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Male Reproductive Pathology: General Considerations
Common diseasesUncommon diseasesPathogenesis
VetReproPath.com
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Normal Anatomy
“Recent” changes
Testis
Vaginal tunics
Deferent duct
Vesicular gland
Head of penis
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Some cells of the testis
Seminiferous tubuleTesticular sustentacular (Sertoli) cellsGerm cells
SpermatogoniaSpermatocytesSpermatids
Interstitial endocrine cells
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Spermatic GranulomaMale tract is a unique area immunologically
Spermatozoa are outside the bodyBlood testis barrier
Spermatozoa are immunogenicspermiostasisspermatocelespermatic granuloma
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Spermatic granulomas
Think its pus?Its probably not!
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Male Reproductive PathologyScrotal contents
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Clinical scenarioDog with swollen scrotum – why?
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Dog with swollen scrotumConsider anatomy and physiology
Scrotal skinVaginal tunicsTestisEpididymisSpermatic cord (cremaster muscle, deferent duct and pampiniform plexus)Inguinal ring and areaSuperficial inguinal (scrotal) lymph node.
Any enlargement of a scrotum or contents can result in swelling
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Ancillary testsurinalysissemen evaluationfine needle aspiration/impression smearsincisional biopsyexcisional biopsy
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Scrotal skin disease Phase 3 Dermatology/Dermatopathology
Can be secondary to periorchitis/epididymitis
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Vaginal tunicsPeriorchitis
All species gets thisOften from epididymitisCan be from peritonitis
Cat is exceptionFeline infectious peritonitis
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Testis: SmallHypoplasia
systemic and or localreduced tubular size, lengthgerm cell numberCauses• hereditary? • Disorders of Sexual Development
– Sex chromosome DSD - XXY cats, freemartin– XX testicular DSD – dogs, goats– XY testicular DSD – all species
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Testis: SmallHypoplasia
All these testes were from rams of the same age
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Testis: SmallCryptorchidism
XY testicular DSDWhy was there maldescent• genetic• hormonal• structural• environmental (outbreaks)
DSD = Disorder of Sexual Development
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Testis: SmallIs it a cryptorchid?
All species• Serum hormone testing
Cat• Penile barbs
Dog• Palpate prostate
Horse• rectal palpation
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Testis: Small
Your dog is a cryptorchid – why neuter?Adverse outcomes of cryptorchidism•Torsion•Neoplasia•Reduced fertility•Heritable trait
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Testis: SmallAtrophy/degeneration
Atrophy is gross term, degeneration is histologyBrown coloration
MineralizationFibrosis
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Testis: Large Compensatory hypertrophyNeoplasia
DDX epididymitisDog• sustentacular (Sertoli) cell tumor• interstitial cell tumor• seminoma
Horse• seminoma (old), teratoma (young)
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Testis: Large; neoplasia Sustentacular (Sertoli) cell tumor
Is white and tough
Hyperestrogenism• Feminisation• Gynecomastia• Alopecia• Bone marrow suppression
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Testis: Large; neoplasia Interstitial cell tumour
Tan with haemorrhage
Testis is brown from?
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Testis: Large; neoplasia Seminoma
Dog• White, bulges and is
homogeneousHorse
• Pale yellow and lobulated
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Testis: TorsionTesticular torsion
Retained testisStallions
+ retained testis + sustentacular (Sertoli) cell tumor
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EpididymisEpididymis is one duct and meters long.‘Too big or too small”Congenital disease
Spermatic granuloma of the epididymal headHypoplasiaSegmental aplasia of mesonephric duct
Epididymitis