Promoting dialogue, debate and change
Mapping declarations and statements on communication for development
©PanosLondon,July2007
Formoreinformation,contact:
PanosLondon9WhiteLionStreetLondonN19PDUnitedKingdom
tel+44(0)2072781111fax+44(0)2072780345
978-1-870670-11-1
PanosLondonispartoftheworldwidePanosNetworkofindependent
institutesworkingtoensureinformationisusedeffectivelytofosterdebate,pluralismanddemocracy.Formoreinformationseewww.panos.org
Extractedandsummarisedtextfromselecteddeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopment.
PanosLondonwishestoacknowledgetheoriginalsourceofthedeclarationsandstatements(thepagenumbersrefertothisdocument):UN(p2,p31,p40);UNESCO(p3,p9,p13,p15,p46,p47);WorldHealthOrganization(p11);UNEconomicCommissionforAfrica(p18,p41);ThePeople’sCommunicationCharter(p19);theMediaInstituteofSouthernAfrica(p22);WorldSummitontheInformationSociety(p24,p32);UNDP(p28,p37,p45);CommissionforAfrica(p29);UKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(p34);BBCWorldServiceTrust(p35);theNewGlocalTimes(p38);andWorldCongressonCommunicationforDevelopment(p39).
2 1948TheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights
3 1980TheMacBrideReport
9 1991DeclarationofWindhoek
11 1992DeclarationofAlmaAta
13 1994DeclarationofSantiago
15 1996DeclarationofSana’a
18 1996UNECAAfricanInformationSocietyInitiative(AISI)
19 1993ThePeople’sCommunicationCharter
22 2001AfricanCharteronBroadcasting
24 2003WSISDeclarationofPrinciples
28 2003UNDPAccesstoInformation
29 2005CommissionforAfrica:Ourcommoninterest
31 2005UNWorldSummitOutcome(MDGs)
32 2005WSISTunisAgendafortheInformationSociety
34 2006DFIDEliminatingworldpoverty:Makinggovernanceworkforthepoor(WhitePaper)
35 2006AMDIStrengtheningAfrica’sprivateindependentmedia
Contents
37 2006UNDPCommunicationforEmpowerment
38 2006Whatdotheythink?Policy-makersandtheroleofcommunicationfordevelopment.Aperceptionstudyconductedin2005–2006andpolicy-makers’perceptionsofcommunicationfordevelopment:twosurveys12yearsapartbothbyColinFraser&SoniaResrepoEstrada
39 2006WCCDRomeConsensus
40 2006UNDeliveringasone:Reportofthesecretary-general’shigh-levelpanel
41 2006STREAMAfricanframeworkforthedevelopmentofasustainableandpluralisticmedia
45 2007UNDPTowardsaCommonUNsystemapproach:HarnessingcommunicationtoachievetheMDGs(draft)Paperfor10thinter-agencyroundtable
46 2007UNESCOTowardsacommonUNsystemapproach:TheroleofcommunicationfordevelopmentinachievingtheMDGsPaperfor10thinter-agencyroundtable
47 200710thInter-agencyroundtableoncommunicationfordevelopment:Recommendations
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 2
backtocontentspage
Recommendations Media
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Privatesector
Article 19 Everyonehastherighttofreedomofopinionandexpression;thisrightincludesfreedomtoholdopinionswithoutinterferenceandtoseek,receiveandimpartinformationandideasthroughanymediaandregardlessoffrontiers.
Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors.
1948 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Nospecificrecommendationsforgovernment.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Recommendations Donors
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 3
Recommendations All
backtocontentspage
1 [Werecommendtheestablishmentof]commonaimsandcommonvaluesinthesphereofcommunication,basedoncommoninterestsinaworldofinterdependence.
2 Theutmostimportanceshouldbegiventoeliminatingimbalancesanddisparitiesincommunicationanditsstructures,andparticularlyininformationflows.
5 Ourcallforreflectionandactionisaddressedbroadlytogovernmentsandinternationalorganizations,topolicy-makersandplanners,tothemediaandprofessionalorganizations,toresearchers,communicationpractitioners,toorganizedsocialgroupsandthepublicatlarge.
5 Developingcountriestakespecificmeasurestoestablishordevelopessentialelementsoftheircommunicationsystems:printmedia,broadcastingandtelecommunicationsalongwiththerelatedtrainingandfacilities.
6 (…)regionalnetworksshouldbesetuptoincreasenewsflowsandserveallthemajorlanguagegroupsinthearea.Nationally,theagenciesshouldbuttressthegrowthofbothurbanandruralnewspaperstoserveasthecoreofacountry’snewscollectionanddistributionsystem.
7 Nationalbookproductionshouldbeencouraged.
8 Thedevelopmentofcomprehensivenationalradionetworks,capableofreachingremoteareas,shouldtakepriorityoverthedevelopmentoftelevision.
12 Essentialcommunicationneedstobemetincludetheextensionofbasicpostalservicesandtelecommunicationnetworks.
13 Developmentofacommunitypressinruralareasandsmalltowns.
14 Utilizationoflocalradio,low-costsmallformattelevisionandvideosystemsandotherappropriatetechnologieswouldfacilitatetheproductionofprogrammesrelevanttocommunitydevelopmentefforts,stimulateparticipationandprovideopportunityfordiversifiedculturalexpression.
15 Theeducationalandinformationaluseofcommunicationshouldbegivenequalprioritywithentertainment...educationsystemsshouldprepareyoungpeopleforcommunicationactivities.
18 Itisnotsufficienttourgethatcommunicationbegivenahighpriorityinnationaldevelopment;possiblesourcesofinvestmentfinancemustbeidentified.
19 Amajorinternationalresearchanddevelopmentefforttoincreasethesupplyofpaper.
21 Theelectro-magneticspectrumandgeostationaryorbit,bothfinitenaturalresources,shouldbemoreequitablysharedasthecommonpropertyofmankind.
22 Promotionofdialoguefordevelopmentasacentralcomponentofbothcommunicationanddevelopmentpolicies.
23 Inpromotingcommunicationpolicies,specialattentionshouldbegiventotheuseofnon-technicallanguageandcomprehensiblesymbols,imagesandformstoensurepopularunderstandingofdevelopmentissuesandgoals.
25 Settingupnationalmechanismstopromoteparticipationanddiscussionofsocialprioritiesintheacquisitionorextensionofnewcommunicationtechnologies.
26 Indevelopingcountriesthepromotionofautonomousresearchanddevelopmentshouldbelinkedtospecificprojectsandprogrammesatthenational,regionalandinter-regionallevels,whichareoftengearedtothesatisfactionofbasicneeds.Morefundsarenecessarytostimulateandsupportadaptivetechnologicalresearch.
