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LCAs & Wood: Environmental Impacts of Wood Throughout its Life Cycle
Maureen Puettmann, PhD
Director of Operations
CORRIM
www.corrim.org
Disclaimer: This presentation was developed by a third party and is not funded by WoodWorks or the Softwood Lumber Board.
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● LCA Reporting Framework● Wood Product LCAs● Biogenic Carbon ● Whole Building LCAs● The Future of Wood as a Building Material
OUTLINE
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ISO standards14040, 14044, 21930
LCAReport
LCIA
LCI
PCR
EPDProduct/Industry
WELL ESTABLISHED INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK & HIERARCHY
Regional Data Development for Forest Operations and Wood Manufacturing processes
Impact Assessment based on required impacts indicators required under the PCR & ISO
Summarization and Integration of LCI and LCIA consistent with ISO, PCR and EPD requirements
North American Wood PCR (ULE 2019)
Synthesis and aggregation (industry) product data
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LCAs FROM WOOD PRODUCT TO WHOLE BUILDING
Databases:USLCI
LCA Commons
EPD:Product or
Industry
Free $$$
Athena IE Tally
EC3 SimaPro
OpenLCA Gabi
One Click LCA
Wood Product
LCA
WBLCA
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WOOD USE / VOLUME OF WOOD
0
200
400
600
800
1000
kg fi
ber /
m3
Total wood fiber (kg) in m3 wood product
Lum
ber
Part
icle
boar
d
CLT
I-Joi
st
Plyw
ood
Lam
inat
ed V
enee
r Lu
mbe
r
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0
20
40
60
80
100Wood stud/CLT Plywood
WOOD USE PER AREA
Steel stud + PlywoodWood stud + Plywood
CLT
kg o
f woo
d fib
er in
m2
of w
all
Wood fiber (kg) in 1 m2 wall assembly
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NET EMBODIED CARBON PER AREA
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
Steel stud + ply Concrete block Wood stud + ply CLT
Kg
CO
2e /
m2
C storageGWP bioGWP fossil
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WHOLE BUILDING LCATNC STUDY PHASE I
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atelierjones, LLC - Susan Jones, Ian Maples, & Olga AmigudUniversity of Washington - Cindy Chen, Francesca Pierobon, &
Indroneil GangulyUSDA Forest Product Laboratory - Hongmei Gu & Shaobo LiangCORRIM – Maureen PuettmannTNC - Mark Wishnie (BTG), Rachel Pasternack, Guy Lomax (Exeter University), &
Barry Ulrich
Other contributorsWoodWorks - Scott Brenneman, Richard McLain, & Ethan MartinColdstream Consulting – James SalazarUSDA Forest Products Laboratory – Marco Lo Ricco
THE US LCA TEAM – PHASE I
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METHODS - BUILDING LOCATIONS
Seattle, Washington
Boston, Massachusetts
Atlanta, Georgia
*
*
*
StoriesBuilding Height
Total Floor Area
meters m2
8 26 9,47612 48 14,21418 71 21,321
Functional Units: 1 m2 Whole building
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BUILDING DIFFERENCES
PNW
SE & NE
26 meters9,476 m2
48 meters14,214 m2
71 meters21,321 m2
8 story2:6
12 story4:8
18 story6:12
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● LCA is a cradle to gate (A1-A5) analysis of the materials effects of structure, envelope, and interior walls or timber and concrete building designs. ○ A1-resource extraction, ○ A2-transportation of materials to product manufacturing,○ A3-Product manufacturing, ○ A4 -transportation of materials to construction site, and ○ A5-construction energy use○ C1-C4 – DID NOT INCLUDE EOL IN PHASE I
● Functional equivalent buildings: Mass Timber vs. Traditional Concrete Structural Designs
● SimaPro software tool using CORRIM, Datasmart, and Ecoinvent databases
METHODS – LCA SCOPE
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PNW MATERIAL CONTRIBUTION TO GWP
Mat
eria
l Con
tribu
tion
to G
WP
33%
MT reduction in GWP43% - 8 story44% - 12 story30% - 18 story
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SE MATERIAL CONTRIBUTION TO GWP
59%
Mat
eria
l Con
tribu
tion
to G
WP
MT reduction in GWP40% - 8 story37% - 12 story22% - 18 story
Take-a-ways:• Mass timber GWP influenced by
lumber production
• PNW lumber GWP 61 kg CO2e/m3
• SE lumber GWP 85 kg/CO2e/m3
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Take-a-ways:• Gypsum board contributes 4-21%
of the GWP in the Whole Building
• While only representing 3-15% of the mass in MT buildings
NE MATERIAL CONTRIBUTION TO GWP
Mat
eria
l Con
tribu
tion
to G
WP MT reduction in GWP
50% - 8 story47% - 12 story28% - 18 story
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PNW – ASSEMBLY CONTRIBUTION: BY MASS AND TO GWP
Mass Timber Concrete
42%
42%
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PNW – ASSEMBLY CONTRIBUTION: BY MASS AND TO GWP
Mass Timber Concrete
42%
Mat footing
Take a way:1. Foundation type is significant in material use2. 8 story 23%3. 12 story 42%4. 18 story 11%
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PNW – ASSEMBLY CONTRIBUTION: BY MASS AND TO GWP
Mass Timber Concrete
42%
Interior Wall by MassConcrete 65%GWB 30%Other 5%
Take a way:1. Interior wall 42% of building mass (18 story)2. 30% the mass of the IW is gypsum WB3. Type IV-A = 2-3 layers of GWB over 40-100%
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SE – ASSEMBLY CONTRIBUTION: BY MASS AND TO GWP
Mass Timber Concrete
47%
Interior Wall by MassConcrete 51%Mass timber 17%GWB 29%Other 4%
Take a way:1. Interior wall 47% of building mass (18 story)2. 29% of IW mass is GWB
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PNW – ASSEMBLY CONTRIBUTION: BY MASS AND TO GWP
Mass Timber Concrete
42%
33%
32%
19%
17%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Interior Wall
Other
Rebar
Gypsum WB
Concrete
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SE – ASSEMBLY CONTRIBUTION: BY MASS AND TO GWP
42%
29%
31%
17%
16%
6%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Interior Wall
Other
Rebar
CLT
Gypsum WB
Concrete
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SE LCIA 8 STORY BUILDINGS
Biomass from lumber production
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SE WHOLE BUILDING EMBODIED CARBON
(10,000)
(8,000)
(6,000)
(4,000)
(2,000)
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Embodied Carbon CO2e
GWP, biogenic
GWP, fossil
CO2 stored in building
Net
8-story 12-story 18 -story
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● The opportunities for improvement in the use of wood as a building material are endless○ Material choices○ Building designs○ Building codes○ Communication and education
● Wood-use opportunities for reducing global carbon emissions can be achieved by○ Growing more trees & sustainable forest management○ Local wood sources and products to reduce transportation impacts ○ Long service life, reuse, and recycling potential○ Design for deconstruction○ Replacing fossil-based materials with materials made from using renewable fuels
THE FUTURE OF WOOD AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
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MAUREEN PUETTMANNDirector of Operations, CORRIM -The Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials
www.corrim.org