Download - Liquid Crystals and Ordered Fluids
Liquid Crystals and Ordered Fluids
Volume 2
Liquid Crystals and Ordered Fluids
Volume 1 - Proceedings of an American Chemical Society Symposium, New York aty, September, 1969
Volume 2 - Selected papers from a symposium of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Chicago, August, 1973
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
Liquid Crystals and rfrdered Fluids
Volume 2
Edited by JULIAN F. JOHNSON Institute of Materials Science University of Connecticut StO"S, Connecticut
and
ROGER S. PORTER Materials Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK-LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Liquid crystals and ordered fluids.
Papers, from a symposium of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry held in Chicago during the national meeting of the American Chemical Society, August 1973, of the 3d of a series of meetings; papers of the 1st are entered under the title: Ordered fluids and liquid crystals; papers of the 2d are entered under: Symposium on Ordered Fluids and Liquid Crystals, 2d, New York, 1969.
1. Liquid crystals-Congresses. I. Johnson, Julian Frank, 1923- ed. II. Porter, Roger Stephen, 1928- ed. III. American Chemical Society. Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry. QD923.L56 548'.9 74-1269
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2729-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2727-1 DOl: 10/1007/978-1-4684-2727-1
Selected papers from a symposium of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry held in Chicago during the national meeting of the American Chemical Society, August, 1973
@1974Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1974 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. 4a Lower John Street, London WIR 3PD, England
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
This volume represents a collection of selected papers from a symposium of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry held in Chicago during the national meeting of the American Chemical Society, August, 1973. The response was remarkable to this "By Invitation" symposium on Ordered Fluids and Liquid Crystals. The size alone expresses the growth of the field. The number of contributions assembled here, for example, is approximately twice that at each of the two previous American Chemical Society symposia on this subject. Contributions from eleven countries were presented and this volume contains more than this number of papers from abroad.
The increased attention to liquid crystals has brought some interesting trends in the kinds of systems, the experimental methods, and the nature of the lahoratories involved. There has, for example, been an impressive increase in the number of academic studies on liquid crystals. The works herewith published also represent an impressive variety of traditional and novel eXperimental techniques for the study of liquid crystals. These include rheology, infrared spectroscopy, dielectrics, ultrasonics, pulsed NMR, the Kerr effect, plus thermal and electrical conductivity.
The volume includes cohesive sets of papers in several distinct areas. Included are groupings of papers on both polymers and on aqueous systems. An additional set involves the new emphasis on studies of specific subclasses of smectic mesophases. A collection of papers on cholesteric structures is also included. The predominant set of studies continues to be in the area of nematic mesophases. This, of course, is due to the spectacular features of this mesophase type -with both realized and potential applications. The nematic compositions now under wide study thus commonly exhibit mesophase behavior near ambient temperature as the result of either special syntheses and/or compound blending. Consequently, 1:he effects of electromagnetic fields on nematic mesophases continue to receive wide attention as a result of the optical features which make them suitable for visual displays.
v
vi PREFACE
This volume represents a comprehensive extension of Volume I which was published in 1970 by the same editors and publishing house. A unifying subject index is provided at the back of each volume. These books thus hopefully provide an overview of the continuingly impressive crescendo of activity in the field of Ordered Fluids and Liquid Crystals.
