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Managing the Erythrina Gall Wasp
Problem in Hawaii by Classical
Biological Control
Juliana Yalemar, Walter Nagamine, Mohsen Ramadan
and Renato Bautista
Biological Control Section
Plant Pest Control Branch
Plant Industry Division
State of Hawaii
Department of Agriculture
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The Target Pest: Erythrina Gall Wasp
• Initial discovery of pest in Hawaii (Oahu, April 2005)
1 mm1.5 mm
Adult Wasps
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The developing wasp causes formation
of galls and deformities in plant tissues
Plant Damage
Pupa
Adults
L
Larva
Eggs
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Impact of Gall Wasp Infestation on
Erythrina Plants
– Before gall wasp invasion • Shortly after gall wasp invasion
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Costs of Gall Wasp Infestation
Large-scale destruction of trees
Decimation of Erythrina trees
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Extent of Gall Wasp Spread in Hawaii
April 19, 2005
Oct. 2005
July 2005
July 2005
July 2005
Aug. 2005
in the major island chain
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Control Methods
• Mechanical
• Chemical
• Classical biological control
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Classical Biological Program
OriginLiterature Search –
Natural enemiesForeign
Exploration
Quarantine Evaluation Approval for Release Field Evaluation
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Foreign Exploration for Natural Enemies
of the Erythrina Gall Wasp
Dec. 2005 - East & South
Africa (HDOA)
Feb. 2006 - Collection from
Kenya
March 2006 -South Africa
(UH)
April 2006 - West West
Africa (UH)
Jan. 2007 - Tanzania (HDOA)
Sept. 2008 – Tanzania
(HDOA)
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Natural Enemies of the Erythrina
Gall Wasp Collected in Africa
Eurytoma erythrinae Aprostocetus nitens
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Biology of the gall wasp natural enemy,
Eurytoma erythrinae
Egg: 3 d
Larva: 11 d
Pupa: 4 d
Total Life Cycle: 18 d
Adult Life Span: 40.4 ± 2.2 d
Egg Eurytomid larva
Pupa Feeds on more than one host
An ectoparasitoid, its
development consists of
the following stages:
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Pictorials of Non-target Gall Formers Assayed
J. microcarpae
Ophelimus sp. T. ovatus
P. utilis
P. alani
E. xanthochaeta
Trioza sp.
Photo by Starr & Kim
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12M
ean
No
. o
f V
isit
s
F. micro
carp
a
P. cat
tleianu
m
Eucal
yptu
s sp
.
M. p
olym
orph
a
L. c
amar
a
A. rip
aria
A.ade
noph
ora
Host Plants
Host Preference by the Eurytomid
Non-target
host plants
E. variegata
(Control)
a a
a
a
a
a a
b
b
bb
b
b
b
.
.
.
.
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Mean
no
. o
f em
erg
ed
para
sit
oid
s
J. m
icro
carp
ae
T. o
vatus
Oph
elim
us sp.
Trio
za sp.
E. X
anthoc
haeta
P. a
lani
P. u
tilis
Gall formers
Emergence of the Eurytomid
Non-target
hosts
EGW
a a a a a a a
b
b
b
b
b bb
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Summary of Risk Assessment Activities
• Started March 2006, completed Dec. 2006
• EA submitted, 2007
• Release permit approved Nov. 2008
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Field Evaluation of the Eurytomid Parasitoid:
Pre- and Post-Release
• Four locations on each island were pre-selected as monitoring sites
• Trees (up to 10) per site were designated as sampling units
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Field Monitoring of EGW and Eurytomid
Parasitoid: Experimental Protocol
• Assess EGW damage on trees by rating up to
20 young shoots.
• Rate tree canopy using an arbitrary rating scale.
• Measure diameter and length of 10 young
branches per tree; rate damage in each branch.
• Take photo images of trees and branches.
• Sample plant parts to quantify impact of
parasitism with gall dissection and adult
emergence (parasitoid & gall wasp) data.
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How the Eurytomid Parasitoid
has Fared in the Host Habitat:
Findings from Microscopic
Examination of Erythrina galls
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1/09
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2/09 3/09 4/09 5/09 6/09 8/09 9/09 10/09
% P
ara
sitis
m
Liliuokalani Botanical Garden Kealia Trail
10/099/096/095/094/093/092/09
Parasitism of Erythrina Gall Wasp by E. erythrinae
% Live EGW
% EGW with Probing Marks
% Live E. erythrinae
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Implications of Findings
• Eurytoma population increasing
• Higher population affecting all stages of
EGW
• Trees in some sites doing better than others
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Unknown Eupelmid sp. in the Field
Less than 5% parasitism rate
85 % of Eupelmids found in
dissections - parasitizing EGW
Egg
Larva
Adult
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Another Promising Natural Enemy of
EGW
Aprostocetus nitens
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Biology of Aprostocetus sp.
• Ectoparasitoid
• Parthenogenic
• Duration of life cycle
~18 days
• Avg. longevity ~ 101
days
Aprostocetus larva
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Risk Assessment of Aprostocetus
• Host specificity tests completed – May 2009
• Seven non-target gall formers were tested
• Five replications – Choice Tests
• Three replications – No Choice Tests
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Summary of Results
• Preference of EGW
• Occasional landing on non-targets
• No emergence of Aprostocetus nitens
from non targets
• No evidence of parasitism in galls
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Acknowledgments
The Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA)
appreciates and extends gratitude to the following:
. Leyla Kaufmann, Entomology Department, University of
Hawaii (UH), who currently collaborates with HDOA in field
evaluation of the eurytomid parasitoid.
. Cynthia King, Department of Land and Natural Resources,
for her assistance in field data collection.
• DOFAW (Rob Hauff) – for providing funds for the project in part.
. USDA-APHIS-PPQ – for providing funds to the project in part.
. City and County of Honolulu
. NARS