1980 The MacBride Report
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 4
backtocontentspage 1980 The MacBride Report
continued
34 Developingcountriesshouldpayparticularattentionto:(a)thecorrelationbetweeneducation,scientificandcommunicationpolicies,becausetheirpracticalapplicationfrequentlyoverlaps;(b)thecreationineachcountryofoneorseveralcentresforthecollectionandutilizationoftechnicalinformationanddata,bothfromwithinthecountryandfromabroad;(c)securethebasicequipmentnecessaryforessentialdataobtainedfromremotesensing.
35 Developedcountriesshouldfosterexchangesoftechnicalinformationontheprinciplethatallcountrieshaveequalrightstofullaccesstoavailableinformation.
37 Attheinternationallevel,considerationshouldbegiventoactionwithrespectto:(a)asystematicidentificationofexistingorganizeddataprocessinginfrastructuresinvariousspecializedfields;(b)agreementonmeasuresforeffectivemulti-countryparticipationintheprogrammes,planningandadministrationofexistingordevelopingdatainfrastructures;(c)analysisofcommercialandtechnicalmeasureslikelytoimprovetheuseofinformaticsbydevelopingcountries;(d)agreementoninternationalprioritiesforresearchanddevelopmentthatisofinteresttoallcountriesinthefieldofinformatics.
42 (…)developfurthereffectivewaysbywhichtherighttoassessmassmediaperformancecanbeexercisedbythepublic.
60 Attentionshouldbepaidtothecommunicationneedsofwomen.
61 Theconcernsofchildrenandyouth,national,ethnic,religious,linguisticminorities,peoplelivinginremoteareasandtheagedandhandicappedalsodeserveparticularconsideration.
64 Thecreationofappropriatecommunicationfacilitiesatalllevels,leadingtowardsnewformsofpublicinvolvementinthemanagementofthemediaandnewmodalitiesfortheirfunding.
66 Theprogressiveimplementationofnationalandinternationalmeasuresthatwillfosterthesettingupofanewworldinformationandcommunicationorder.
67 Internationalcooperationforthedevelopmentofcommunications[should]begivenequalprioritywithandwithinothersectors(…)asinformationisabasicresourceforindividualandcollectiveadvancementandforall-rounddevelopment.
68 Thecloserelationshipbetweentheestablishmentofanewinternationaleconomicorderandthenewworldinformationandcommunicationordershouldbecarefullyconsideredbythetechnicalbodiesdealingwiththeseissues.
69 Thecommunicationdimensionshouldbeincorporatedintoexistingprogrammesandagreementsforeconomiccooperationbetweendevelopingcountries.
70 Jointactivitiesinthefieldofcommunication,whichareunderwaybetweendevelopingcountries,shouldbedevelopedfurtherinthelightoftheoverallanalysisandrecommendationsofthisReport.
71 Withrespecttocooperationinthefieldoftechnicalinformation,theestablishmentofregionalandsub-regionaldatabanksandinformationprocessingcentresandspecializeddocumentationcentresshouldbegivenahighpriority.
72 Mechanismsforsharinginformationofanon-strategicnaturecouldbeestablishedparticularlyineconomicmatters.
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 5
backtocontentspage
Recommendations Media
1980 The MacBride Report
continued
39 (…)journalismneedstoraiseitsstandardsandqualityforrecognitioneverywhereasagenuineprofession.
40 (…)journalistsrequirebroadeducationalpreparationandspecificprofessionaltraining.
43 Theadoptionofcodesofethicsatnationaland,insomecases,attheregionallevelisdesirable,providedthatsuchcodesarepreparedandadoptedbytheprofessionitself–withoutgovernmentalinterference.
45 Conventionalstandardsofnewsselectionandreporting,andmanyacceptednewsvalues,needtobereassessed…Highprofessionalstandardsareneededforjournaliststobeabletoilluminatethediverseculturesandbeliefsofthemodernworld.
46 (…)reportersbeingassignedtoforeignpostsshouldhavethebenefitoflanguagetrainingandacquaintancewiththehistory,institutions,politics,peaceandequalitywithoutforeigninterference.
62 Muchmoreattention[should]bedevotedtouseofthemediainlivingandworkingenvironments.Insteadofisolatingmenandwomen,themediashouldhelpintegratethemintothecommunity.
63 Thoseinchargeofthemediashouldencouragetheiraudiencestoplayamoreactiveroleincommunicationbyallocatingmorenewspaperspace,orbroadcastingtime,fortheviewsofindividualmembersofthepublicororganizedsocialgroups.
73 Particulareffortsshouldbeundertakentoensurethatnewsaboutotherdevelopingcountrieswithinoroutsidetheirregionreceivesmoreattentionandspaceinthemedia.
81 Allformsofcooperationamongthemedia,theprofessionalsandtheirassociations,whichcontributetothebetterknowledgeofothernationsandcultures,shouldbeencouragedandpromoted.
82 Reportingoninternationaleventsordevelopmentsinindividualcountriesinsituationsofcrisisandtensionrequiresextremecareandresponsibility.Insuchsituationsthemediaoftenconstituteoneofthefew,ifnotthesole,linkbetweencombatantsorhostilegroups.Thisclearlycastsonthemaspecialrolewhichtheyshouldseektodischargewithobjectivityandsensitivity.
80 Dueattentionshouldbepaidtotheproblemsofpeaceanddisarmament,humanrights,developmentandthecreationofanewcommunicationorder.Massmedia,bothprintedandaudiovisual,shouldbeencouragedtopublicisesignificantdocumentsoftheUnitedNations,ofUnesco,oftheworldpeacemovements,andofvariousotherinternationalandnationalorganizationsdevotedtopeaceanddisarmament.ThecurriculaofschoolsofjournalismshouldincludestudyoftheseinternationalproblemsandtheviewsexpressedonthemwithintheUnitedNations.
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 6
backtocontentspage 1980 The MacBride Report
continued
1 Communication[should]nolonger[be]regardedmerelyasanincidentalserviceanditsdevelopmentlefttochance.Recognitionofitspotentialwarrantstheformulationbyallnations,andparticularlydevelopingcountries,ofcomprehensivecommunicationpolicieslinkedtooverallsocial,cultural,economicandpoliticalgoals.Suchpoliciesshouldbebasedoninter-ministerialandinter-disciplinaryconsultationswithbroadpublicparticipation.
2 Developingnationsandmultilingualsocietiesneedtoevolvelanguagepoliciesthatpromoteallnationallanguagesevenwhileselectingsomewherenecessary,formorewidespreaduseincommunication,highereducationandadministration.
3 Aprimarypolicyobjectiveshouldbetomakeelementaryeducationavailabletoallandtowipeoutilliteracy.
4 (…)itisessentialtodevelopcomprehensivenationalcommunicationpolicieslinkedtooverallsocial,culturalandeconomicdevelopmentobjectives.
10 Adequateeducationalandtrainingfacilitiesarerequiredtosupplypersonnelforthemediaandproductionorganizations…cooperationbetweenneighbouringcountriesandwithinregionsshouldbeencouraged.
