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Lecture 9. Monday, September 15, 2008.
1. Details on basal Actinopterygiiansa. bichirs - Polypteriformesb. sturgeon & paddle fish - Acipenseriformesc. gar - Semionotiformesd. bowfin - Amiiformes
2. Review material to date.
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Class Actinopterygii - the ray-finned fishes
Polypte
riform
es
Acipen
serif
ormes
Semio
notiform
es
Amiif
ormes
Teleo
stei
Semiontiformes = Lepisosteiformes
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Order Polypteriformes - bichirs
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Polypteriformes
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Order Polypteriformes - bichirs
• 5 to 18 separate finlets- each with a spine and soft rays
Unique characters
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Order Acipenseriformes - sturgeons and paddlefish
Polypte
riform
es
Acipen
serif
ormes
Semio
notiform
es
Amiif
ormes
Teleo
stei
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Family Acipenseridae - sturgeon
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Family Acipenseridae - sturgeon
link to Carol’s website
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Family Acipenseridae
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Family Acipenseridae
= grave conservation situation, several species near extinction
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Family Acipenseridae
• Sturgeons are the largest fishes found in freshwaters• beluga sturgeon -27 ft, 1,800 lbs.
• recreational fishery for more common species still a viable industry
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sturgeon video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=daoPehLwed8
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Family Polyodontidae - paddlefishes
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Family Polyodontidae
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Family Polyodontidae
• Snout not developed in juveniles
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Family Polyodontidae
• Two species
• Polyodon spatula - Mississippi River Drainage of eastern United States
•Psephurus gladius-China, Yangtze Drainage
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Family Polyodontidae
• Polyodon spathula - biology
• Filter feeder, zooplankton, mouth non-protrusible
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Class Actinopterygii - the ray-finned fishes
Polypte
riform
es
Acipen
serif
ormes
Semio
notiform
es
Amiif
ormes
Teleo
stei
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Family Lepisosteidae
• Fossils
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Order Semiontiformes - gar
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Order Semiontiformes - gar
Range
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Order Semiontiformes - gar
•Heterocercal tail
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Order Semiontiformes - gar
•Vascular air bladder
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Order Semiontiformes - gar
• habitat
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Family Lepisosteidae - biology
• Spawn in late spring over shallow vegetated areas
• Female accompanied by multiple males, eggs broadcast over substrate
• Eggs are large, adhesive, & poisonous. Adhere to vegetation
• Larvae hatch with adhesive disk at tip of lower jaw, attach to vegetation until yolk sac is absorbed
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Family Lepisosteidae - biology
•Reach maturity at 3 yrs, can live up to 20 yrs.
•Piscivores - lie-in-wait predators
•Most species average 2 - 3 ft. in size, alligator gar can reach 10 ft.
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Family Lepisosteidae - biology
• Of seven known species, four known to occur in Illinois
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spotted gar eating a fish
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXuQL8HKgoE
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Order Amiiformes
• One extant family, Amiidae
• one extant species - Amia calva
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Order Amiiformes
• Amia calva
• Long dorsal fin, aids in propulsion
• Heterocercal tail
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Order Amiiformes
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Order Amiiformes
Amia calva - biology
• Life span ~10 years
• Can reach 2.5 - 3 ft. in length
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Group Activity #1 -Draw the phylogenetic tree & distinguishing traits for:
group a - Myxiniformes, Gnathostomata, Chondrichthyes, Teleosts
group b - Petromyzontiformes, Elasmobranchii, Holocephali,Sarcopterygii, Actinopterygii
group c - Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Sarcopterygii, Teleosts
group d - Myxiniformes, Petromyzontiformes, Chondrichthyes,Osteichthyes
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Group Activity #2 - Rotate at least 2 nodes of the tree and draw it again.
Group Activity #3 - Design a dichotomous key that wouldallow one to distinguish these groups
For example . . .
Step 1 - lacks vertebrae --> Myxiniformesif not --> go to step 2
Step 2 - lacks jaws --> Petromyzontiformesif not --> go to step 3
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Group Activity Number 4: Describe the general pattern in the evolution of the following:
group a - evolutionary transition from jawless to jaws
group b - evolutionary transition from no paired fins to pairedfins
group c - a possible explanation for the evolution of reproduction/offspring development in Elasmobranchii
group d - evolution of scales
Group Activity #5: For the same groups . . . describe the implications of these evolutionary transitions.
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Group Activity #6 - Describe the evolutionary transitions of the following:
a) evolution of caudal fin shapes.
b) evolution of lungs/swim bladders.
c) evolution of the role of the maxilla and pre-maxilla in eating.
d) evolutionary loss of the spiral valve
What are the possible implications of these changes for fishes?
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For each of the following taxa, list at least 3 details about their biology :
group 1: hagfish, Acanthodii, hammerhead, skates, basking sharkbichirs, black carp
group 2: lampreys, chimaeras, manta ray, electric rays,Coelacanth, sturgeon, common carp
group 3: Ostracoderms, whale shark, sting ray, great white, Australian lungfish, bowfin, grass carp
group 4: Placoderms, thresher shark, sawfish, megamouth, S.A. & African lungfish, paddlefish, silver & bighead carp