September 20, 1974
Roger S. Porter, Head Polymer Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts
Julian F. Johnson Department of Chemistry and Associate Director Materials Research Institute University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut
Symposium Co-Chairmen and Editors
CONTENTS
The Binding of Divalent Ions to the Phosphoglycoprotein Phosvitin 1
Kart Grizzuti and Gertrude E. Perlmann
Liquid Crystalline Behavior of Biologically Important Lipids. Polyunsaturated Cholesterol Esters and Phospholipids 11
D. M. Small, C. Loomis, M. Janiak, G. G. Shipley
An E.P.R. Investigation of the Alignment of Two Smectic A Liquid Crystals 23
Arthur Berman, Edward Gelerinter, George C. Fryburg and Glenn H. Brown
Pretransitional Behavior in the Isotropic Phase of Homologous Compounds Showing Nematic and Smectic C Type Order 33
T. R. Steger, Jr., J. D. Litster and W. R. Young
Electric Field Effects in the Nematic and Smectic Phases of p-n-Nonyloxybenzoic Acid 39
L. S. Chou and E. F. Carr
Stability of Molecular Order in the Smectic A Phase of a Liquid Crystal 53
C. E. Tarr, R. M. Dennery and A. M. Fuller
Molecular Diffusion in the Nematic and Smectic C Phase of 4-4'-Di-n-Heptyloxyazoxybenzene (HOAB) 63
J. A. Murphy, J .-W. Doane and D. L. Fishel
Diffusion in Oriented Lamellar Phases by Pulsed NMR 67 Mingjien Chien, B. A. Smith, E. T. Samulski and C. G. Wade
vii
viii
Rotational Diffusion in the Nematic Phase: Part I K. S. Chu. B. L. Richards. D. S. Moroi and W. M. Franklin
Possible Phase Diagrams for Mixtures of 'Positive' and 'Negative' Nematic Liquid Crystals
Richard Alben
Vibrational Spectra of Liquid Crystals. VIII. Infrared Spectroscopic Measurements of Order in Nematics and Nematic Solutions
Bernard J. Bulkin. Terry Kennelly and Wai Bong Lok
Changes in Thermodynamic and Optical Properties Associated with Mesomorphic Transitions
J. R. Flick. A. S. Marshall and S. E. B. Petrie
Kinetics of Field Alignment and Elastic Relaxation in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals
T. S. Chang. P. E. Greene and E. E. Loebner
Studies on the Molecular Arrangement in Liquid Crystals by Polarization of Fluorescence
S. Sakagami. A. Takase. M. Nakamizo and H. Kakiyama
Molecular Order and Molecular Theories of Liquid Crystals
W. L. McMillan
A New Lyotropic Nematic Mesophase Robert C. Long. Jr. and J. H. Goldstein
NMR Studies of the Interaction between Sodium Ions and Anionic Surfactants in Some Amphiphile-Water Systems
H. Gustavsson. G. Lindblom. B. Lindman. N .-0. Persson and H. Wennerstrom
The Dependence of Some Properties of Aqueous Liquid Crystalline Phases on Their Water Content
Per Ekwall
Dielectric Relaxation in Lipid Bilayer Membranes S. Takashima and H. P. Schwan
CONTENTS
73
81
85
97
115
125
141
147
161
177
199
CONTENTS ix
Numerical Computations for the Flow of Liquid Crystals 211 Bruce A. Finlayson
The Investigation of Lipid-Water Systems. Part 5. Infra-red Spectra of Mesophases 225
M. P. McDonald and L. D. R. Wilford
Optical Properties of Nematic Poly-y-Benzyl-L-Glutamate 237 Donald B. DePre and James R. Hammersmith
Liquid Crystal-Isotropic Phase Equilibria in Stiff Chain Polymers 243
Wilmer G. Miller, Juey H. Rai and Elizabeth L. Wee
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Polypeptide Liquid Crystals 257 William A. Hines and Edward T. Samulski
Magnetic Relaxation of Poly-y-Benzyl-L-Glutamate Solutions in Deuterochloroform 267
B. M. Fung and Thomas H. Martin
Polymerization of P-Methacryloyloxybenzoic Acid and Methacrylic Acid in Mesomorphic N-Alkoxy-Benzoic Acids 277
A. Blumstein, R. Blumstein, G. J. Murphy, C. Wilson and J . Billard
Thermotropic Liquid Crystals. VI. The Preparation and Mesophase Properties of Asymmetrically 4,4'-Disubstituted Phenyl Benzoates 293
Mary E. Neubert, Leo T. Carlino, Richard D'Sidocky and D. L. Fishel
Effects of Certain Central Groups on the Liquid Crystal Properties of Dicarboxylic Esters 307
Lawrence Verbit and Robert L. Tuggey
Relations of Two Continuum Theories of Liquid Crystals 315 James D. Lee and A. Cemal Eringen
Structure and Thermal Conductivity of Supercooled MBBA 331 J. O. Kessler and J. E. Lydon
The Dielectric Properties of Nematic MBBA in the Presence of Electric and Magnetic Fields 341
P. G. Cummins, D. A. Dunmur and N. E. Jessup
x CONTENTS