20 Tariffsfornewstransmission,telecommunicationsratesandairmailchargesforthedisseminationofnews,transportofnewspapers,periodicals,booksandaudiovisualmaterialsareoneofthemainobstaclestoafreeandbalancedflowofinformation.Thissituationmustbecorrected,especiallyinthecaseofdevelopingcountries,throughavarietyofnationalandinternationalinitiatives.
24 Devisingpolicyinstrumentsatthenationallevelinordertoevaluatethepositiveandnegativesocialimplicationsoftheintroductionofpowerfulnewcommunicationtechnologies.
27 Theconcentrationofcommunicationstechnologyinarelativelyfewdevelopedcountriesandtransnationalcorporationshasledtovirtualmonopolysituationsinthisfield.Tocounteractthesetendenciesnationalandinternationalmeasuresarerequired,amongthemreformofexistingpatentlawsandconventions,appropriatelegislationandinternationalagreements.
28 Establishmentofnationalculturalpolicies,whichshouldfosterculturalidentityandcreativity,andinvolvethemediainthesetasks.
29 Communicationandculturalpoliciesshouldensurethatcreativeartistsandvariousgrass-rootsgroupscanmaketheirvoicesheardthroughthemedia.
30 Introductionofguidelineswithrespecttoadvertisingcontentandthevaluesandattitudesitfosters,inaccordancewithnationalstandardsandpractices.
31 Inexpandingcommunicationsystems,preferenceshouldbegiventonon-commercialformsofmasscommunication.
32 Whileacknowledgingtheneedofthemediaforrevenues,waysandmeansshouldbeconsideredtoreducethenegativeeffectsthattheinfluenceofmarketandcommercialconsiderationshaveintheorganizationandcontentofnationalandinternationalcommunicationflows.
36 Developingcountriesshouldadoptnationalinformaticspoliciesasamatterofpriority.
44 Allcountriesshouldtakestepstoassureadmittanceofforeigncorrespondentsandfacilitatetheircollectionandtransmissionofnews.
54 Communicationneedsinademocraticsocietyshouldbemetbytheextensionofspecificrightssuchastherighttobeinformed,therighttoinform,therighttoprivacy,therighttoparticipateinpubliccommunication–allelementsofanewconcept,therighttocommunicate.
Recommendations Government
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 7
backtocontentspage
55 Allcountries[should]adoptmeasurestoenlargesourcesofinformationneededbycitizensintheireverydaylife.Acarefulreviewofexistinglawsandregulationsshouldbeundertakenwiththeaimofreducinglimitations,secrecyprovisionsandotherconstraintsininformationpractices.
56 Censorshiporarbitrarycontrolofinformationshouldbeabolished.
57 Specialattentionshouldbedevotedtoobstaclesandrestrictionswhichderivefromtheconcentrationofmediaownership,publicorprivate,fromcommercialinfluencesonthepressandbroadcasting,orfromprivateorgovernmentaladvertising.
58 Effectivelegalmeasuresshouldbedesignedto:(a)limittheprocessofconcentrationandmonopolization;(b)circumscribetheactionoftransnationalsbyrequiringthemtocomplywithspecificcriteriaandconditionsdefinedbynationallegislationanddevelopmentpolicies;(c)reversetrendstoreducethenumberofdecision-makersatatimewhenthemedia’spublicisgrowinglargerandtheimpactofcommunicationisincreasing;(d)reducetheinfluenceofadvertisinguponeditorialpolicyandbroadcastprogramming;(e)seekandimprovemodelswhichwouldensuregreaterindependenceandautonomyofthemediaconcerningtheirmanagementandeditorialpolicy,whetherthesemediaareunderprivate,publicorgovernmentownership.
59 Thebuildingofinfrastructuresandtheadoptionofparticulartechnologiesshouldbecarefullymatchedtotheneedformoreabundantinformationtoabroaderpublicfromapluralityofsources.
65 Communicationpolicy-makersshouldgivefargreaterimportancetodevisingwayswherebythemanagementofthemediacouldbedemocratized–whilerespectingnationalcustomsandcharacteristics.
75 TheMemberStatesofUnescoshouldincreasetheirsupporttotheOrganization’sprogrammeinthisarea.
79 Nationalcommunicationpoliciesshouldbeconsistentwithadoptedinternationalcommunicationprinciplesandshouldseektocreateaclimateofmutualunderstandingandpeacefulcoexistenceamongnations.
1980 The MacBride Report
continued
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 8
backtocontentspage 1980 The MacBride Report
continued
Recommendations Civilsociety 16 Theorganizationofcommunitylistening
andviewinggroupscouldincertaincircumstanceswidenbothentertainmentandeducationalopportunities.
74 Measurestopromotelinksandagreementsbetweenprofessionalorganizationsandcommunicationresearchersofdifferentcountriesshouldbefostered.
Recommendations Privatesector 38 Transnationalcorporationsshouldsupply
totheauthoritiesofthecountriesinwhichtheyoperate,uponrequestandonaregularbasisasspecifiedbylocallawsandregulations,allinformationrequiredforlegislativeandadministrativepurposesrelevanttotheiractivitiesandspecificallyneededtoassesstheperformanceofsuchentities.
11 Thecommunicationcomponentinalldevelopmentprojectsshouldreceiveadequatefinancing.
51 (…)Unescoshouldconveneaseriesofroundtablesatwhichjournalists,mediaexecutives,researchersandjuristscanperiodicallyreviewproblemsrelatedtotheprotectionofjournalistsandproposeadditionalappropriatemeasurestothisend.
76 BettercoordinationofthevariouscommunicationactivitieswithinUnescoandthosethroughouttheUnitedNationsSystem.
77 ItwouldbedesirablefortheUnitedNationsfamilytobeequippedwithamoreeffectiveinformationsystem,includingabroadcastcapabilityofitsownandpossiblyaccesstoasatellitesystem.
78 ConsiderationmightbegiventoestablishingwithintheframeworkofUnescoanInternationalCentrefortheStudyandPlanningofInformationandCommunication.
Recommendations Donors
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 9
Recommendations All
backtocontentspage 1991 Declaration of Windhoek
10 Theinternationalcommunityshouldasamatterofprioritydirectfundingsupporttowardsthedevelopmentandestablishmentofnon-governmentalnewspapers,magazinesandperiodicals.
16 TheUNandUNESCO,andparticularlytheIPDC,shouldinitiatedetailedresearchincooperationwithgovernmental(especiallyUNDP)andnon-governmentaldonoragencies,relevantNGOs&professionalassociationsintothefollowingareas:
i identificationofeconomicbarriers ii trainingofjournalists iii legalbarrierstotherecognitionand
effectiveoperationoftradeunionsorassociationsforjournalists,editorsandpublishers
iv aregisterofavailablefunding v thestateofpressfreedomineachcountry
inAfrica.
18 TheinternationalcommunityshouldcontributetotheachievementandimplementationoftheinitiativesandprojectssetoutintheannextothisDeclaration(theAnnexprovidesalistofinitiativesandprojectsidentifiedintheSeminar).
