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MTICTechnology & Its
ImportanceBy
Prof. (Dr.) Vijay Kr Khurana
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Topics in Syllabus Science vs Technology
Technology & Wealth of Nations
Technology & Firm Specific Knowledge
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Questions in Univ Exams
Science, Discovery, Invention & Innovation Technology, its characteristics
Technology for competitive advantage of firm
Technology for firm specific knowledge
Technology for economic prosperity / wealth of
nation
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What is Science?
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What is Science? Science mainly deals with the natural world. It is
the study of the natural laws, which govern theuniverse. Examples ??
Science is public and universal knowledge.
Science is genrally a boon for all human-beings.
Utility of science does not undergo change with thepassage of time. Scientific development usuallyfollows stages like discovery and growth.
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What is ScientificDiscovery?
Scientific Discovery results in something novel tothe society / the world. It does not mean merediscovery of new use, new arrangement or newreorganization of existing scientific principles /existing scientific laws, existing technology or its
related products or services. Rather it focuses on finding some new scientific
principle or scientific law etc.
What is new ?
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What is ScientificDiscovery?
Scientific Discovery means a new scientificprinciple, new technology, new product or newservice means that these did not exist before orhave been invented / introduced recently or havebeen invented / introduced for the first time.
What is nature of scientific discovery? What are the steps in scientific discovery?
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
It is a highly creative process.
The scientific discovery results into some novelscientific principle / new scientific law etc.
The ideas for scientific research and discovery cancome from following sources:
Inspiration - Deduction - Induction
It can be both systematic and unsystematic.
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
. Contd Scientific research and discovery leads to increaseof overall scientific knowledge
Scientific research and discovery usually focusses
on discovering previosly unknown scientificprinciples or scientific laws, which already hiddenlyexist i.e it is usually past and present oriented.
Many a times, scientific research is pursued even if
immediate costs are more than immediate benefits.
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
. ExampleThe Hubble Space Telescope was launched by NASA,USA in April 1990 and put in the orbit of the Earth.During the last sixteen years, four servicing of thetelescope have already been carried out to keep itfunctioning. Some of discoveries made are as under:
Galaxy evolution : Images have revealedexistence of around 3000 galaxies, some asold as 10 billion years.
Black holes : Captured proof of the existenceof black holes. Most of them are severalbillion times the mass of the sun.
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
. Example Contd Birth of planets : Images of the flatteneddisks of gas and dust revealed the birthplacesof new planets.
Age of cosmos : Observations of burned-outstars helped the scientists to predict the ageof galaxy to be 12-13 billion years old.
Impact of comets : Views of Comet Shoe-
maker-Levy 9s collision with the planet
Jupiter provided information on danger ofimpacts of collision of comets.
Discovery of new planets : Images have helpedscientists to locate new planets in the milkyway.
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
Example Large Hydron Collider
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
Example . Large Hydron Collider
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
Example Large Hydron Collider
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world'slargest and highest-energy particle accelerator.
It was built in collaboration with over 10,000scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, aswell as hundreds of universities and laboratories.
The collider is contained in a circular tunnel, with acircumference of 27 kilometres (17 mi), at a depthranging from 50 to 175 metres (160 to 574 ft)underground.
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
Example Large Hydron Collider
The Large Hadron Collider is nearly 30 years in themaking - and costs the member countries of CERNand other participating countries an estimated4.6billion (about US$ 6.4 billion).
It was built by the European Organization forNuclear Research (CERN), with the aim of allowingphysicists to test the predictions of differenttheories of particle physics and high-energy
physics, and particularly for the existence of thehypothesized Higgs boson and of the large family ofnew particles predicted by supersymmetry.
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
Example Large Hydron Collider
Every time physicists come up with particleaccelerators, critics come up with doomsdayscenarios on how this experiment will destroy Earth:black holes, killer strange-lets, magnetic monopoles,
and vacuum bubbles.
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
Example International Space Station
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
Example International Space Station
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
Example International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is ahabitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit.
The ISS programme is a joint project between fiveparticipating space agencies, the American NASA,
the Russian RKA, the Japanese JAXA, the EuropeanESA, and the Canadian CSA.. The ISS serves as a microgravity and space
environment research laboratory in which crewmembers conduct experiments in biology, human
biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and otherfields
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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?
Example International Space Station
The ownership and use of the space station isestablished by intergovernmental treaties andagreements. The station is divided into twosections, the Russian orbital segment (ROS) and the
United States orbital segment (USOS), which isshared by many nations.
Wh t th t i
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What are the steps inScientific Discovery?
1. Statement of Problem, Purpose or ResearchQuestion
2. Hypothesis Formulation
3. Listing of Materials Required
4. Laying Down Procedure for Conducting Research /Experiment
5. Experimentation, Observations and Data Collection
6. Conclusion
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What is Technology ?
