Download - Lecture 9.21.10
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Theory & Hypothesis
EDHE6530
Dr. Pu-Shih Daniel Chen
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Overview
• Review our progress
• Theory and hypothesis
• Research questions and definition of terms
• In-class practice
• Research paper requirements
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A Quick Review
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NIH Ethical Principles
• Respect for persons– Autonomous agents– Informed consent– Diminished autonomy
• Beneficence– Risks and Benefits– Privacy and confidentiality
• Justice– Benefits and burdens for individuals and
groups
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Characters of good research questions?
Clear
Significant
Ethical
Feasible
Relationship
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Operational Definition
• How do you plan to MEASURE it?
• How do you plan to conduct the
EXPERIMENT to study it?
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Dissertation
• Chapter One: Introduction
• Chapter Two: Literature Review
• Chapter Three: Methodology
• Chapter Four: Results
• Chapter Five: Discussion and Implications
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Dissertation Proposal
• Chapter One: Introduction
• Chapter Two: Literature Review
• Chapter Three: Methodology
• Chapter Four: Results
• Chapter Five: Discussion and Implications
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Chapter One
• Introduction/problem statement• Purpose of the study• Conceptual framework or theoretical
orientation• Research questions and hypotheses• Definition of terms• Significance of the study• Limitations, delimitations, and assumptions• Organization of the Study
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Step-by-Step Guide
1. Name your topic:– I am trying to learn about (working on,
studying) ___________________2. Add a question:
– I am studying X because I want to find outwho/what/when/where/whether/why/how ___________________
3. Motivate your readers:– I am studying X because Y in order to
___________________
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Concept
• Abstraction from observed events
• General heading to simplify events
• Distillation of common characteristics
• Directly OBSERVABLE
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Construct
• Used to summarize observations
• Provide explanations
• Higher level of abstractions
• Combines concepts
• Accounts for observed regularities and relationships
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Variables
• Defined as a factor – things that varies• Characteristic or condition that changes
or has different values for different individuals
• Types of variables– Categorical– Dichotomous– Continuous
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Dependent Variable
• Object of study• Depends on/varies with independent
variable• Observed for changes to assess the effect of
the treatment• What is being MEASURED• Abbreviated as DV• Usually the last variable cited in the research
question
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Independent Variable
• Manipulated/change by the experimenter
• We study its effects
• Causative agent
• Occurs antecedent to the DV
• Experimental treatment
• Abbreviated as IV
• Predictions made FROM IV TO DV
• Usually the first variable cited
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Limitations vs. Delimitations
• Limitations– Factors that potentially reduce a study’s
validity and initial scope and that is out of the researcher’s control
• Delimitations– Factors and issues not of concern to the
research or limitations imposed by the researcher
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Assumptions
• Assumptions– Postulates, premises, and propositions that
are accepted and assumed to be true for the purpose of the research.
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Review Your Progress
1. Name your topic:– I am trying to learn about (working on,
studying) ___________________2. Add a question:
– I am studying X because I want to find outwho/what/when/where/whether/why/how ___________________
3. Motivate your readers:– I am studying X because Y in order to
___________________
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Draft Your Research Questions
• I am studying [X] because [Y] in order to [Z]• My research questions are:
– What is the effect of [IV] on [DV] among [population]?
– Is there a significant difference between [IV] and/versus [IV] on [DV] among [population]?
• My hypotheses are:• Definition of Terms:
– For the purpose of this study, [IV, DV] is defined as
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Next Step
General research questions Specific
research questions
Definition of terms
Research hypothesesCollecting data
Analyzing data
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Theory, Hypothesis, & Research Question
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Theory
• Pulls together results of observations –help to organize and unify them
• Enable one to make general statementsabout variables and relationships among variables
• Provides information to make specific predictions of research outcomes
• Directs and promotes future research
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Theory of Student Departure in Commuter Colleges and Universities
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Another Example
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Integrated Model of Contemporary College Learning Outcomes
Baxter Magolda, M. B., & King, P. M. (Eds.). (2004). Learning partnerships: Theory and models of practice to educate for self-authorship. Sterling, VA: Stylus
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Developmental Foundations of Learning Outcomes
Baxter Magolda, M. B., & King, P. M. (Eds.). (2004). Learning partnerships: Theory and models of practice to educate for self-authorship. Sterling, VA: Stylus.