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia. Recommendations Media
13 ThenationalmediaandlabourrelationslawsofAfricancountriesshouldbedraftedinsuchawayastoensurethatrepresentativeassociationscanexistandfulfiltheirimportanttasksindefenceofpressfreedom.
14 AfricanGovernmentsthathavejailedjournalistsfortheirprofessionalactivitiesshouldfreethemimmediately.Journalistswhohavehadtoleavetheircountriesshouldbefreetoreturntoresumetheirprofessionalactivities.
Recommendations Government
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Recommendations Civilsociety
15 CooperationbetweenpublisherswithinAfrica,andbetweenpublishersoftheNorthandSouth,shouldbeencouragedandsupported.
Recommendations Privatesector
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 10
backtocontentspage 1991 Declaration of Windhoek
continued
8 GAoftheUNshouldincludeinitsnextsessionadeclarationofcensorshipasagraveviolationofhumanrights.
11 Allfundingshouldaimtoencouragepluralismaswellasindependence.Thepublicmediashouldbefundedonlywhereauthoritiesguaranteeaconstitutionalandeffectivefreedomofinformationandexpressionandtheindependenceofthepress.
17 TheUNandUNESCOareinvitedtorecommendtotheGAtheconveningofasimilarseminarofjournalistsandmanagersofradioandtelevisionservicesinAfrica.
Recommendations Donors
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 11
Recommendations All
backtocontentspage 1992 Declaration of Alma Ata
TheparticipantscallonUNESCOanditsIPDC,theUnitedNations,inparticulartheUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific,theUNDP,internationalprofessionalorganisations,donorcountries,foundationsandotherinterestedpartiestocontributegenerouslyto,andcooperateintheimplementationoftheseinitiatives:
1 Togiveexpertadviceandlegaldraftingassistancetoreplaceredundantpresslawsinheritedatindependencewithlawsthatcreateenforceablerightstofreedomofexpression,freedomofopinion,accesstoinformationandfreedomofthepress;toabolishmonopoliesandallformsofdiscriminationinbroadcastingandallocationoffrequencies,inprinting,newspaperandmagazinedistribution,andinnewsprintproductionanddistribution;andtoabolishbarrierstolaunchingnewpublications,anddiscriminatorytaxation.
2 Topromoteaprogrammeofnationalincountryandsubregionalseminarsand/ortrainingcourses.
3 Asamatterofurgency: a tosupporttheestablishmentofmedia
resourcecentresintheCentralAsianRepublics.
b toassistindependentmediaintheupgradingofproduction,contentandpresentationoftelevisionnewsandcurrentaffairsprogrammesthroughtheprovisionofnewtechnologyandtheexposureofstafftomodernandalternativeproductiontechniquesandvalues.
c toassistintheestablishmentofanintercountrynewsexchangeservice,inordertoincreasetheflowofinternational,nationalandregionalnewsandinformationtoandfromneighbouringcountries,andtohelpupgradetechnologyanddevelopmoreextensivecommunicationlinks.
4 Tosupporttherightofjournaliststoexercisetheirprofessionsafely,andtoestablishaprotectioncentre(orcentres)intheregion.
5 Toencouragethedevelopmentofjournalisticallyindependentpublicservicebroadcastinginplaceofexistingstatecontrolledbroadcastingstructures,andtopromotethedevelopmentofcommunityradio.
ToupgradeeducationalbroadcastingthroughsupportfordistanceeducationprogrammessuchasEnglishlanguageinstructionandformalandnonformaleducation,literacyprogrammes,andinformationprogrammesonAIDS,theenvironment,children,etc.
6 ToassistCentralAsianjournalists,editors,publishersandbroadcastersinestablishingtrulyindependentrepresentativeassociations,syndicatesortradeunionsofjournalistsandassociationsofeditors,publishersandbroadcasterswheresuchbodiesdonotyetexist.
7 Toidentifyeconomicbarrierstothecreationofnew,independentmediainCentralAsiaandinparticulartoarrangeafeasibilitystudyintoalternativemethodsofacquiringanddistributingnewsprint,alternativefacilitiesforprintinganddistributingnewspapersandmagazinesandalternativemeansofobtaininglowinterestcredit.
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 12
backtocontentspage 1992 Declaration of Alma Ata
continued
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Privatesector
Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors.
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Recommendations Donors
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia. Recommendations Media
Recommendations Government Nospecificrecommendationsfor
government.
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 13
Recommendations All
backtocontentspage 1994 Declaration of Santiago
Wedeclarethat...
3 Respectforpluralism,cultural,languageandgenderdiversityshouldbeafundamentalfactorinourdemocraticsocietiesandshouldbereflectedthroughallthemedia.
5 Ouraimistopromotethegreatestpossiblenumberofnewspapers,magazines,videos,radioandtelevisionstationsreflectingthewidestpossiblerangeofopinioninthecommunity.
Planofaction
2a Topromoteandsupportthetrainingofjournalists,broadcastersandothermediaprofessionals.
b Torecommendtomediaorganisationsintheregion,toholdameetingwithaviewtoharmonisingtheirtrainingandeducationalprogrammesandworkingmethods,andtoadaptingthemtonewtechnologies,incollaborationifnecessarywithUNESCO.
c Toencouragethereadingofbothcommunityandnationalnewspapersinschoolaslearningtools.
3a ToextendthenumberofmonitoringcentresintheLatinAmericanandtheCaribbeanregionandtolinkthemwiththeexistingIFEXActionAlertNetwork,usingjointresourcesofprofessionalnationalandinternationalorganisationswithassistancefromUNESCO.
b Inadditiontomonitoringaggressionagainstjournalists,torequestIFEXtoinvestigatethepossibilityofincludinginthemonitoringsystemseriouscasesofvisarejection,limitedmovementofjournalistsandrestrictionsonthefreeflowofinformationintheregion,amongotherpressfreedomissues.
5a Toencouragemediaorganisations,universities,researchinstitutionsandgovernmentalandintergovernmentalagenciestoconductresearchontheimpactofcommunicationtechnologydevelopmentonindigenouscommunities,withaviewtomaintainingtheirculturalidentity.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
2 AllStatesoftheregionmustbeencouragedtoprovideconstitutionalguarantiesforfreedomofexpression,freedomofthepressforallformsofmedia,freedomofassociationsandfreedomformediatradeunions.
6 Stateauthoritiesshouldmakeavailableinatimelyandreasonablemannertheinformationgeneratedbythepublicsector.
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
Recommendations Civilsociety Nospecificrecommendationsfor
civilsociety.
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 14
backtocontentspage 1994 Declaration of Santiago
continued
10 WecallontheGeneralAssemblyoftheUNtocreate‘WorldPressFreedomPrize’,tobeawardedannually,tohonourindividuals,organisationsorinstitutionsthathavecontributedsignificantlytotheadvancementoffreedomofinformation,irrespectiveofthemedium,printorelectronic.
