Download - Lecture1 Micro 2013
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Microeconomics: Lecture 1
Introduction and Preliminaries
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05/03/23 Introduction 2
About the course
This is a sophisticated introduction to economics for students like you! there will be some challenges, but you will be
surprised by how much you will achieve!
You will learn the most fundamental tools that economists use how modern economic theory allows us to
understand economic phenomena
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05/03/23 Introduction 3
Two ‘teaching blocks’
Lecture: formal tools, language and analysis are introduced.
Recitation by TA: go over problem sets and discuss other material
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Course Website: http://newclasses.nyu.edu/
1. lecture notes (slides)2. problem sets and answer
keys 3. sample exams
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05/03/23 Introduction 5
Grading Policy10 Problem Sets 20%2 Quizzes 10%Midterm 30%Final 40%
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05/03/23 Introduction 6
Prerequisites
•Basic Algebra and Calculus
•Math Guide posted online
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About your professor
Nationality: British Education: M.A. (Economics), University of Aberdeen,
M.Phil. (Economics), University of Cambridge, Ph.D. (Economics), University of St Andrews
Current Position: Clinical Associate Professor of Economics
Previous Positions: Teaching: University of Edinburgh (Scotland), Florida State, Georgia Tech, University of Colorado at Denver, SUNY, Buffalo, QUT (Australia), Economist: HSBC Markets, (British) Government Economic Service, Cambridge Econometrics
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05/03/23 Introduction 8
Today: introduction and some basic concepts (CPI)
Economics as a social scienceMethods and fields of studyBasic concepts:
Normative versus positive analysisMarket definitionPrices & consumer price index (inflation)
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Economics: Definition
Economics is the study of how a society uses its limited resources to produce, trade and consume goods and services
Limited budgets and time for consumers
Limited ability to produce for producers
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Micro versus Macro
Macroeconomics: branch of economics that deals with aggregate economic variables, such as Growth rate of GDP Interest Rates Unemployment Inflation
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Micro versus Macro
Microeconomics: branch of economics that deals with behavior of individual economic units – consumers, firms, workers, investors – and markets that these units comprise
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Themes of Microeconomics
Workers, firms and consumers must make trade-offs
Do I work or go on vacation?
Do I purchase a new car or save my money?
Do we hire more workers or buy new machinery?
How are these trade-offs best made?
Theories and models give insight by providing basic structure
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Theories and Models
Theories are expressed in the form of economic models
An economic model is a description of an economic situation via words and mathematical expressions
Often mathematical expressions are depicted with diagrams
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Models as maps
Finding your way around NYU. Which map is more stylized? Which map has more information? Which map is more useful?
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Economic Models: Description
A model usually consists of:
agents: agents: their resources, objectives, preferences, how they behave, …
economic environmenteconomic environment (markets, contractual arrangements, other relevant institutions)
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Economic Model: US Open
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Some concepts:1)Positive & Normative Analysis
Positive Analysis – statements that describe the relationship of cause and effect
Questions that deal with explanation and prediction
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Normative Analysis - analysis examining questions of what ought to be
Often supplemented by value judgments
Positive & Normative Analysis (ctd)
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05/03/23 Introduction 19
2) Market Collection of buyers and sellers, through their
actual or potential interaction, determine the prices of products
Buyers: consumers purchase goods, companies purchase labor and inputs
Sellers: consumers sell labor, resource owners sell inputs, firms sell goods
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05/03/23 Introduction 20
What is a Market? Many of the most interesting questions in economics concern
the functioning of markets
Why are there a lot of firms in some markets and not in others?
Are consumers better off with many firms?
Should the government intervene in markets?
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The Extent of the Market
Are fast-food restaurants in Williamsburg and the Village part of the same market?
Are laptops and Ipads part of the same market or not?
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3) Price
Price = signal to agents when making decisions
Not always in a market environment:Centrally planned economies (Cuba,
North Korea, former Soviet Union)by government or regulatory body
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Real Versus Nominal Prices
Comparing prices over time requires measuring prices relative to some overall price levelNominal price is the absolute or current
dollar price of a good or service when it is sold
Real price is the price relative to an aggregate measure of prices or constant dollar price
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Real Versus Nominal Prices
Consumer Price Index (CPI) is often used as a measure of aggregate pricesRecords the prices of a large market
basket of goods purchased by a “typical” consumer over time
Weighted by expenditure shares Percent changes in CPI measure the rate
of inflation
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Real Versus Nominal Prices
Calculating Real Prices
yearcurrent yearcurrent
yearbase Price Nominal x CPICPI
RealPrice baseyear
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Real Price of College
Year Nom. Price
CPI Real Price
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Summary of Concepts
Definition of economicsMicro vs. MacroTheories and models Positive vs. Normative StatementsMarkets Prices (nominal vs. real, price indexes)
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Required Reading
Pindyck and Rubinfeld, Microeconomics, 8th edition, Chapter 1, pp. 3-20.