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Living in harmony with the environment in a precarious
situation?
Example of Eastern Chad
by Arnold Egli,
Consultant for natural and renewable resources management with SHA and UNHCR
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Chad
• 7 Mio habitants• 110 different ethnically different
populations• Land locked country• 1‘280‘000 km2• main activities: live stock keeping,
agriculture for subsistence and the market, cotton as a cash crop
• Exploitation of petrol since July 2004• Important, not yet exploited gas
resources• One of the poorest country in the
world
• Again affected by a drought and hunger!!!
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East of Chad
• Land area: 60'000 km2
• Border with Sudan 600 km• Local pop. density: < 4 h / km2
• Big animals: 3.5 Mio
• Rainfall: 0 and 600 mm,Irregular distribution
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Refugee's Operation of UNHCR and contribution of SHA
• approx. 220'000 refugees• 60 -80‘000 IDP since 2006• First camp opens in January 2004, newest
in April 2005• Camp size: 12 and 30'000 people• Camps equiped with nutrition center, first
aid station, primary schools, police guard, community services,
• Water supply: 11 to 18 l/p/d(drinking water quality)
• Food supply approx. 2000 kcal/p/d• Costs: 80 Mio US $ (2004); 55 US $ (2005);
40 Mio US $ (in 2006); 2011 ?
• Contribution SHA- 1 site planner 2004- 1 water specialist 2004 to 2010
• - 1 environment specialist 2004 to 2006
and 2011
EVOLUTION DES EFFECTIFS DES REFUGIES SOUDANAIS DANS LES CAMPS ET OUVERTURE DES CAMPS DE REFUGIES
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
01.04 02.04 03.04 04.04 05.04 06.04 07.04 08.04 09.04 10.04 11.04 12.04 01.05 02.05 03.05 04.05 05.05 06.05 07.05 08.05 09.05
mois/an
per
son
nes
FARCHANA
TOULOUM & KOUNOUNGOU
GOZ AMER & IRIDIMI
MILE
DJABAL & BREDJING
OURE CASSONI
TREGUINEDiminution a cause du recensement
GAGA
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Zustand und Anfälligkeit der Ökosysteme (Sahel Tschad)
Nach Norden abnehmender Niederschlag und zunehmende Anfälligkeit des Ökosystems
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Main Refugee’s Zones
• 12 camps répartis en 4 zones avec des caractéristiques propres
(unités d’analyse)
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
REGIONS, POPULATIONS ET CAMPS DE REFUGIES
?
?
Djibiya
Kombery-Key Adour
Konamara
Doula
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Main Challenges
Drinking water
Houshold Energy
Energy wood supply and saving
Energy wood substitution
Wood supply for light wood construction (eg. Roof)
Data basis on wood utilization (and supply)
Data basis on vegetation‘s develop. in the region
Environment managment practice
Healthy and well nourished animal
Security
Presence of development actors
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Estimated Wood Production et Consumption at Eastern Chad
Zone Chef lieuCouvert forestier
Consommation de bois
Production accessible
Sans EconomieEconomie
Ref 20 / Loc -Economie
Ref 50 / Loc 50
Ratio C/P
Ratio C/P
Ratio C/P
t/an t/an % t/an % t/an %
1 Bahai 3 960 11 714 296 9 779 247 5 857 148
2 Iriba, Guereda 40 703 54 623 134 49 736 122 27 312 67
3 Farchana 90 419 99 822 110 94 293 104 49 914 55
4 Goz Beida 127 335 56 557 44 53 813 42 28 279 22
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Main activity since 2004
Wood collecting and distribution
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Wood saving 1
Traditional fire place
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Wood saving 2
… by improved mud stove
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Wood saving 3
… and more of these wood saving stoves!
• Metallic stove "Save80"• Metallic stove "Central African Stove„• Mud stove mobil
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Wood saving 4
The new member of the group:AFRAH since 2011
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Wood substitution 1
Briquettes of different materials
• Cardboard, Doum kernel, mixture of…
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Wood Substitution 2
Solar cookers – Different Types
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Wood Substitution 3
Solar water heater
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Wood restoring activities 1
Tree production, planting and protection
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Wood restoring activities 2
Forest land protection and managment
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Main Challenges 2006 2011
Drinking water available +++ +++
Houshold Energy available + +
Energy wood supply and saving + ++
Energy wood substitution (*) + ++
Wood supply for light wood construction (eg. Roof) + +
Data basis on wood utilization (and supply) (*) + +
Data basis on vegetation‘s develop. in the region (*) + +
Environment managment practice (*) + +
Healthy and well nourished animal ++ ++
Security + ++
Presence of development actors + ++
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Estimated Wood Production et Consumption at Eastern Chad
Zone Chef lieuCouvert forestier
Consommation de bois
Production accessible
Sans EconomieEconomie
Ref 20 / Loc -Economie
Ref 50 / Loc 50
Ratio C/P
Ratio C/P
Ratio C/P
t/an t/an % t/an % t/an %
1 Bahai 3 960 11 714 296 9 779 247 5 857 148
2 Iriba, Guereda 40 703 54 623 134 49 736 122 27 312 67
3 Farchana 90 419 99 822 110 94 293 104 49 914 55
4 Goz Beida 127 335 56 557 44 53 813 42 28 279 22
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Thank you for your attention!
Sustainably yours!