Planofaction
1 Promotionofcommunitymediainrural,indigenousandmarginalurbanareas.(a)UNESCOtosurveythecurrentsituationofcommunitymedia,withaviewtomakingrecommendationsfortheconsiderationofthegovernmentsconcerned.(b)TorequesttheIPDCofUNESCOanddonoragenciestosupportprojectsforthecreationofnewcommunitymediaandstrengtheningexistingcommunitymediainaccordancewithinternationalnorms,especiallythosemediaservingwomen,youth,indigenouspopulationandminorities.
2d ToaskUNESCOtoconvene,incoordinationwiththeUNDPandotherUNagencies,seminarstoanalysethestatusandtheparticipationofwomeninthemedia.
3d TorequestUNESCOtoparticipate,togetherwithprofessionalorganisations,inpromotingatdifferentlevelsofsocietyawarenessoftherightofjournaliststoexercisetheirprofessionsafely.
4a TorequestUNESCOandtheITUtogetherwithprofessionalorganisations,toadvisesmallmedia,especiallyinruralandmarginalurbanareas,onavailabletechnologyoptimalfortheirneeds.
b ToaskUNESCOtosupportthecreationofnetworks,documentationcentresanddatabasesintheLatinAmericanandCaribbeancountriesinorderforjournalistsandbroadcasterstohaveaccesstointernationalinformation,aswellasmanuals,texts,compactdiscs(CDROM)andotherkindsoftrainingmaterial.
5b TorecommendthatUNESCO,incooperationwithprofessionalorganisations,conductacomparativestudyoflegislationaffectingmedia.
Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector Nospecificrecommendationsfor
privatesector.
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 15
Recommendations All
backtocontentspage
Theestablishmentoftrulyindependent,representativeassociations,syndicatesortradeunionsofjournalists,andassociationsofeditorsandpublishers,isamatterofpriorityinthoseArabcountrieswheresuchbodiesdonotnowexist.
Journalistsshouldbeencouragedtocreateindependentmediaenterprisesowned,runandfundedbythejournaliststhemselvesandsupport,ifnecessary,bytransparentendowmentswithguaranteesthatfundersdonotinterveneineditorialpolicies.
Creationofindependentnewsagenciesandprivateand/orcommunityownershipofbroadcastingmediaincludinginruralareasshouldalsobeencouraged.
Soundjournalisticpracticesarethemosteffectivesafeguardagainstgovernmentalrestrictionsandpressuresbyspecialinterestgroups.Guidelinesforjournalisticstandardsaretheconcernofthenewsmediaprofessionals.Anyattempttosetdownstandardsandguidelinesshouldcomefromthejournaliststhemselves.Disputesinvolvingthemediaand/orthemediaprofessionalintheexerciseoftheirprofessionareamatterforthecourtstodecide,andsuchcasesshouldbetriedundercivilandnotcriminalcodesandprocedures.
Recommendations Media
Recommendations Government
1996 Declaration of Sana’a
ArabStatesshouldprovide,andreinforcewheretheyexist,constitutionalandlegalguaranteesoffreedomofexpressionandofpressfreedomandshouldabolishthoselawsandmeasuresthatlimitthefreedomofthepress;governmenttendenciestodrawlimits/’redlines’outsidethepurviewofthelawrestrictthesefreedomsandareunacceptable.
Anylegalandadministrativeobstaclestotheestablishmentofindependentjournalists’organisationsshouldberemoved.Wherenecessary,labourrelationslawsshouldbeelaboratedinaccordancewithinternationalstandards.
State-ownedbroadcastingandnewsagenciesshouldbegrantedstatutesofjournalisticandeditorialindependenceasopenpublicserviceinstitutions.
ArabgovernmentsshouldcooperatewiththeUNandUNESCO,othergovernmentalandnon-governmentaldevelopmentagencies,organisationsandprofessionalassociations,inorderto:
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 16
backtocontentspage 1996 Declaration of Sana’a
continued
Recommendations Civilsociety
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Recommendations Privatesector
Seektheassistanceofnational,regionalandinternationalpressfreedomandmediaprofessionalorganisationsandotherrelevantNGOstoestablishnationalandregionalnetworksaimedatmonitoringandactingagainstviolationsoffreeexpression,tocreatedatabanksandtoprovideadviceandtechnicalassistanceincomputerisationaswellasinnewinformationandcommunicationtechnologieswiththeunderstandingthatUNDP,IPDCandotherdevelopmentpartnerswouldconsidertheseneedstobeamajorpriority.
i enactand/orreviselawswithaviewto:enforcingtherightstofreedomofexpressionandpressfreedomandlegallyenforceablefreeaccesstoinformation;eliminatingmonopolycontrolsovernewsandadvertising;puttinganendtoallformsofsocial,economicorpoliticaldiscriminationinbroadcasting,intheallocationoffrequencies,inprinting,innewspaperandmagazinedistributionandinnewsprintproductionandallocation;abolishingallbarrierstolaunchingnewpublicationsandanyformofdiscriminatorytaxation.
ii initiateactiontoremoveeconomicbarrierstotheestablishmentandoperationofnewsmediaoutlets,includingrestrictiveimportduties,tariffsandquotasforsuchthingsasnewsprint,printingequipment,typesettingandwordprocessingmachineryandtelecommunicationequipment,andtaxesonthesaleofnewspapersorotherrestrictionsonthepublic’saccesstonewsmedia.
iii improveandexpandtrainingofjournalistsandmanagers,andothermediapractitioners,withoutdiscrimination,withaviewtoupgradingtheirprofessionalstandards,alsobytheestablishmentofnewtrainingcentersinthecountrieswheretherearenone,includingYemen.
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 17
backtocontentspage 1996 Declaration of Sana’a
continued
InternationalassistanceinArabcountriesshouldaimtodevelopprintandelectronicmedia,independentofgovernmentsinordertoencouragepluralismaswellaseditorialindependence.Publicmediashouldbesupportedandfundedonlywhentheyareeditoriallyindependentandwhereaconstitutional,effectivefreedomofinformationandexpressionandtheindependenceofthepressareguaranteed.
RequestUNESCONationalCommissionoftheArabStatestohelporganisingnationalandregionalmeetingstoenhancepressfreedomandtoencouragecreationofindependentmediainstitutions.
Recommendations Donors
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 18
backtocontentspage
3 CallsupontheECA,inconsultationwithMemberStates,alongwiththeITU,UNESCO,UNCTAD,theWB,andinternationalandbilateralpartnersintheharnessingofinformationfordevelopmentpriorityareasoftheUNSystem-WideSpecialinitiativeofAfricatousetheAISIasaguidingframework.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
2 CallsuponMemberStatestoincorporatetheAISIintheirnationaldevelopmentplansaccordingtonationalneedsandpriorities.
4 UrgesMemberStatestoutilizethecapacitiesandexperiencesofnational,subregionalandregionalAfricancentresofexcellenceintheenrichmentandimplementationoftheAISI.