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Hypothesis
• A prediction about possible study outcomes
• Prediction about how the manipulation of the independent variable (IV) will affect dependent variable (DV)
• Derived from theory
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Hypothesis sets forth an anticipated relationship between two or more
variables
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Examples
• A positive relationship exists between student efforts and learning outcomes
• The dropout rate is higher for low SES student than for high SES students
• A positive relationship exists between living in residence hall and first year retention
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Good Hypothesis must be…
• Clearly stated
• Testable
• Comes from research question
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Draft Your Research Questions
• I am studying [X] because [Y] in order to [Z]• My research questions are:
– What is the effect of [IV] on [DV] among [population]?
– Is there a significant difference between [IV] and/versus [IV] on [DV] among [population]?
• My hypotheses are:• Definition of Terms:
– For the purpose of this study, [IV, DV] is defined as
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Purposes of Hypothesis
• A tentative explanation of phenomena
• A relationship, testable statement
• Direction to research
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Developing Hypotheses
• Deduction
• Induction
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Deduction
• General to specific
• Based on presumed relationships between variables
• Begins with theories
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Induction
• Specific to general
• Begins with specific observations
• Combines observations to produce a general statement – hypothesis
• Exploratory studies
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A hypothesis is…
• Based solely on data
• Rejected or fail to reject
• Never proven true or false
• Supported or not supported
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Types of Hypotheses
• Null Hypothesis
• Research Hypothesis– Directional
– Nondirectional
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Null Hypothesis
• Empirical investigations involve statistical tests
• No relationship – No difference
• Negates expectation
• Observed differences by chance
• Statistics determine probability that null is true
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Null Hypothesis Examples
• Participating in new student orientation has no effect on student achievement
• There will be no difference between boys and girls in math achievement at the middle school level
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More Examples
• There will be no difference in the retention rate between Caucasians and African-Americans
• Obese people do not eat more than people who are not obese
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Research Hypotheses
• Advantages– Forces thinking about outcomes
– Predictions based on evidence and theory
• Disadvantages– May lead to bias
– May prevent noticing other phenomena, results in tunnel vision
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Directional Research Hypotheses• Specific direction MADE about study
outcome
• Assumes what will happen in study
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Directional Examples
• Individuals who smoke will have a HIGHER incidence of respiratory illnesses than individuals who do not smoke.
• Students who spend more time working off campus will be LESS engaged on campus activities.
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More examples
• A combination of reading readiness training and programmed reading instruction will be MORE effective in teaching reading than normal classroom instruction in sight reading.
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Nondirectional Research Hypotheses• Specific prediction NOT MADE about
study outcomes
• Assumes that a difference will be present, but does not place a direction on difference
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Nondirectional Examples
• Individuals whose meals consist of items from all the basic food groups will have a different body fat content than individuals who are vegetarians.
• The IQs of boys enrolled in the preschool intervention program will be differentfrom the IQs of girls in the preschool intervention program.
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More examples
• The attitudes of teachers who attended the At-Risk workshop will be differentfrom the attitude of teachers who did not attend the At-Risk workshop.
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Nondirectional hypothesis
≠
Null Hypothesis
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Example• Research Questions: What is the effect of a
online teaching workshop on the attitude of teachers toward online teaching?
• Research Hypothesis: Teacher’s attitudes toward online teaching will improve as a result of attending a workshop on online teaching.
• Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in teacher’s attitudes toward online teaching measured before and after a workshop on online teaching.
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Example 2• Research Questions: Is there a difference in
first year retention rates between students who attended early and late orientation sessions?
• Research Hypothesis: Students who attend early orientation sessions will have a higher first year retention rate.
• Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in first year retention rates between students who attend early and late orientation sessions.
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In class activities
• Construct your own directional research hypotheses and null hypotheses and share with the class
• Construct your own nondirectionalresearch hypotheses and null hypotheses and share with the class
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Draft Your Research Questions
• I am studying [X] because [Y] in order to [Z]• My research questions are:
– What is the effect of [IV] on [DV] among [population]?
– Is there a significant difference between [IV] and/versus [IV] on [DV] among [population]?
• My hypotheses are:• Definition of Terms:
– For the purpose of this study, [IV, DV] is defined as
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Chapter One
• Introduction/problem statement• Purpose of the study• Conceptual framework or theoretical
orientation• Research questions and hypotheses• Definition of terms• Significance of the study• Limitations, delimitations, and assumptions• Organization of the Study
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Research Paper Requirements