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Life Science“Structure and Function in
Organisms
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Active Transport
The movement of molecules or ions
against a concentration
gradient, that is, from an area of
lower concentration to higher
concentration, and therefore requiring
energy.
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The molecule that carries the energy
produced by respiration in its
third, high-energy phosphate bond; used by cells to provide energy necessary for
chemical reactions.
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Autotroph
An organism that produces its own food, including photosynthetic
organism such as green plants and
phytoplankton and chemosynthetic
organisms such as sulfur bacteria.
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Capsule
The outermost protective layer found on some prokaryotic cells. Click here to reveal the definition!
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Cell Wall
A structure in plant cells that surrounds the cell membrane,
important for external cell
structure and the protection of the
cell’s contents; also present in algae
and certain bacteria.
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Cellular Respiration
The process in which carbon-rich sugar molecules react with oxygen to make energy for a cell’s use;
occurs in heterotrophs and autotrophs.Click here to reveal the definition!
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Centriole
A cell structure that helps separate the contents of the nucleus during cell divisions. Click here to reveal the definition!
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Chloroplast
The structure in plants that contains chlorophyll and is
the site of photosynthesis.
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Concentration Gradient
The varying levels of concentration of a substance on either side of a membrane or in an area. Click here to reveal the definition!
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Cytoplasm
A jellylike material that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
and contains most of the cell’s organelles.
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Cytoskeleton
The support framework inside
the cell made up of microfilaments and
microtubules.
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Diffusion
The general process by which all materials transfer passively in and out of cells. Click here to reveal the definition!
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Eukaryote
A cell that has membrane-bound organelles and generic material contained inside a nucleus. Click here to reveal the definition!
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Flagella
The whiplike structures on some prokaryotic cells that help the organism move.Click here to reveal the definition!
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Glucose
A six-carbon sugar that is the usual
form in which organisms process
carbohydrates.
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Golgi Apparatus
An organelle that stores, modifies, packages, and ships enzymes and other molecules. Click here to reveal the definition!
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Heterotroph
An organism requiring complex organic compounds of nitrogen and carbon for metabolic synthesis; it must get its energy from plants or
animals.
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Homeostasis
Detection and maintenance of a
body’s internal environment.
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Instinct
A complex animal behavior triggered
by external stimuli.
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Lysosome
A membrane-bound organelle that digests sugars and wastes. Click here to reveal the definition!
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Mitochondrion
A membrane-bound organelle that is the
site of aerobic respiration.
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Nucleoid
The bundle of fibers of DNA found within a prokaryotic cell.Click here to reveal the definition!
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Nucleus
The control center of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell’s DNA. Click here to reveal the definition!
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Organ
A group of tissues that works together to complete a specific task.Click here to reveal the definition!
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Organ System
A group of organs that works together
to complete a specific task.
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Organelle
A compartmentalized
structure in eukaryotic cells that performs a specific function for the cell.
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Osmosis
The passive transport of water molecules through a membrane.Click here to reveal the definition!
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Passive Transport
The movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration; does not
require energy.Click here to reveal the definition!
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Peroxisome
A membrane-bound organelle containing enzymes that break down peroxides, which can damage
cells.Click here to reveal the definition!
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Photosynthesis
The process by which plants make high energy carbohydrates in their chloroplasts from sunlight,
water, and carbon dioxide.Click here to reveal the definition!
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Pili
Hollow, hairlike structures used by bacteria to attach to other cells.Click here to reveal the definition!
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Plasma Membrane
A combination of lipids and proteins that separates the cell from its environment and helps regulate the
traffic of molecules between the inside and the outside of the cell.
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Prokaryote
A cell that does not have a nucleus in which its hereditary material in stored; a single-celled
organism such as bacteria.Click here to reveal the definition!
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Protein Channel
A membrane passageway that
opens and closes to allow necessary
molecules to move in and out of the
cell.
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Ribosome
An organelle, made of RNA and
proteins, that is involved in protein
synthesis.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
A series of membranous sacs that are covered
with ribosomes and are an important
producer of proteins.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
A series of membranous
tubules that assist in the synthesis of
lipids and other molecules needed
by the cell.
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Stimulus
A change in the internal or external environment, detectable by an organism or a cell within an
organism.Click here to reveal the definition!
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Tissue
A group of cells that works together to
perform a task that requires many cells.
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Vacuole
A membrane-bound organelle in a cell that serves as a storage area for
materials such as water, food, and waste products;
helps to maintain cell rigidity in
plants.
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Virus
A particle consisting of DNA encased in a
protein coat that must inject its DNA into a living cell in
order to reproduce.
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