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Large Scale LPWANSolving Urban Challenges
Mo HaghighiResearch [email protected]
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LoRa
LoRaWAN is a Low Power Wide AreaNetwork (LPWAN) specification intended forwireless battery operated Things in regional,national or global network. LoRaWAN targetkey requirements of internet of things suchas secure bi-directional communication,mobility and localization services.
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LoRa
The modulation is based on spread-spectrum techniques and a variation of chirp spreadspectrum (CSS) with integrated forward error correction (FEC). LoRa significantly improvesthe receiver sensitivity and as with other spread-spectrum modulation techniques uses theentire channel bandwidth to broadcast a signal, making it robust to channel noise andinsensitive to frequency offsets caused from the use of low cost crystals.
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LoRaA powerful feature of LoRa is the ability todemodulate several orthogonal orsimultaneous signals at the samefrequency, assuming they have differentchirp rates. LoRa chirp rates are calledspreading factors, with higher spreadingfactors denoting slower chirps.
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LoRaorthogonality is detecting multiple datastreams in the same channel and at the sametime. This is a feature of a coded channel, andit offers a solution for getting back goodspectral efficiency for wider band systems.Because coded signals are spread across alarger swath of spectrum, those signals takeup more frequency real estate. Narrowbandsignals, however, can pack quite a bit of trafficinto that same bandwidth. If there are multiplecoded streams simultaneously on the air, youbuy back some (though usually not all) of thespectral efficiency you give up with coding.
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LoRaWAN allows for varying speeds: the spreading factor (SF). Devices with a low spreading factor have higher data rates and use less airtime, but on shorter range. Despite slowing down
transmission rate, a higher spread factor will ensure the packets are received over a greater distance.
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Mode BW
(KHz)
CR SF Transmission
Time(ms)
Sensitivity
(dB)
1 125 4/5 12 4245 -134
2 250 4/5 12 2193 -131
3 125 4/5 10 1208 -129
4 500 4/5 12 1167 -128
5 250 4/5 10 674 -126
6 500 4/5 11 715 -125.5
7 250 4/5 9 428 -123
8 500 4/5 9 284 -120
9 500 4/5 8 220 -117
10 500 4/5 7 186 -114
sending/receiving a 100-byte packet
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LoRa
Adaptive Data Rate is a method where the actual data rate is adjusted to ensure reliablepacket delivery, optimal network performance, and scale for capacity. For example, nodesclose to the gateway will use a higher data rate (shorter time on air) and a lower output power.Only nodes that are at the very edge of the link budget will use the lowest data rate andhighest output power. The ADR method can accommodate changes in the networkinfrastructure and support varying path loss. To maximize both battery life of end- devices andoverall network capacity, the LoRa network infrastructure manages the data rate and RFoutput for each end-device individually by implementing ADR.
ADR
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ICRILoRa
Receiverat
114mheight
coveringthe
entirepark
coveringupto
15kmradius
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WaterQualitypHOxygenTurbidityConductivityORPHeight
Micro-Climate Temperature Humidity SolarIrradiance Airpressure
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1km
700m
200m
20m
600m
350m
Mapping Radio Coverage
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LoRaBOXEdge Analytics
LoRaBox has been developed to collect radio signals such as BLE and LoRa beacons from the sensor devices in the field, process their sensory readings, and forward the aggregated data to cloud services. It can also act as a multi-functional gateway for testing LoRa network.
Edge processing and decentralized data aggregation is one of the top requirements for modern LPWAN IoT
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End-to-end Intel technology
Enable IoTRest APIs
for live data
Local LPWAN between sensors andLoRaBox for real-time edge processing
LoRaBox
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8
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11
10
12
13
14 15
16
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18
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27
21
22 23
25
29
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24
30
1 6 11 16 21 26
2 7 12 17 22 27
3 8 13 18 23 28
4 9 14 19 24 29
5 10 15 20 25 30
RSSI SNR
-113 -11.7
-113 -11.1
-113 -10.2
NS
-108 -11.8
RSSI SNR
-109 -9.0
-114 -11.5
-113 -11.8
-103 -11.9
-98 -11.9
RSSI SNR
-113 -12
NS
-102 -1.8
-112 -1.5
-109 -1.5
RSSI SNR
NS
-100 -2.3
-101 -2.0
-105 -11.8
-108 -11.2
RSSI SNR
-113 -11.1
-112 -11.5
NS
NS
-115 -11.2
CH 5
SF 12
BW 125KHz
CR 4/5
Tx Power 14
20
Mapping Radio Coverage
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LoRaWANLoRaWAN is a server-side implementation ofa multiple access protocol designed tominimize collisions with a large number ofendpoints. It requires a server application torun the MAC functions over a networkconnection.
LoRaWAN network architecture is typicallylaid out in a star-of-stars topology in whichgateways are a transparent bridge relayingmessages between end-devices and acentral network server in the backend.
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LoRaWAN vs.P2P+LoRaWAN
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P2P/LoRaWAN
NetworkWideProgramming
Re-programmingthenetwork Pushingconfigurations Opportunisticdatacollection
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P2P/LoRaWAN
AdaptiveDataRate/Radio
DataratevsRFoutput LinkBudgetanalysis MunisingPacketloss MaximizeCapacity
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Network Optimization ApplyingvariousalgorithmictechniquesonanetworkofLoRa devicesformeasuringandimproving
thefollowingdynamicsbyconductingalike-for-likecomparisonbetweenthedatareceivedviaLoRa
andWi-Fi.
Latency Throughput Energy Datarate SignalStrength PacketErrorRate
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Network Optimization GameTheory.Allowingnodestochoosetheirradioparametersindependentlyformaximum
efficiency
MatchingTheory.Enablingnodesmaintainacertainleveloffunctionalityaccordingtoothernodes
Utility-based.Formingcompetitivescenariosforimprovingtheperformanceofthenodesandthereceivers.
SpreadingFactor CodingRate Channel Bandwidth
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Thank You!