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What is Technology ? Technologyhas been derived from Greek word
techno-logia Techno means an art or skill andLogia means science or study. Thus technologymeans systematic treatment of, art or study.
According to Oxford English Dictionary -
Technology is application of scientific knowledge forpractical purposes.
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What is Technology ?
Technology means - the totality of the meansemployed to provide objects necessary for humansustenance and comfort. Objects include not onlygoods but services, i.e. technology is not restrictedto hardware but may include know-how andsoftware.
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What is Technology ?The meaning of Technology, in different contexts, is
as under:- Totality of various technologies vs a specific /particular technology
Technology as technical means - people use to
improve their surroundings. Technology as tool as a device or implement usedfor a particular task
Technology as technique - - a way of doing
something or some practical skill Technology as a cultural force which forms orchanges culture
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What is nature of Technology ? It involves purposive applications of various fields
of sciences and scientific knowledge. It is used to provide objects (like products,
machinery, tools, services etc.) necessary for humansustenance and comfort.
It is not restricted to hardware, but also includesknow-how and software.
It has both public & private components.
Examples ????
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What is nature of Technology ? It is complex in nature- most modern tools are
difficult to understand as to how to manufacture orhow to use or both.
It is dependent on other technologies.
It has high degree of valence large multitude oftypes or variations of the same product.
It is big in scale dominates modern life
Technology carries different meaning to differentpeople in different situations.
Examples ???
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Constituents / Atlas of Technology ?
a. Following are the Parts / Attributes / Constituentsof Technology: Body of certain scientific principles and
scientific laws
Related group of applications (like products,services or processes or improvements thereof)
A specific set of artifacts (set of equipmentslike machinery, tool etc)
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Constituents / Atlas of Technology ?
a. contd .
Specific knowledge expressed in a cluster oftechniques for investigation, measurement andapplication
Operational experience and know-how (like
prodcution skills etc.) Organization - expressed in terms of structure &
systems (for developing and delivering itsapplications).
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Constituents / Atlas of Technology ?
b. Atlas of Technology
Technoware object or hardware embodiedtechnology
Humanware person embodied technology
Infoware documents, Specifications, procedures,methods
Orgaware institution embodied or support nettechnology
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What are the differences betweenScience and Technology
Wh h diff b
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What are the differences betweenScience and Technology
Many times, two terms are used interchangeably
Thin line of demarcation between the two terms
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What are the differences betweenScience and Technology
1. Science largely deals with the natural world.
Technology largely deals with the human-made world2 Science mainly focusses on understanding scientific
principles / scientific laws
Technology mainly focusses on doing i.e. it isapplication oriented
3. Science is public and universal knowledge
Technology comprises both public and privateknowledge
Wh t th diff b t
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What are the differences betweenScience and Technology
4 . Scientific research and discovery leads to increase
of overall scientific knowledge Technology development leads to innovation of new
products, services or processes5. Utility of science does not undergo change with the
passage of time. Technology and the product, service or process
associated with it, undergo changes like thebiological concept of a life cycle (i.e. birth, growth,
maturity & death)
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What are the differences betweenScience and Technology
6. Scientific research and discovery is pursued even
if costs may sometimes exceed benefits Technology development is manytimes guided by
cost vs benefit analysis7. Science is generally useful for all human-beings
Technology provides specific advantages to ownerand users (and some disadvantages to society)
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What are the differences betweenScience and Technology
8. Scientific research and discovery usually focusses
on discovering previosly unknown scientificprinciples or scientific laws, which already hiddenlyexist i.e it is usually past and present oriented
Technology development is mostly present and
future oriented i.e. deals with finding solutions topresent problems and developing future applications
9 . Scientific research and discovery precedestechnology development
Technology development succeeds / followsscientific research and discovery
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Technology & Wealth of Nations
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Technology & Wealth of Nations
History of last 500 years of the world suggests
that technological progress is crucial for militarystrength of a nation and its survival as an entity.
Not only militarily, it is crucial for economicprogress of nations as well.
Due to technological progress, USA, WesternEurope & Japan etc are able to ensure continuedeconomic progress despite temporary ups & downs.
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Technology & Wealth of Nations
a. In domestic market, a nation and its firms, having
better and advanced technology can enjoy followingadvantages :
Improved and efficient functioning of variousorganizations in the nation
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Technology & Wealth of Nations
a. ..contd .
Technological progress and infusion brings majorchanges and improvements in the overall functioningof organizations leading to transformations viz.transformation in Banking Sector, Telecom Sector
etc. Enhanced capability to fight foreign competition
and thus retaining control over strategic nationaleconomic assets
Stability in sales and profits of business firms;stable growth of sales and profits
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Technology & Wealth of Nations
a. ...contd .
