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CIV-E1010 Building Materials Technology
Lecture 01 – Mechanical and non-mechanical properties of building
materials12.09.2016
CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
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• Time: 12.09 – 20.10.2016• Lectures: Mondays and Tuesdays 14:00 to 16:00• Exercises: Thursdays 8:30 to 10:00• Status of the course: Master degree course• Academic Year, Period: Autumn 2016 (Period I)• Location: Otaniemi / Lecture hall R2• Language of Instruction: English• Course Website:
https://mycourses.aalto.fi/course/view.php?id=12977
Basic information
CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
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Instructors’ contact information:
• Prof. Jussi Leveinen (Geomaterials)
• Prof. Jouni Punkki (Cement BasedMaterials)
• Teacher: D.Sc. Fahim Al-Neshawy
• Course assistant: Kirsi Heikkinen
• E-mail: [email protected]
Basic information
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1. Knowledge:Ø will be able to learn basic theory about main building- and
construction materials:• material composition / Properties• applications in buildings and structures
2. Skills:Ø be able to make right and well-founded choice of materials
3. General competence:Ø understand how properties of materials can be related to
the characteristics of the material.
Learning outcomes
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1. Engineering concepts of building materials
2. Engineering properties of stones and aggregates
3. Cementitious materials and masonry products
4. Thermal insulation materials
5. Bituminous materials
6. Reinforcement steels and composite materials
Course content
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• Attending Lectures
• Weekly exercises – individual work
• Laboratory exercise – Group work
• Exam
Learning methods and activities
50 %
50 %
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Course assessmentActivity Quantity Points Total Grading
Individualand groupwork
Attending lectures 12 10
50
0 < 25 p
1 26 - 30
Exercises 6 30 2 31 - 35
3 36 - 40
Laboratory report 1 10 4 41 - 45
5 > 45
Exam (5 Questions) 1 50 50
0 < 25 p
1 26 - 30
2 31 - 35
3 36 - 40
4 41 - 45
5 > 45
For passing the course:• a minimum grade of (1) is required for the individual and group work and• a minimum grade of (1) is required for the exam.
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• Course content?• How to pass the course?• Teaching Staff?• Anything else?
Questions?
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Lecture 1. Mechanical and non-mechanical properties of
building materials
1.1 History of building materials
1.2 Introduction to building materials
1.3 Fundamental Properties of Building Materials
1.3.1 Parameters of state / structural characteristics
1.3.2 Physical properties
1.3.3 Mechanical properties
Lecture contents
CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
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1. Knowledge:Ø will be able to learn basic theory about main building- and
construction materials:• material composition / Properties• applications in buildings and structures..
2. Skills:Ø be able to make right and well-founded choice of materials
3. General competence:Ø understand how properties of materials can be related to
the characteristics of the material.
Lecture outcomes
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1.1 History of building materials
Arch. Kevin Espina - History of Architecture
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near EastMesopotamian
GothicRoman Renaissance 18th-19th C:Revival
20th C:Modern
Greek
The HistoricalTimeline of Architecture
3000B.C.
300B.C.
1stcenturay
2nd
centuray
16thcenturay
17thcenturay
19thcenturay
21stcenturay
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1.1 History of building materials
Arch. Kevin Espina - History of Architecture
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near EastMesopotamian
The HistoricalTimeline of Architecture
Before 3000 B.C.• Animal skins,
wooden frames,animal bones
3000 – 2350 B.C.• Clay, soil, reeds, rushes• Mud & Straw Bricks• Timber, copper, tin,
lead gold, silverimported
3050 –332 B.C.• Stone• Metal and timber
were imported• Mud Bricks• Reeds, Papyrus, Palm
etc.
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1.1 History of building materials
Arch. Kevin Espina - History of Architecture
GothicRomanGreek
The HistoricalTimeline of Architecture
900 B.C. until the 1stcentury• Marble, Limestone,• mud brick,• masonry blocks• Timber and terra
cotta
100 B.C. – 400 AD• Stone sand, gravel• Marble• Earth for terra
cotta and bricks
Europe 12th to 16th
century• Red bricks, glazed
bricks and whitelime plaster
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1.1 History of building materials
Arch. Kevin Espina - History of Architecture
Renaissance 18th-19th C:Revival
20th and 21st C:Modern
The HistoricalTimeline of Architecture
Industrial revolution• Cement and
concrete
• New and advancedmaterials
• Green buildingmaterials
• Sustainable buildingmaterials
Europe 14th to 17th
century• Marble• Bricks• Pilasters
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What is Building Material?• B.M. is any material which is used for construction purposes
in the form of solid, semi-solid or liquid, processed orunprocessed (raw material).