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
5 RequeststheExecutiveSecretaryoftheCommissionto:
takeactioninmobilisingfundingandtechnicalassistanceincooperationwithMemberStates,regionalorganisations,NGOs,theprivatesector,bilateralandinternationalpartners,torealisethegoalsoftheAISI
incorporatetheactionframeworkintothesecretariat’sworkprogrammeundernewstrategicdirectionsoftheCommissionprogrammeareaonharnessinginformationfordevelopment
setuparegionalmechanismtoassistindevelopment,follow-upandcoordinationoftheimplementationofAISIprogrammesandprojects
toestablishagender-balancedAfricantechnicalcommitteetoadviseonprogrammesandprojectsandtoevaluateresults.
Recommendations Media
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Donors
1996 UNECA African Information Society Initiative (AISI)
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 19
backtocontentspage
1 Allpeopleareentitledtobetreatedwithrespect,accordingtothebasichumanrightsstandardsofdignity,integrity,identity,andnon-discrimination.
2 Allpeoplehavetherightofaccesstocommunicationchannelsindependentofgovernmentalorcommercialcontrol.
3 Inordertoexercisetheirrights,peopleshouldhavefairandequitableaccesstolocalandglobalresourcesandfacilitiesforconventionalandadvancedchannelsofcommunication;toreceiveopinions,informationandideasinalanguagetheynormallyuseandunderstand;toreceivearangeofculturalproductsdesignedforawidevarietyoftastesandinterests;andtohaveeasyaccesstofactsaboutownershipofmediaandsourcesofinformation.Restrictionsonaccesstoinformationshouldbepermissibleonlyforgoodandcompellingreason,aswhenprescribedbyinternationalhumanrightsstandardsornecessaryfortheprotectionofademocraticsocietyorthebasicrightsofothers.
4 Therealizationofpeople’srighttoparticipatein,contributetoandbenefitfromthedevelopmentofself-reliantcommunicationstructuresrequiresinternationalassistancetothedevelopmentofindependentmedia;trainingprogramsforprofessionalmediaworkers;theestablishmentofindependent,representativeassociations,syndicatesortradeunionsofjournalistsandassociationsofeditorsandpublishers;andtheadoptionofinternationalstandards.
5 Allpeoplehavetherighttoacquireinformationandskillsnecessarytoparticipatefullyinpublicdeliberationandcommunication.Thisrequiresfacilityinreading,writing,andstorytelling;criticalmediaawareness;computerliteracy;andeducationabouttheroleofcommunicationinsociety.
6 Journalistsmustbeaccordedfullprotectionofthelaw,includinginternationalhumanitarianlaw,especiallyinareasofarmedconflict.Theymusthavesafe,unrestrictedaccesstosourcesofinformation,andmustbeabletoseekremedy,whenrequired,throughaninternationalbody.
8 Allpeoplehavetherighttoprotecttheirculturalidentity.Thisincludestherespectforpeople’spursuitoftheirculturaldevelopmentandtherighttofreeexpressioninlanguagestheyunderstand.People’srighttotheprotectionoftheirculturalspaceandheritageshouldnotviolateotherhumanrightsorprovisionsofthisCharter.
9 Allpeoplehavetherighttoadiversityoflanguages.Thisincludestherighttoexpressthemselvesandhaveaccesstoinformationintheirownlanguage,therighttousetheirownlanguagesineducationalinstitutionsfundedbythestate,andtherighttohaveadequateprovisionscreatedfortheuseofminoritylanguageswhereneeded.
10 Allpeoplehavetherighttoparticipateinpublicdecision-makingabouttheprovisionofinformation;thedevelopmentandutilizationofknowledge;thepreservation,protectionanddevelopmentofculture;thechoiceandapplicationofcommunicationtechnologies;andthestructureandpoliciesofmediaindustries.
11 Childrenhavetherighttomassmediaproductsthataredesignedtomeettheirneedsandinterestsandfostertheirhealthyphysical,mentalandemotionaldevelopment.Theyshouldbeprotectedfromharmfulmediaproductsandfromcommercialandotherexploitationathome,inschoolandatplacesofplay,work,orbusiness.Nationsshouldtakestepstoproduceanddistributewidelyhighqualityculturalandentertainmentmaterialscreatedforchildrenintheirownlanguages.
Recommendations All
1993 The People’s Communication Charter
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 20
backtocontentspage
12 Allpeoplehavearighttouniversalaccesstoandequitableuseofcyberspace.Theirrightstofreeandopencommunitiesincyberspace,theirfreedomofelectronicexpression,andtheirfreedomfromelectronicsurveillanceandintrusion,shouldbeprotected.
13 Allpeoplehavetherighttobeprotectedfromthepublicationofallegationsirrelevanttothepublicinterest,orofprivatephotographsorotherprivatecommunicationwithoutauthorization,orofpersonalinformationgivenorreceivedinconfidence.Databasesderivedfrompersonalorworkplacecommunicationsortransactionsshouldnotbeusedforunauthorizedcommercialorgeneralsurveillancepurposes.However,nationsshouldtakecarethattheprotectionofprivacydoesnotundulyinterferewiththefreedomofexpressionortheadministrationofjustice.
7 Allpeoplehavetherightofreplyandtodemandpenaltiesfordamagefrommediamisinformation.Individualsconcernedshouldhaveanopportunitytocorrect,withoutunduedelay,statementsrelatingtothemwhichtheyhaveajustifiedinterestinhavingcorrected.Suchcorrectionsshouldbegiventhesameprominenceastheoriginalexpression.
14 Peoplehavetherighttodemandthatmediaactivelycounterincitementtohate,prejudice,violence,andwar.Violenceshouldnotbepresentedasnormal,“manly”,orentertaining,andtrueconsequencesofandalternativestoviolenceshouldbeshown.Otherviolationsofhumandignityandintegritytobeavoidedincludestereotypicimagesthatdistorttherealitiesandcomplexitiesofpeople’slives.Mediashouldnotridicule,stigmatize,ordemonizepeopleonthebasisofgender,race,class,ethnicity,language,sexualorientation,andphysicalormentalcondition.
15 Peoplehavetherighttodemandthatmediarespectstandardsofdueprocessinthecoverageoftrials.Thisimpliesthatthemediashouldnotpresumeguiltbeforeaverdictofguilt,invadetheprivacyofdefendants,andshouldnottelevisecriminaltrialsinrealtime,whilethetrialisinprogress.
16 Peoplehavetherighttousefulandfactualconsumerinformationandtobeprotectedagainstmisleadinganddistortedinformation.Mediashouldavoidand,ifnecessary,exposepromotiondisguisedasnewsandentertainment(infomercials,productplacement,children’sprogramsthatusefranchisedcharactersandtoys,etc),andthecreationofwasteful,unnecessary,harmfulorecologicallydamagingneeds,wants,productsandactivities.Advertisingdirectedatchildrenshouldreceivespecialscrutiny.
