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Liquidity and trading cost
in Asian equity markets
Pantisa Pavabutr (Thammasat University)
Kulpatra Sirodom (Thammasat University)
Gloria Tian (University of New South Wales)
The Stock Exchange of ThailandAug 18th, 2009
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Market Microstructure
• Price formation and price discovery
• Market structure and design issues
• Information or market transparency
• Liquidity and volatility
• Trading motivation
• Transaction costs
2
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What’s important about liquidity
and trading costs
Tokyo’s Tsukiji Fish Market meets supermarket salmon
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Market attractiveness
• Transaction costs and illiquidity (inverse of
liquidity) are positively related
• High transaction costs, high trading costs,
leads to less trading
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Comparing our work with
existing studies• Cross-country comparisons of ten Asian equity market
structure– Comerton-Forde and Ryde (2006)
• Cross-country comparisons of explicit and implicit transaction costs
– Lesmond et al. (2005) and Stoll (2000)
– Lesmond (2005)
– Hearn (2009)
• Analysis of relationship between market architecture and transaction costs
– Domowitz et al. (2000)
– Jain et al. (2003)
– Swan et al. (2004)
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Special features in the study
• Markets in Asia Pacific grouped into developed and emerging.
– “Emerging markets” in Asia are relatively more developed? So will the generalization about EM and DEV hold in this context?
• Stocks are grouped into those trading below and above market median price.– Clientele base of DEV is predominant institutional whereas clientele of EM is mainly retail. Trading range preferences likely to impact trading properties. Amihud et al. (1999), Seppi (1997).
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Key findings
• Asian markets have a number of design
commonality, but developed markets have much
higher level of institutional trader participation.
• Wide variation of liquidity and transaction costs
within developed and emerging markets.
• In EM, stocks that trade below median prices
tend to have higher turnover despite higher
liquidity costs.
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Where Asian markets stand today:
Trading value
Trading value in USD billions 2004 2005 2006 2007
Americas 21,797 25,981 35,909 48,363
Asia Pacific 6,890 8,813 12,081 21,460
Europe-Africa Middle East 13,580 16,240 21,839 31,366
Total 42,266 51,034 69,830 101,189
% proportion of trading value
Americas 52% 51% 51% 48%
Asia Pacific 16% 17% 17% 21%
Europe-Africa Middle East 32% 32% 31% 31%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
2 0 0 42 0 0 5
2 0 0 62 0 0 7
A s ia P a c ific
E u ro p e -A f r ic a M id d le E a s t
A m e ric a s
0%
5 0%
10 0%
15 0%
20 0%
Trading value to market cap
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Where Asian markets stand
today: Number of firms
2004 20052006
2007
Europe-A frica M iddle Eas t
Americas
A s ia Pacific
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
% proportion of firm 2004 2005 2006 2007
Americas 29% 28% 28% 25%
Asia Pacific 45% 46% 46% 44%
Europe-Africa Middle East 26% 26% 26% 31%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
Number of listed firms
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1010
Data
• Qualitative – Surveys to exchanges
• Quantitative (Year 2007)
– Daily data from DATASTREAM
– Intraday data from SIRCA (Securities Industry
Research of Asia-Pacific)
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Asia Pacific Markets
Emerging markets
• China (Shanghai Stock
Exchange)
• Korea (Korea Stock Exchange)
• Malaysia (Bursa Malaysia)
• Taiwan (Taiwan Stock Exchange)
• Thailand (Stock Exchange of Thailand)
Developed markets
• Australia (Australian
Stock Exchange)
• Hong Kong (Hong Kong
Stock Exchange)
• Japan (Tokyo stock
exchange)
• New Zealand (New
Zealand Stock Exchange)
• Singapore (Singapore
Stock Exchange)
11A market is classified as emerging if it is part of S&P, IFC emerging
market index as of 2007.