Regular employment generation and high standardsof living
Lesser probability of occurance of economicrecession and lesser adverse impact of economic
recession if it occurs Relative stability in national income
Growth of national economy
T h l & W lth f N ti
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Technology & Wealth of Nationsa. contd .
Proper management of natural disasters and other
crisis like earthquake, tsunami, floods, droughts, oilspills etc; and faster recovery from such disastersand crisis
Proper management of law and order, terrorism,
internal security, and crossborder movements Better infrastructure and facilities like medical
facilities etc; and better infrastructuremanagement
Development of technologies for conserving andstrengthening natural resource base; for protectingflora & fauna ; and environment
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Technology & Wealth of Nations
b. In external markets, a nation and its firms having
better and advanced technology can enjoy followingadvantages :
Technological competitive advantage
Boost to exports
Forex earnings through exports Disposal of surplus to external markets thus
maintaining stability in domestic prices
Monopoly & high prices for hi-tech products in theinternational markets
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Technology & Wealth of Nations
b. contd
Earnings from external markets provide additionalfunds for supporting research & development athome
Globalisation of operations leading to benefits of
economies of scale of mass production, and costreduction by procuring low cost resources / inputsfrom anywhere in the world.
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Technology & Wealth of Nations
b. contd
Facilitates outbound Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) by domestic firms leading to earnings throughcaptive exports, repatriation of profits, sale ofmachinery, sale of components and sub-assemblies
etc. Earnings through technolgy transfer agreements
Employment generation & high standards of living
As the total size of the national economy becomes
bigger due to participation in international busniess,chances of domestic stagnation / recession decline
.
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Technology & Wealth of Nationsb. contd
Growth of national economy Developing international reputation and attractingoverseas investors
A prominent role for the nation in the international
economic matters and international decision- making Increase of national influence over other countries
Enables the nation to monitor movement of its ships,cargos and other resources in the world by using
various technologies like Global PositioningSystem(GPS) etc.
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Technology & Firm specific Knowledge
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Technology & Firm specific Knowledge Technology development provides unique / specific
ownership advantages to a business firm, which areknown as firm-specific knowledge or firm-specificadvantages.
This firm specific knowledge may be heldtemporarily or permanenetly; and are held
exclusively. It includes intangible assets such as technical
expertise, technical knowhow, processknowhow orpatents etc.
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Technology & Firm specific Knowledge contd
The firm specific knowledge provides some sort ofoperational and competitive advantages to the ownerbusiness firm and put its competitors in relativelydisadvantageous position.
These firm-specific advantages promise superiorreturns to the owner firm over its competitors.
These firm-specific advantages enable a businessenterprise / MNC to move into foreign markets andbecome successful in foreign markets despite high
operating costs and problems, (particularly in initialyears).
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Technology & Firm specific KnowledgeImportance / Significance of Firm Specific Knowledge /
Strategic Management of Technology (SMOT)
Improvement in quality thus leading to high qualityproducts
Minimum life cycle costs of product development
Substantially reduced production costs Shorter lead times from R&D design to commercialproduction
High levels of flexibility in responding to changing
market conditions.
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Technology & Firm specific Knowledge contd
Taking advantage of economics of scale (volume/ massproduction) & economics of scope (variety)
Reduction in number of machine tools required tomanufacture parts
Reduction in floor space requirements due to bettermachinery designing and spatial arrangement
Reduction in labour requirements by better utilizationof technlogical strengths
Increase in machine utilization rate by removingbottlenecks
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Technology & Firm specific Knowledge contd
Reduction in work in process & finished goodsinventories
Reduction in overall cycle time
Simplification of production scheduling, better work
flow Increase in manufacturing capacity
Higher efficiency & higher productivity
Shared use of design & manufacturing data across
different divisons of the organization and itsbusiness partners
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Technology & Firm specific Knowledge contd
Flexibility in design & manufacturing operations
Increased ability to enter new markets quickly,faster introduction of new products
Improved management control
Shortened delivery time for customers Reduced material handling
Increased safety of workforce and consumers
Enhanced capability to fight foreign competition
Stability in sales and profits of business firms;stable growth of sales and profits
T h l & Fi ifi K l d
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Technology & Firm specific Knowledge contd
Increased earnings through exports
Monopoly & high prices for hi-tech products in theinternational markets
Facilitates outbound Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)by domestic firms leading to earnings through captiveexports, repatriation of profits, sale of machinery,sale of components and sub-assemblies etc.
Earnings through technolgy transfer agreements
Technological progress and infusion brings majorchanges and improvements in the overall functioningof organizations leading to transformations viz.
transformation in Banking Sector, TelecomSector etc.