Bulk Viscosities of MBBA from Ultrasonic Measurements 351 K. A. Kemp and S. V. Letcher
Order Parameters and Conformation of Nematic I!.-Methoxybenzylidene-:e.-n-Butylaniline (MBBA) by NMR Studies of Some Specifically Deuterated Deriva-tives 357
Y. S. Lee, Y . Y . Hsu and D. Dolphin
The Anisotropic Electrical Conductivity of MBBA Containing Alkyl Ammonium Halides 367
Roger Chang
Continuum Theory of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 383 A. Cemal Eringen and James D. Lee
Chirality in Mixed Nematic and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 403 N. Oron, K. Ko, L. J. Yu and M. M. Labes
Cylindrically Symmetric Textures in Mesophases of Cholesteryl Esters 411
Fraser P. Price and Chan S. Bak
Induced Rotary Power in Ternary Mixtures of Liquid Crystals 421
James Adams, Gary Dir and Werner Haas
Conductivity Differences in the Cholesteric Textures 429 Gary Dir, James Adams and Werner Haas
Electro-Optical Properties of Imperfectly Ordered Planar Cholesteric Layers 437
C. J. Gerritsma and P. van Zan ten
Temperature Dependence and Rheological Behavior of the Shear-Induced Grandjean to Focal Conic Transition in the Cholesteric Mesophase 449
John Pochan, Peter Erhardt and W. Conrad Richards
Mesomorphic Behaviour of Optically Active Anils: 4-n-Alkoxybenzylidene-4 1-Methylalkylanilines 461
Y . Y. Hsu and D. Dolphin
Comments on the Relaxation Process in the Cholesteric-Nematic Transition 483
R. A. Kashnow, J. E. Bigelow, H. S. Cole and C. R. Stein
CONTENTS xi
Effects of Detergents on Isolated Rat Lymphocyte Plasma Membranes 495
D. N. Misra, C. T. Ladoulis, L. W. Estes, and T. J. Gill III
Heterocyclic Liquid Crystals and Some Air Force Applica-tions of Mesomorphic Compounds 507
Rudolph A. Champa
Catalysis in Micellar and Liquid Crystalline Phases 515 S. Friberg and S. I. Ahmad
Liquid Crystal Dynamics as Studied by EPR and NMR 525 I. Zupanci~, M. Vilfan, M. ~entjurc, M. Schara, F. Pusnik, J. Pid and R. Blinc
Influence of Molecular Structural Changes on the Meso-morphic Behavior of Benzylideneanilines 541
Zack G. Gardlund, Ralph J. Curtis and George W. Smith
Domain Formation in Homogeneous Nematic Liquid Crystals 557 J. M. Pollack and J. B. Flannery
Phase Diagram of Mixed Mesomorphic Benzylideneanilines -MBBA/EBBA 573
George W. Smith, Zack G. Gardlund and Ralph J. Curtis
Some Mechanistic Aspects of the Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Induced Circular Dichroism (LCICD) Phenomenon
F. D. Saeva
Effect of Cholesteryl Alkanoate Structure on the Pitch of the Cholesteric Mesophase
Harry W. Gibson, John M. Pochan and DarLyn Hinman
On the Theories of Optical Reflection from Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Films
J. Shashidhara Prasad
Some Mesomorphic Properties of N- (p-Azidobenzylidene)Anilines
Craig Maze and Henry G. Hughes
581
593
607
613
xii CONTENTS
Stable. Low Melting Nematogens of Positive Dielectric Anisotropy for Display Devices 617
G. W. Gray. K. J. Harrison. J. A. Nash. J. Constant. D. S. Hulme. J . Kirton and E. P. Raynes
Electric Field Induced Deformation in Nematic Phenyl Benzoates 645
G. Baur. A. Stieb and G. Meier
Kerr Effect in the Isotropic Phase of p-Azoxyanisole 657 N. W. Madhusudana and S. Chandrasekhar
Correlation Time of the Proton-Electron Interaction in MBBA with Traces of Nitroxyde Molecules 663
Jean-Pierre Le Pesant and Pierre Papon
Brillouin Scattering in the Isotropic Phase of MBBA 671 T. R. Steger. Jr. and J. D. Litster
Periodic Distortions in Cholesteric Liquid Crystal 677 Jacques Rault
Erasure of Textures Stored in Nematic-Cholesteric Mixtures 705 B. Kerllenevich and A. Coche
Rheological Properties of Thermotropic and Lyotropic Meso-phases Formed by Ammonium Laurate 711
B. Tamamushi and M. Matsumoto
Liquid Crystals. II. Liquid Crystalline Properties of Trans-cinnamic Acid Esters 723
Freeman B. Jones. Jr. and Joseph J. Ratto
Effect of Structure on the Stability of Nematic Mesophases 733 Michael J. S. Dewar. A. Griffin and R. M. Riddle
Quantum Chemical Evaluation of Intermolecular Forces in a Compound Producing Lyotropic Liquid Crystal: Part I. 743
R. K. Mishra and N. K. Roper
Quantum Chemical Evaluation of Intermolecular Forces in a Compound Producing Lyotropic Liquid Crystal: Part II. Consequences of Introduc-tion of a Dissimilar Molecule 759
R. K. Mishra and R. S. Tyagi
Index 773