Ø Natural Building materials: clay, mud, rocks, sand, andwood, even twigs and leaves
Ø Man-made (synthetic) products: fired bricks and clayblocks, ceramics, cement, composites, concrete, thermaland sound insulation, glass, metal, plastics, polymers,etc.
1.2 Introduction to building materials
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1.2 Introduction to building materialsResponsibilities of material engineer:Ø Selection of materials for structure elements (roofs,
walls, floors, sub-structures, etc.)Ø Specification of materialsØ Quality control of materials
Ø These responsibilities fulfillment must meet certaincriteria includes:o Climatic / culture conditionso Economic factorso Mechanical and non-mechanical propertieso Production/Construction considerationso Aesthetic consideration
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1.2 Introduction to building materials
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Discussion (5 – 10 min)
Family house• Structural elements?• Select suitable building
materials for each element• Factors affecting your
selection
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1.3 Properties of Building Materials
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1.3.1 Structural characteristics
• Density and unit weight• Porosity
Structural characteristics
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1.3.1 Structural characteristics
Density (r)• Density (AKA Practical density) is
the mass of a unit volume ofhomogeneous material
• Density of some buildingmaterials:
Material Density (kg/m3)Ø Brick 2500 – 2800Ø Granite 2600 – 2900Ø Cement 2900 – 3100Ø Wood 1500 – 1600Ø Steel 7800 – 7900Ø Concrete 2400
V is the volume under absolutecompact conditions (cm3).
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1.3.1 Structural characteristics
Ways to determine densitya) Direct measurement of
mass and volumeØ When measuring liquids and
regularly shaped solids, massand volume can bediscovered by directmeasurement and these twomeasurements can then beused to determine density.
b) Indirect volumemeasurementØ To calculate the density of
solids with irregular surfacesØ Pour water into the
graduated cylinderØ Mark the original water levelØ Add the object to the water
and record the new waterlevel.
Ø The difference between thenew water level and theoriginal level will be theobject's volume.
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Bulk Density (rb)• is the mass of a unit volume of
material in its natural state (withpores and voids)
• For most materials, bulk densityis less than density
• Properties like strength and heatconductivity are greatly affectedby their bulk density.
1.3.1 Structural characteristics
Material Bulk density (kg/m3)Brick 1600–1800Granite 2500–2700Sand 1450–1650Pine wood 500–600Steel 7850
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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
1.3.1 Structural characteristics
Density Index (r0)• is the ratio,
• It indicates the degree to whichthe volume of a material is filledwith solid matter.Ø For almost all building
materials r0 is less than 1.0Ø no absolutely dense bodies in
nature.
Specific Weight (g)• aka. (the unit weight) = the weight
per unit volume of material,
• Specific weight can be used in civilengineering to determine theweight of a structure designed tocarry certain loads whileremaining un-broken andremaining within limits regardingdeformation.
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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
1.3.1 Structural characteristics
Specific Gravity (Gs)• S.G. of solid particles of a
material is the ratio ofweight/mass of a givenvolume of solids to theweight/mass of an equalvolume of water at 4°C.
• Because the density ofwater in g/cm3 is 1.0, the SGof an object is will be almostthe same as its density ing/cm3.
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Porosity (n)Porosity is ratio of the volume ofpores to that of the specimen
1.3.1 Structural characteristics
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Void Ratio (e)• is defined as the ratio of
volume of voids (Vv) to thevolume of solids (Vs)
1.3.1 Structural characteristics
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1.3.1 Structural characteristics
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1.4.2 Physical Properties
• Hydro-physical properties• Thermal properties• Viscosity
Physical properties
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Water absorption• denotes the ability of
the material to absorband retain water.
• It is expressed aspercentage in weightor of the volume ofdry material
1.4.2 Physical Properties
Water absorption test
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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
Thermal Conductivity (k or l)• is the material ability to conduct
heat.• The faster heat flows through a
material, the more conductive it is.