Recommendations Media
1993 The People’s Communication Charter
continued
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 21
backtocontentspage
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors. Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
1993 The People’s Communication Charter
continued
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Recommendations Civilsociety
17 PeoplehavetherighttoholdmediaaccountabletothegeneralpublicandtheiradherencetothestandardsestablishedinthisCharter.Forthatpurpose,mediashouldestablishmechanisms,includingself-regulatorybodies,thatmonitorandaccountformeasurestakentoachievecompliance.
7 Statesshouldimposepenaltiesforprovendamage,orrequirecorrections,whereacourtoflawhasdeterminedthataninformationproviderhaswillfullydisseminatedinaccurateormisleadinganddamaginginformation,orhasfacilitatedthedisseminationofsuchinformation.
Recommendations Government
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 22
Recommendations All
backtocontentspage 2001 African Charter on Broadcasting
Partiii:Communitybroadcasting
2 Thereshouldbeclearrecognition,includingbytheinternationalcommunity,ofthedifferencebetweendecentralisedpublicbroadcastingandcommunitybroadcasting.
3 TherightofcommunitybroadcasterstohaveaccesstotheInternet,forthebenefitoftheirrespectivecommunities,shouldbepromoted.
Partiv:Telecommunications&convergence
3 TheinternationalcommunityandAfricangovernmentsshouldmobiliseresourcesforfundingresearchtokeepabreastoftherapidlychangingmediaandtechnologylandscapeinAfrica.
5 Trainingofmediapractitionersinelectroniccommunication,researchandpublishingskillsneedstobesupportedandexpanded.
Parti:Regulatoryissues
1 Thelegalframeworkforbroadcastingshouldincludeaclearstatementoftheprinciplesunderpinningbroadcastregulation,includingpromotingrespectforfreedomofexpression,diversity,andthefreeflowofinformationandideas,aswellasathree-tiersystemforbroadcasting:publicservice,commercialandcommunity.
2 Allformalpowersintheareasofbroadcastandtelecommunicationsregulationshouldbeexercisedbypublicauthoritieswhichareprotectedagainstinterference,particularlyofapoliticaloreconomicnature.
3 Decision-makingprocessesabouttheoverallallocationofthefrequencyspectrumshouldbeopenandparticipatory,andensurethatafairproportionofthespectrumisallocatedtobroadcastinguses.
4 Thefrequenciesallocatedtobroadcastingshouldbesharedequitablyamongthethreetiersofbroadcasting.
5 Licensingprocessesfortheallocationoffrequenciesshouldbefairandtransparent.
6 Broadcastersshouldberequiredtopromoteanddeveloplocalcontent.
7 Statesshouldpromoteaneconomicenvironmentthatfacilitatesthedevelopmentofindependentproductionanddiversityinbroadcasting.
8 Thedevelopmentofappropriatetechnologyforthereceptionofbroadcastingsignalsshouldbepromoted.
Partii:Publicservicebroadcasting
1 AllStateandgovernmentcontrolledbroadcastersshouldbetransformedintopublicservicebroadcasters.
2 PSBsshouldbegovernedbybodieswhichareprotectedagainstinterference.
3&4 ThepublicservicemandateandeditorialindependenceofPSBsshouldbeguaranteed.
5 PSBsshouldbeadequatelyfundedinamannerthatprotectsthemfromarbitraryinterferencewiththeirbudgets.
6 PSBsshouldberequiredtobroadcastminimumquotasofmaterialbyindependentproducers.
7 Thetransmissioninfrastructureusedbypublicservicebroadcastersshouldbemadeaccessibletoallbroadcasters.
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 23
backtocontentspage
Partiv:Telecommunications&convergence
2 Telecommunicationslawandpolicyshouldpromotethegoalofuniversalserviceandaccess,includingthroughaccessclausesinprivatisationandliberalisationprocesses,andproactivemeasuresbytheState.
4 AfricangovernmentsshouldpromotethedevelopmentofonlinemediaandAfricancontent.
Partv:Implementation
2 MediaorganisationsandcivilsocietyinAfricaareencouragedtousetheCharterasalobbyingtool.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Recommendations Donors Partv:Implementation
1 UNESCOshoulddistributetheAfricanCharteronBroadcastingasbroadlyaspossible.
4 UNESCOshouldundertakeanauditofthechartereveryfiveyears.
5 UNESCOshouldraisewithmembergovernmentstheimportanceofbroadcastproductionbeinggivenspecialstatusandrecognisedasculturalgoodsundertheWTOrules.
6 UNESCOshouldtakemeasurestopromotetheinclusionofthethemeofmedia,communicationsanddevelopmentinanappropriatemannerduringWSIS2003.
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
2001 African Charter on Broadcasting
continued
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 24
backtocontentspage
20 Governments,aswellasprivatesector,civilsocietyandtheUnitedNationsandotherinternationalorganizationshaveanimportantroleandresponsibilityinthedevelopmentoftheInformationSocietyand,asappropriate,indecision-makingprocesses.Buildingapeople-centredInformationSocietyisajointeffortwhichrequirescooperationandpartnershipamongallstakeholders.
48 TheInternethasevolvedintoaglobalfacilityavailabletothepublicanditsgovernanceshouldconstituteacoreissueoftheInformationSocietyagenda.TheinternationalmanagementoftheInternetshouldbemultilateral,transparentanddemocratic,withthefullinvolvementofgovernments,theprivatesector,civilsocietyandinternationalorganizations.Itshouldensureanequitabledistributionofresources,facilitateaccessforallandensureastableandsecurefunctioningoftheInternet,takingintoaccountmultilingualism.
60 WeaimatmakingfulluseoftheopportunitiesofferedbyICTsinoureffortstoreachtheinternationallyagreeddevelopmentgoals,includingthosecontainedintheMillenniumDeclaration,andtoupholdthekeyprinciplessetforthinthisDeclaration.TheInformationSocietyisintrinsicallyglobalinnatureandnationaleffortsneedtobesupportedbyeffectiveinternationalandregionalcooperationamonggovernments,theprivatesector,civilsocietyandotherstakeholders,includingtheinternationalfinancialinstitutions.
32 Contentcreators,publishers,andproducers,aswellasteachers,trainers,archivists,librariansandlearners,shouldplayanactiveroleinpromotingtheInformationSociety,particularlyintheLeastDevelopedCountries.
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
2003 WSIS Declaration of Principles
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 25
backtocontentspage
23 Policiesthatcreateafavourableclimateforstability,predictabilityandfaircompetitionatalllevelsshouldbedevelopedandimplementedinamannerthatnotonlyattractsmoreprivateinvestmentforICTinfrastructuredevelopmentbutalsoenablesuniversalserviceobligationstobemetinareaswheretraditionalmarketconditionsfailtowork.Indisadvantagedareas,theestablishmentofICTpublicaccesspointsinplacessuchaspostoffices,schools,librariesandarchives,canprovideeffectivemeansforensuringuniversalaccesstotheinfrastructureandservicesoftheInformationSociety.
