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Life History and the Cost of Reproduction
Group 4
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• Reproduction or procreation is the biological process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from their "parents”.
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Douglas fir tree
Ecologists refer to the reduction in future reproductive potential resulting from current reproductive efforts as the cost of reproduction.
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Reproductive strategies
• There are a wide range of reproductive strategies employed by different species.
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Other types of reproductive strategies
• Polycyclic organisms • Semelparous organisms • Iteroparous organisms
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Life without reproduction
• The biological study of how the origin of life led from non-reproducing elements to reproducing organisms is called abiogenesis.
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Lottery principle
• George C. Williams used lottery tickets as an analogy in one explanation for the widespread use of sexual reproduction.
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REFERENCES:• Williams G C. 1975. Sex and Evolution. Princeton (NJ):
Princeton University Press.• Judson, Olivia (2003) Dr.Tatiana's Sex Advice to All
Creation: Definitive Guide to the Evolutionary Biology of Sex. ISBN 978-0-09-928375-1
• "Timeline of same-sex procreation scientific developments". samesexprocreation.com.
• T. M. Sonneborn. Mating Types in Paramecium Aurelia: Diverse Conditions for Mating in Different Stocks; Occurrence, Number and Interrelations of the Types. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 79, No. 3 (Sep. 30, 1938), pp. 411-434. American Philosophical Society. JSTOR 984858.