1.4.2 Physical Properties
· k = the thermal conductivity of thematerial (W/mK).
· q = the resultant heat flow (Watts)· A = the surface area through which
the heat flows (m²)· ∆T = the temperature difference
between the warm and cold sidesof the material (K)
· L = the thickness / length of thematerial (m)
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Thermal Expansion
1.4.2 Physical Properties
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1.4.2 Physical Properties
• Viscosity is a measure ofthe resistance of a fluidwhich is being deformed byeither shear or tensilestress.
• In everyday terms (and forfluids only), viscosity is"thickness" or "internalfriction".
• Thus, water is "thin", havinga lower viscosity, whilehoney is "thick", having ahigher viscosity.
• Viscosity describes a fluid'sinternal resistance to flowand may be thought of as ameasure of fluid friction.
• Plastic viscosity of concreteis critical for the concreteindustry because it affectsplacement and workability.
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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
1.4.3 Mechanical Properties
• Strength / Loadings• Stress–strain relations• Elastic behavior• Elastoplastic behavior• Viscoelastic behavior• Ductility
Mechanical properties
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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
1.4.3 Mechanical Properties
Types of loadings:• Transverse• Axial loading• Torsional loadingProduced stress• Direct stress (direct tensile stress
or direct compressive stress)• Bending stress (tensile stress or
compressive stress)• Shearing stress,• Torsional stress, or• A combination of the different
stresses.
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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
1.4.3 Mechanical Properties
Loading conditions:• Periodic load, repeats itself with
timeà For example, rotatingequipment in a building canproduce a vibratory load.
• Random load, the load patternnever repeats, such as thatproduced by earthquakes
• Transient load is an impulse loadthat is applied over a short timeinterval, after which thevibrations decay until the systemreturns to a rest condition. Forexample, bridges must bedesigned to withstand thetransient loads of trucks.
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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
1.4.3 Mechanical Properties
Stress–strain relations
• Stress-strain curve - basic relationship that describesmechanical properties for static stresses to whichmaterials can be subjected:1. Tensile - stretching the material2. Compressive - squeezing the material3. Shear - causing adjacent portions of the material to
slide against each other
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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
1.4.3 Mechanical Properties
Stress–strain relations• Stress = Force / Original area
• Strain
oAF
=s
o
o
LLL -
=e
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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
1.4.3 Mechanical Properties
Stress–strain relations
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3
2
1
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1.4.3 Mechanical Properties
Elastic behavior• Material returns to its
original length when stressis removed
• Relationship between stressand strain is linear
Hooke's Law:s = E e
where E = modulus ofelasticity
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1.4.3 Mechanical Properties
Yield Point in Stress-Strain Curve• As stress increases, a point in the
linear relationship is finallyreached when the materialbegins to yieldØ Yield point Y can be identified
by the change in slope at theupper end of the linear regiono Y = a strength property
Ø Other names for yield point:o Yield strengtho Yield stresso Elastic limit
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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
1.4.3 Mechanical Properties
Plastic Region• Yield point marks the
beginning of plasticdeformation
• The stress-strain relationshipis no longer guided byHooke's Law
• As load is increased beyond Y,elongation proceeds at amuch faster rate than before,causing the slope of the curveto change dramatically
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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
1.4.3 Mechanical Properties
Viscoelastic behavior• Viscosity can be defined using two
parallel plates separated by adistance d and a fluid fills the spacebetween the two plates
• Typical viscoelastic materials usedin construction applications areasphalt and plastics
• Some of the properties ofviscoelastic materials are theirability to:Ø creep,Ø recover,Ø undergo stress relaxationØ absorb energy.
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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy
1.4.3 Mechanical Properties
Ductility• ability of material to undergo large deformations without rupture before
failure• beneficial to the users of the structuresà it will undergo large
deformations before failure and thus provides warning to the occupants
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Summary
We discussed:Ø The history of using
building materialsØ Types of materials used
by engineersØ The criteria of selecting
suitable buildingmaterial
Ø the material propertiesimportant to civilengineering:o Structural
characteristicso Physical propertieso Mechanical properties
• Next Lecture: Sustainabledesign, Material variability,and Nature of materials