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Commonalities in design
• Limit order markets with absence of
market makers
• All demutualized (except China SSE, and
Thailand SET)
• Trend towards greater transparency and
liberalized commissions
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Clientele difference
Country Exchange Institutions Retail Others
Australia ASX 80% 20%
Hong Kong HKSE 65% 35%
Japan TSE 74% 15% 11%
New Zealand NZX na na na
Singapore SGX 57% 43%
China SSE 46% 54%
Korea KRX 43% 57%
Malaysia KLSE 63% 36% 1%
Taiwan TSEC 33% 67%
Thailand SET 47% 53%
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Variations in trading value
NZX
SET
SGX
TSEC
ASX
KLS
E
KRX
HK
SE
SSE
TSE
% of trading value to
total in AP
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
% of trading value to total in AP
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Trading statistics by country
Market Mkt capitalization Mkt cap to Trading value Trading value to
USD billions GDP USD billions mkt cap
Developed
Australia (ASX) 1,298 1.66 1,372 106%
Hong Kong (HKSE) 2,654 8.86 2,137 81%
Japan (TSE) 4,331 0.99 6,476 150%
New Zealand (NZX) 48 0.41 24 50%
Singapore (SGX) 539 2.27 381 71%
Average 1,774 283.9% 2,078 91.3%
Emerging
China (SSE) 3,694 0.52 4,069 110%
Korea (KRX) 1,123 0.94 2,006 179%
Malaysia (KLSE) 325 0.88 170 52%
Taiwan (TSEC) 664 0.95 1,010 152%
Thailand (SET) 197 0.37 118 60%
Average 1,201 73.3% 1,475 110.6%
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Trading concentration by price
group
Market % Mkt cap of lower Ratio of lower to upper % Trading value Ratio of lower to Proportion of No. of firms
to total market cap market cap of lower to total market capupper trading value firms below USD 1 in sample
Developed
Australia (ASX) 47.67% 0.91 54.06% 1.18 69% 1325
Hong Kong (HKSE) 3.80% 0.04 12.36% 0.14 87% 785
Japan (TSE) 7.16% 0.08 9.48% 0.10 2% 2170
New Zealand (NZX) 8.08% 0.09 22.37% 0.29 48% 106
Singapore (SGX) 4.09% 0.04 11.76% 0.13 79% 286
Emerging
China (SSE) 49.62% 0.99 49.33% 0.97 18% 758
Korea (KRX) 7.16% 0.08 17.11% 0.21 2% 573
Malaysia (KLSE) 6.40% 0.07 17.23% 0.21 82% 586
Taiwan (TSEC) 18.08% 0.22 19.96% 0.25 65% 661
Thailand (SET) 15.45% 0.18 27.03% 0.37 79% 413
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Liquidity measures
• Turnover: Ratio of daily number of shares traded to total
number of shares outstanding
• Bid-ask spreads:
%BAS = (ASK-BID)/[BID+ASK]/2
• Daily price impact
• Liu (2006)
∑ ==
D
i idid
i
i TVALRD
ILLIQ1
/1
NTD
x
Deflator
TURNxNZEROxLMx
21/1×
+=
1/1
0 <<Deflator
TURNx
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Two stage least square
specification
3
3210
2
43210
1
43210
lnln
lnln
ln
iiiii
iiiiii
iiiiii
ScMVcTURNccSTD
SbMVbSTDbBASbbTURN
SaTURNaSTDaRTICKaaBAS
ε
ε
ε
++++=
+++++=
+++++=
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Variation bid-ask spreads
TSE
NZX
HK
SESG
X
ASX
SSE
TSEC
KRX
SET
KLS
E
BAS
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2.50%
3.00%
3.50%
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Variation in liquidity and
transaction costs (Turnover and BAS of stocks below and above median price)
DEV
/Below
EM/B
elow
DEV
/Abo
veEM
/Abo
ve
TURN
%Quoted BAS0.00%
0.20%
0.40%
0.60%
0.80%
1.00%
1.20%
1.40%
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Variation in ILLIQ
DEV
/Bel
ow
EM
/Bel
ow
DEV
/Abo
ve
EM
/Abo
ve
ILLIQ
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
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Variation in LM12
DEV/
Bel
ow
EM
/Bel
ow
DEV/
Abo
ve
EM/A
bove
LM12
1515.516
16.5
1717.5
18
18.5
19
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Understanding cross-sectional
differences in spreads
Emerging only Developed only Combined Combined ex-Japan
Dependent var
BAS Estimate t value Estimate t value Estimate t value Estimate t value
RTICK -0.030 -0.13 2.315 1.32 -0.241 -0.26 -0.531 -0.94
STD 1.413 14.75 1.237 7.77 2.518 12.88 1.712 15.27
lnTURN -2.508 -23.8 -7.734 -13.42 -9.803 -17.62 -7.182 -22.99
S2 1.280 7.48 -1.561 -2.05 -4.632 -5.42 -0.639 -1.27
DEM 0.168 2.532 3.7 3.220 6.46
DEMS2 9.986 8.32 4.809 7.14
Adj rsq 0.168 0.060 0.054 0.106
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Understanding cross-sectional
differences in turnover
Dependent var Emerging only Developed only Combined Combined ex-Japan
lnTURN Estimate t value Estimate t value Estimate t value Estimate t value
BAS -1.850 -17.86 -2.167 -9.81 -2.023 -17.55 -1.471 -17.97
STD 0.556 7.46 0.958 6.97 0.815 10.93 0.574 10.5
lnMV -0.003 -0.05 -0.018 -0.17 -0.016 -0.25 -0.008 -0.15
S2 1.140 6.08 1.698 3.02 1.811 4.68 0.279 0.98
DEM -3.138 -8.88 -3.268 -10.08
DEMS2 -0.747 -1.6 0.681 1.94
Adj rsq 0.131 0.040 0.052 0.068
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Understanding cross-sectional
differences in volatility
Dependent var Emerging only Developed only Combined Combined ex-Japan
STD Estimate t value Estimate t value Estimate t value Estimate t value
lnturn 1.335 24.88 1.845 13.05 2.443 21.24 3.241 20.79
lnmv -0.594 -16.7 0.184 3.49 -0.088 -2.46 -0.842 -15.53
S2 -0.995 -9.48 2.047 12.58 1.868 11.26 0.331 1.46
DEM -1.212 -6.42 -2.154 -10.09
DEMS2 -2.989 -11.06 -2.819 -10.46
Adj rsq 0.181 0.042 0.070 0.113
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Final remarks
• There is large intramarket liquidity differences within developed and emerging markets.
• Stocks in lower median price range have higher turnover despite their tendency to have higher spreads suggesting that investors are paying a price for liquidity to trade in their preferred trading range.
• The spectacular growth rates in Asian equity markets is not equally shared in the markets of this region.
• The issue of segmentation within stocks below median price and issue of penny stocks and market quality needs to be explored.