– Where does the supplemental money come from• Fines for false alarm calls• Local ordinance violations• Drug asset forfeiture• Donations from business
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Risk Management And Liability• Part of strategic planning focuses on potential
criminal and civil tort actions• Criminal liability occurs when a person
commits a crime in conjunction with his or her official duties
• Civil liability is a wrong committed against another party
• Three main areas are intentional conduct, negligence and strict liability
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• Citizens and employees can file civil actions– Major areas: use of force, auto pursuits,
arrest/search, drug testing, hiring and promotion, discrimination based on race, sex, or age.
– Most civil actions are settled out of court or before trial
– Civil actions have to be planned for – they consume resources of time and cost of attorneys
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Short Range Plans
• Establishes operating procedures for the department including job descriptions and authority relationships
• Can be found in the general orders or duty manual
• Can be supplemented by temporary orders
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• Contingency Plans– Proactive approach that needs flexibility– Two common types: tactical and emergency
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• Emergency Mobilizations– This is a 21st century reality for environmental
emergencies such as floods and ice storms but also terrorist actions. Police managers need to develop first a regional and then national perspective• Analyze capabilities and hazards• Develop the plan• Implement the plan
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Example of Short Range Plan, Contingency Plan and Emergency Mobilization
• 11/2/08 – On the night before the election, Candidate Obama held his final campaign rally at the Prince William County Fairgrounds.
• Prince William County Police was the lead agency and had three days to prepare for the event
• It was the largest gathering in Prince William County since the Second Battle of Manassas.
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• Several hundred police and fire units staffed the event.– Prince William
County Police– Manassas City Police– Va. State Police– FBI– Secret Service– Prince William Fire
and Rescue– US Park Police
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Note the Police Officers in the crowd wearing the reflective vest for visibility
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National Incident Management System(NIMS)
• Deals with – Command - Person(s) in charge develop goals to deal
with and emergency situations. – Operations - Consist of first responders that deal with
direct operations– Planning – Obtaining information on the situation to
address problems– Logistics – Personnel and equipment management– Finance and Administration – tacking of cost– Information and Intelligence – obtaining bits of
information and making some sense of trends and events for future planning
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NIMS Requirement
• All local police and fire commanders, managers and supervisors must be trained in the Incident Command System under the National Incident Management System.
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NIMS training requires different level of training and the student must
successfully pass an exam to be certified in the level of training.
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• On incidents in which will operate under the NIMS system, police commanders will institute the INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM which divides responsibilities into different areas of expertise.
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The ICS organization comprises five major functional areas command, operations, planning, logistics, and finance and administration. (A sixth area, intelligence, may be established if required.)
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• Each branch is then divided into areas of responsibility.
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The Incident Command System was used during the Obama campaign event.
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Proactive Homeland Security
• A new century and new problem for proactive police managers. Terrorism seeks to disrupt a community and implant fear in order to advance a political, social or religious cause.
• Four Stages of Proactive Homeland Security– Prevention, greater cooperation, dealing with the
aftermath and learning from previous acts.
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Criminal Groups versus Terrorist Groups
• Criminal groups focus on money make in both legal and illegal businesses
• Terrorist groups seek to finance operations to spread terror
• Need to focus on groups in the United States
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• Created a Counter-Terrorism Division, • Revamped the department’s Intelligence
Division• Stationed detectives overseas in terrorism
hotspots such as London and Israel.
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Recommendations
• Sharing intelligence information with state and local agencies
• Giving state and local police more authority and assistance in dealing with threats
• Creating intelligence units in every major police department
• Creating emergency response plans• Working with community groups for
intelligence purpose
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Critical Infrastructure Assessment
• There is a cooperative effort with civilian authorities, state, federal and regional authorities
• This cooperation deals with protecting utilities, computer networks and major highways
• The plan to protect these elements starts with threat and risk analysis
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COMPSTAT
• Is being used as a technology planning tool• Based on setting goals and obtaining data• Overall it is an important planning tool