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Title
Machine Modeling and Power System Study Applications
November 02, 2017
MANITOBA HVDC RESEARCH CENTRE, a Division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.
Presented by: Dharshana Muthumuni
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Title Outline - Machine Modeling and Applications
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
• Mathematical representation of machine windings and rotor dynamics
• Machine models and controls models available in PSCAD
• Setting up a PSCAD simulation case
• Synchronous machine (initialization of machine and control models)
• Induction machine (starting example)
• Illustration of Simulation examples
• Synchronous machine under black start conditions
• Voltage flicker due to compressor load driven by a synchronous machine
• Sub synchronous resonance and torsional interactions
• Voltage dips due to induction motor starting and mitigation options
• Applications in wind generation (DFIG)
• Synchronous condenser application to improve wind farm FRT performance
• PM machine in wind generation
• Internal faults simulation other enhancements to standard models
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Title Machine windings and the mathematical representation
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
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Title Machine windings and the mathematical representation
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
]][[/]][[][ iLdtdiRv
LA = L1 +L2 +L3 Cos (2θ)
MAF = f(θ)
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Title Synchronous Machine Equations in d-q reference frame
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
Stator Side Rotor Side
Dampers – 2 on Q-axis
Mechanical rotation
𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒 = 𝐽 𝑑𝜔
𝑑𝑡+ 𝐵𝜔
Speed - Wk
LP HP G IP J
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Title Machine Models in PSCAD
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
STe
3
AV
Tm
Ef0
Tmw
Ef Ifw
S
TL
I M
W
W
Te
Synchronous Machine
Induction Machine
Permanent Magnet Machine
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Title Machine control models
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
VTIT 3
IfEfEf0
Vref
Exciter_(AC1A)VTIT 3
EfEf0
Vref
Exciter (DC1A)VTIT 3
IfEfEf0
Vref
Exciter (ST1A)
w
Wrefz0
z
Hydro Gov 1
w Tm
Wref
z
zi Hydro Tur 1
w
Wref
Cv
Steam Gov 1 Steam_Tur_2
w Tm1
Tm2WrefIv
Cv
Vs
PSS1A
VsPSS1A
Vt
Efw
& DEC1A
VsPSS1A
Vt Vk
& DEC2A
VsPSS1A
Vt
& DEC3A
Exciter models
Governor/Turbine models
PSS models
IEEE Standard exciter type AC1A
Non standard generator control systems
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Title Simulation setup – Synchronous machine
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
Tm0
D+
F
+
1.0
w
Wref
Cv
Steam Gov 2
Iv
Steam_Tur_2
w Tm1
Tm2WrefIv
Cv
VTIT 3
IfEfEf0
Vref
Exciter_(AC1A)
Vref0
LRR
S2M
TIME
TIME
#1#2
STe
3
AV
Tm
Ef0
Tmw
Ef If
Tm0
S / Hinhold
out
Ef
If
S2M
P = 42.46Q = 0.4006V = 0.9993
V
A
RL
RRL
W
Ef0
T imedFaultLogicABC->G
Ia
Parameter Thermal units
typical values
Sator leakage
Inductance xl 0.1-0.2
Synchronous
reactances
Xd 1.0-2.3
Xq 1.0-2.3
Transient
Reactance
X’d 0.15-0.4
X’q 0.3-1.0
Subtransient
Reactance
X”d 0.12-0.25
X”q 0.12-0.25
Transinet OC time
constant
T’do 3.0-10.0 s
T’qo 0.5-2.0 s
Subtransient OC
Time constant
T”do 0.02-0.05 s
T”qo 0.02-0.05 s
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Title Simulation setup – Synchronous machine
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
Tm0
D+
F
+
1.0
w
Wref
Cv
Steam Gov 2
Iv
Steam_Tur_2
w Tm1
Tm2WrefIv
Cv
VTIT 3
IfEfEf0
Vref
Exciter_(AC1A)
Vref0
LRR
S2M
TIME
TIME
#1#2
STe
3
AV
Tm
Ef0
Tmw
Ef If
Tm0
S / Hinhold
out
Ef
If
S2M
P = 42.46Q = 0.4006V = 0.9993
V
A
RL
RRL
W
Ef0
T imedFaultLogicABC->G
Ia
Technical note available on how to set up the machine model and controls
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Title Simulation setup – Induction machine
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
Technical note available on how to set up the machine model and controls
CROMER_A_94372
V
A
0.994868
S
TL
I M
W
TIME
1.0
#1 #2
0.96
WX2*
1
0
0.0
S
TL
I M
W
TimedBreaker
LogicOpen@t0
BRK
+
Rext
#1 #2E1 V
A
0.96Iins
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Title
Simulation examples
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
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Title Simulation examples
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
• Illustration of Simulation examples
• Synchronous machine under black start conditions
• Voltage flicker due to compressor load driven by a synchronous machine
• Sub synchronous resonance and torsional interactions
• Voltage dips due to induction motor starting and mitigation options
• Applications in wind generation (DFIG)
• Synchronous condenser application to improve wind farm FRT performance
• PM machine in wind generation
• Internal faults simulation other enhancements to standard models
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Title Example: Flicker due to a synchronous motor driven compressor
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
T
Compressor load torque characteristics Voltage flicker measured at
transmission level
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Title Example: SSTI studies - Mechanical shaft-mass system
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
• Rotor of a Turbine Generator is a complex system of masses connected by shaft sections
• The total length can be as much as 50 m.
• A single lumped inertia representation is typically considered in system transient stability studies
– Assumption: Rigid shafts
Gen
Speed - W
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Title Mechanical shaft-mass system
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
• Torsional Interaction studies require a more detailed representation of the shaft (compared to lumped mass representation)
– A Multi-Mass representation
• Main rotor components represented as separate (rigid) masses
• The masses are connected to each other with ‘elastic’ shaft sections
Speed - Wk
LP HP G IP
δ
Multim
ass
Te
Wra
dTm
Tm
iTei
( SyncM
/c)
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Title
Thank you
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International