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Lecture 1
Course Introductionand
Geology of the Chesapeake Bay
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Lecture Outline
I Course IntroductionA) Instructor IntroductionB) Course Overview
i. Times and Locationii. Required Textsiii. Class URL and Web Resources
C) Course Schedulei. Important Datesii. Structure
D) Policiesi. Attendance and Participationii. Gradingiii. Honor Codeiv. Laboratory
E) TestsII Why Study Geology?
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III Geology of the Chesapeake BayA) Formation of the Chesapeake BayB) Characteristics and Importance of the BayC) Geography of the BayD) Physiographic Provinces of the Bay Drainage Area
i. The Appalachian Plateauii. Ridge and Valley
- Appalachian Mountain Section- Great Valley Section
iii.Blue Ridgeiv.Piedmont
- Mesozoic Lowlands Section- Piedmont Lowland Section- Piedmont Upland Section
v. Coastal PlainE) Chesapeake Bay Bolide
i. Eventii. Influence
- Stratigraphy- Geomorphology- Groundwater- Modern Sea Level Changes
Lecture OutlinePhysical Geology
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Physical Geology
Instructor Information
Stephen B ParsonsVBHEC 243C368-1745 (O)435-9951 (C)
sparsons at ocean.odu.edu
Office Hours: TCC - M,T1800-1900 VBHEC - M-W 1100-1200
R 1100-1200,1430-1530other times by appointment
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GoalThis course gives an introduction to physical geology, which includes the basic materials and processes that form the earth, the application of scientific methodology to understanding the
earth, and the processes that shape and change the earth. Special attention will be paid to the concept of the rock cycle and the theory of plate tectonics.
TextsPlummer,C.C., McGeary,D., and Carlson,D.H., 2005.Physical Geology,11th edition.
Carlson, R., Lyle, M, and Coble, J., 2003. Laboratory Manual for Physical Geology, 3rd edition
Class URL http://www.ocean.odu.edu/~spars001/geology_105/index.html
Physical Geology
Course Overview
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October 9 Exam 1 Composition of the Earth
November 13 Exam 2 Historical Geology and Geomorphology
December 11 Exam 3 Earth Architecture and Geophysics
December 18 Comprehensive Final Exam
Physical Geology
Key Dates and Course Structure
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Scale WeightsExams 1-3 36% of final gradeFinal Exam 34% of final gradeLaboratory 30% of final grade
AttendanceGrading
A B C
90 -100 80 - 89 70 - 79
Extra Credit OpportunitiesHonor CodeLaboratory
Physical Geology
Course Policies
WeightsMineral Quiz 2% of laboratory gradeRock Test 18% of laboratory gradeLab Test 2 20% of laboratory gradeLab Test 3 20% of laboratory gradeBeach Project 40% of laboratory grade
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True/False
Multiple Choice
Short Answer
Physical Geology
Tests
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Physical Geology
Test Example
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Physical Geology
Test Example
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Physical GeologyCourse Overview
Class URL and Web Resources
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Physical GeologyCourse Overview
Class URL and Web Resources
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Physical GeologyCourse Overview
Class URL and Web Resources
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provides information on the structure of the Earth, its evolution and the processes that shape it
preserves the history of our planet providing insights into lost worlds of Earth's past
provides clues to Earth's past and future climate
links the very large with the very small
provides the food we eat and the water we drink
provides the raw materials of everyday life and teaches us about their conservation
provides information to help prepare for geologic hazards
Physical Geology
Why Study Geology?
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Physical Geology
The Geology of the Chesapeake Bay
Formation
Importance
Drainage Basin
Impact Crater
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Formation of Chesapeake BayPhysical Geology
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Characteristics and Importance of the Chesapeake Bay
Largest Estuary in the United StatesWhat is an estuary?
Supports more than 3600 species2700 plant species348 species of finfish173 species of shellfish29 species of waterfowl
Commercial resource500 million lbs seafood/year2 major ports
Recreational resource
Physical Geology
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Geography of the Chesapeake BayPhysical Geology
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Geography of the Chesapeake Bay
Length: 332 kmWidth(max): 56.3 kmWidth (min): 5.5 kmArea: 11,400 km2
Depth (ave): 6.4 mShoreline: ~19000 kmAve. Tidal Range: 0.3 m - 1.0 mVolume: 6.813 x 1013 l
Physical Geology
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Geography of the Chesapeake BayDrainage Area:
165,800 km2
50% of H2O from Atlantic Ocean50% of H2O from freshwater sources
50% from Susquehanna~90% from western rivers~10% from Eastern Shore streams
Physical Geology
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Physiographic ProvincesPhysical Geology
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Physiographic ProvincesThe Applachian Plateau
elevated plateau with dendritic drainagepattern
280 million years ago it was a marshy seathe horsetail ferns that populated that sea
have been compressed and now form the large coal seams that run through the region
heavily forestedgreatest rainfall of all Chesapeake Bay
provinces
Physical Geology
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Physiographic ProvincesRidge and Valley
parallel ridges and valleys of the Applachian Mountains form an alternating pattern.
slightly lower in elevation from Appalachian Plateau mountainous soils composed of clay and clay loams as well as
sandy and stony loams. deep limestone soils make this region extremely fertile dry climate
Physical Geology
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Physiographic ProvincesThe Blue Ridge
narrow line of old mountains extending from Carlisle, PAsouth to Gainesville, GA
some rocks are 1.2 billion year old granitessedimentary rocks here were formed when Africa was
ripping away from Virginia forming the IapetusOcean early in the Cambrian
Physical Geology
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Physiographic ProvincesThe Piedmont
gently rolling topographydeeply weathered bedrock composed of
igneous and metamorphic rocks, some from ancient volcanic island arcs
some rocks may have been formed outside North America
Triassic basins include– alluvial fan conglomerates– tropical lake and mudflat deposits
Triassic basins
Physical Geology
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Physiographic ProvincesThe Coastal Plain
youngest rocksterraced landscape bounded on west by Fall Lineunderlain by wedge of sediments increasing
in thickness with distancefrom the fall zone (A) to more than 4000m under shelf
1200m of young sediments cover the Chesapeake Bay impact structure
Physical Geology
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Chesapeake Bay BolidePhysical Geology
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Chesapeake Bay BolideEvent
35 million years agobillions of kg of water instantly evaporatedbillions more shot 100km into atmospheretsunamis 1.2km high
Michael Hall, Virginian-Pilot
C.W.Poag
Physical Geology
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Chesapeake Bay BolideEffects
Stratigraphy
Subsidence
Geomorphology
Ground Water
Physical Geology
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Chesapeake Bay BolideInfluence on Stratigraphy
USGS
USGS
Physical Geology
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Chesapeake Bay BolideInfluence on Modern Relative Sea Level
Physical Geology
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Chesapeake Bay BolideInfluence on Geomorphology
Michael Hall, Virginian-Pilot
C.W.Poag
Physical Geology
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Chesapeake Bay BolideInfluence on Groundwater
Michael Hall, Virginian-Pilot
USGS
Salt Water Wedge
Physical Geology