Les
ion
size
(m
m)
5
0
10
Control
*
Exposed leaves
Exposed leaves
Control
Les
ion
size
(m
m)
a abc ab abcaba aa
aa a
a a a ab
d
aa
a
cd
a aa
bcd
abc
d
a
cdbcd
a
12
8
4
0
Even MVOC can induce resistance response in plants
infected healthy
60
50
40
3020
10 0
Vol
atil
e em
issi
on
(nm
ol /
l / h
)
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23Retention Time (min)
2
2
Intact plants
Gray mold-inoculated plants
1 3
45
6 7 8 9 10 11
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11
*
*
1 4 5 8 10
OHCH2OH
CH2OH
OH
CHO
SPME/GC-MS analysis on VOCs emitted from B. cinerea-infected plants.
Matsutake mushrooms(松茸、 Tricholoma matsutake )
OH
(R)-1-Octen-3-olMatsutakeol
1-Octen-3-ol might be derived from the fungi, a representative of MVOC (microbial volatile organic compound).
(bp)
650500300200
650500300200
C O MJ MSAOS
C O MJ MSHPL
C O MJ MSPDF1.2
C O MJ MSPR-1
C O MJ MSPR-2
C O MJ MSPR-3
C O MJ MSActin
AOS: allene oxide synthaseHPL: hydroperoxide lyasePDF1.2: plant defensinPR-1: pathogenesis related protein-1PR-2: pathogenesis related protein-2PR-3: pathogenesis related protein-3
MOVC can induce defense responses in plants.
C: controlO: 1-octen-3-olMJ: methyl jasmonateMS: methyl salicylate
OHCOOMe
COOMe
OOH
Copyright ©2004 American Society of Plant Biologists
Ryu, C.-M., et al. Plant Physiol. 2004;134:1017-1026
PGPR VOCs can modulate infection severity of Arabidopsis seedlings by E. carotovora subsp. carotovora strain SCC1
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
C6-a
ldeh
yde
(nm
ol/g
fr w
t)
(Z)-3-hexenal (E )-2-hexenal n -hexanal
0.25 mM 0.025 mM 0.05 mM
intactintact
disrupteddisrupted
Control
0.1 mM (E)-2-hexenal
Some VOCs can retard the growth of pathogens.
0 min
20 min
Botrytis cinerea Fusarium sp.0.1 mM (E)-2-nonenal
Num
ber
of
was
ps
Undamaged
P. rapae damaged
Artificially damaged
I.F.= Incomplete flight
0
10
20
30
40
wt AH-5
I.F.=17
wt wt0
10
20
30
40
*I.F.=11
2 h
AH-5 AH-50
10
20
30
40
*I.F.=10
2 h
0
10
20
30
40
AH-5wt
I.F.=13
0
10
20
30
40
I.F.=17
0
10
20
30
40
AH-5wtwt AH-5
I.F.=14
*
0
10
20
30
40
AH-5wt
I.F.=9
2 h
2 h
16 h 16 h 2 h2 h16 h
16 h
Wild type plantsTransgenic plants forming lower amounts of volatiles
Wild typ vs Transgenics
How can the parasitic wasps chose plants where they can find the targets?
How can the parasitic wasps chose plants where they can find the targets?
Parasitic wasps don’t like transgenic plants that
form lower amounts of volatile compounds.
Science of bioactive volatile compounds establishing plant-microbe interaction
Objectives:Plants can form a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (PVOCs). Microorganisms also form a wide variety of MVOCs. An ecosystem surrounding plants consisits of plants, microbes, and insects. They interact each other in a various way; in some cases, by retarding their growth, or in the other cases, promoting their growth. In either the cases, VOCs function as means to communicate each other. This function is based on bioactivities of VOCs; however, there still remain many things to be clarified about functions of VOCs. It has also been assumed that there are many VOCs whose functions have not been studied, or there still remain many VOCs to be identified in nature. Wide knowledge on functions of VOCs must facilitate their applications, such as pest-management, or food preservation, and so on. The objectives of this project are (1) comprehensive survey of bioactive VOCs in Thailand and Japan, (2) evaluation of their bioactivities, and (3) application of their bioactivities.
Plants
Mammals
Insect
Microbes
Volatile Organic Compounds Establish Ecosystems!
If volatile compounds would be visible……,
Asian CORE Program (http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-asia/e-acore/acore.html) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
The objective of this program is as follows.
Having as its objective the establishment of Asian research hubs that conduct world-standard research and foster outstanding young researchers, this program supports joint research based on equal partnerships with counterpart countries. Over the 5-year duration of projects, JSPS supplies funding in an amount of up to ¥100 million(or up to ¥20 million per year), and asks partner agencies to shoulder equal burden sharing. (Started from FY 2005.)
Essential oil of grape fruits Essential oil of lavender
Sympathetic nerve
Parasympathetic nerve
White adipose
Brown adipose
Pancreas
Stomach
K. Nagai et al. Y.M.P.-international Corporation.
Forced to swim for 15 min
Exposure to the volatiles for 5 min
Open field experiment (30 min)
Effect of green leaf volatiles on recovery from fatigue
Total length of migration
0100200300400500600700800
Times to go into the center
012345678
Migration rate
0
2
4
6
8
Highest migration rate
05
1015202530
Rapid recovery after the exposure (Wistar)
Volatile exposure+ - +
P < 0.05
P < 0.05
P < 0.005
P < 0.1
-
cm/sec
cm/sec
cm
Volatile exposure
***
Number of Fos positive cells
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Green leaf volatile reduce the induction of Fos protein under stressed conditions
Control Exposed Control ExposedNo stress Stressed
Copyright restrictions may apply.
Sasabe, T. et al. Chem. Senses 2003 28:565-572; doi:10.1093/chemse/bjg048
Activated areas in response to odor stimuli superimposed upon MRI slices
Figure 1 Activated areas in response to odor stimuli superimposed upon MRI slices. Hexenol/hexenal, isoamylacetate, and acetic acid commonly increased rCBF in the prepyriform area (the primary olfactory cortex) in Monkey A, B and C. In addition, rCBF in the substantia innominata, orbitofrontal cortex (the secondary olfactory cortex) and cerebellum were occasionally increased. The right scheme is a lateral view of monkey brain indicating coronal slice locations. The color scales indicate the range of t-values. Cb, cerebellum; L, left; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PPA, prepyriform area; R, right; SI, substantia innominata.