26 ArichpublicdomainisanessentialelementforthegrowthoftheInformationSociety,creatingmultiplebenefitssuchasaneducatedpublic,newjobs,innovation,businessopportunities,andtheadvancementofsciences.InformationinthepublicdomainshouldbeeasilyaccessibletosupporttheInformationSociety,andprotectedfrommisappropriation.Publicinstitutionssuchaslibrariesandarchives,museums,culturalcollectionsandothercommunity-basedaccesspointsshouldbestrengthenedsoastopromotethepreservationofdocumentaryrecordsandfreeandequitableaccesstoinformation.
29 Eachpersonshouldhavetheopportunitytoacquirethenecessaryskillsandknowledgeinordertounderstand,participateactivelyin,andbenefitfullyfrom,theInformationSocietyandtheknowledgeeconomy.Literacyanduniversalprimaryeducationarekeyfactorsforbuildingafullyinclusiveinformationsociety,payingparticularattentiontothespecialneedsofgirlsandwomen.GiventhewiderangeofICTandinformationspecialistsrequiredatalllevels,buildinginstitutionalcapacitydeservesspecialattention.
30 TheuseofICTsinallstagesofeducation,trainingandhumanresourcedevelopmentshouldbepromoted,takingintoaccountthespecialneedsofpersonswithdisabilitiesanddisadvantagedandvulnerablegroups.
31 Continuousandadulteducation,re-training,life-longlearning,distance-learningandotherspecialservices,suchastelemedicine,canmakeanessentialcontributiontoemployabilityandhelppeoplebenefitfromthenewopportunitiesofferedbyICTsfortraditionaljobs,self-employmentandnewprofessions.AwarenessandliteracyinICTsareanessentialfoundationinthisregard.
33 ToachieveasustainabledevelopmentoftheInformationSociety,nationalcapabilityinICTresearchanddevelopmentshouldbeenhanced.Furthermore,partnerships,inparticularbetweenandamongdevelopedanddevelopingcountries,includingcountrieswitheconomiesintransition,inresearchanddevelopment,technologytransfer,manufacturingandutilizationofICTproductsandservicesarecrucialforpromotingcapacitybuildingandglobalparticipationintheInformationSociety.ThemanufactureofICTspresentsasignificantopportunityforcreationofwealth.
37 Spamisasignificantandgrowingproblemforusers,networksandtheInternetasawhole.Spamandcyber-securityshouldbedealtwithatappropriatenationalandinternationallevels.
39 Theruleoflaw,accompaniedbyasupportive,transparent,pro-competitive,technologicallyneutralandpredictablepolicyandregulatoryframeworkreflectingnationalrealities,isessentialforbuildingapeople-centredInformationSociety.Governmentsshouldintervene,asappropriate,tocorrectmarketfailures,tomaintainfaircompetition,toattractinvestment,toenhancethedevelopmentoftheICTinfrastructureandapplications,tomaximizeeconomicandsocialbenefits,andtoservenationalpriorities.
2003 WSIS Declaration of Principles
continued
Recommendations Government
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 26
backtocontentspage 2003 WSIS Declaration of Principles
continued
45 Theradiofrequencyspectrumshouldbemanagedinthepublicinterestandinaccordancewithprincipleoflegality,withfullobservanceofnationallawsandregulationaswellasrelevantinternationalagreements.
46 InbuildingtheInformationSociety,Statesarestronglyurgedtotakestepswithaviewtotheavoidanceof,andrefrainfrom,anyunilateralmeasurenotinaccordancewithinternationallawandtheCharteroftheUnitedNationsthatimpedesthefullachievementofeconomicandsocialdevelopmentbythepopulationoftheaffectedcountries,andthathindersthewell-beingoftheirpopulation.
47 RecognizingthatICTsareprogressivelychangingourworkingpractices,thecreationofasecure,safeandhealthyworkingenvironment,appropriatetotheutilisationofICTs,respectingallrelevantinternationalnorms,isfundamental.
49a PolicyauthorityforInternet-relatedpublicpolicyissuesisthesovereignrightofStates.TheyhaverightsandresponsibilitiesforinternationalInternet-relatedpublicpolicyissues.
51 TheusageanddeploymentofICTsshouldseektocreatebenefitsinallaspectsofourdailylife.ICTapplicationsarepotentiallyimportantingovernmentoperationsandservices,healthcareandhealthinformation,educationandtraining,employment,jobcreation,business,agriculture,transport,protectionofenvironmentandmanagementofnaturalresources,disasterprevention,andculture,andtopromoteeradicationofpovertyandotheragreeddevelopmentgoals.ICTsshouldalsocontributetosustainableproductionandconsumptionpatternsandreducetraditionalbarriers,providinganopportunityforalltoaccesslocalandglobalmarketsinamoreequitablemanner.Applicationsshouldbeuser-friendly,accessibletoall,affordable,adaptedtolocalneedsinlanguagesandcultures,andsupportsustainabledevelopment.Tothiseffect,localauthoritiesshouldplayamajorroleintheprovisionofICTservicesforthebenefitoftheirpopulations.
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 27
backtocontentspage 2003 WSIS Declaration of Principles
continued
49c CivilsocietyhasalsoplayedanimportantroleonInternetmatters,especiallyatcommunitylevel,andshouldcontinuetoplaysucharole.
41 ICTsareanimportantenablerofgrowththroughefficiencygainsandincreasedproductivity,inparticularbysmallandmediumsizedenterprises(SMEs).Inthisregard,thedevelopmentoftheInformationSocietyisimportantforbroadly-basedeconomicgrowthinbothdevelopedanddevelopingeconomies.ICT-supportedproductivitygainsandappliedinnovationsacrosseconomicsectorsshouldbefostered.Equitabledistributionofthebenefitscontributestopovertyeradicationandsocialdevelopment.Policiesthatfosterproductiveinvestmentandenablefirms,notablySMEs,tomakethechangesneededtoseizethebenefitsfromICTs,arelikelytobethemostbeneficial.
49b TheprivatesectorhashadandshouldcontinuetohaveanimportantroleinthedevelopmentoftheInternet,bothinthetechnicalandeconomicfields.
36 Whilerecognizingtheprinciplesofuniversalandnon-discriminatoryaccesstoICTsforallnations,wesupporttheactivitiesoftheUnitedNationstopreventthepotentialuseofICTsforpurposesthatareinconsistentwiththeobjectivesofmaintaininginternationalstabilityandsecurity,andmayadverselyaffecttheintegrityoftheinfrastructurewithinStates,tothedetrimentoftheirsecurity.Itisnecessarytopreventtheuseofinformationresourcesandtechnologiesforcriminalandterroristpurposes,whilerespectinghumanrights.
Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 28
backtocontentspage 2003 UNDP Access to Information
ProvidesanoverviewofUNDPworkonAccesstoInformationandalistofotherorganisationsworkinginthefield–norecommendations.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
Nospecificrecommendationsforgovernment.
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors. Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 29
backtocontentspage 2005 Commission for Africa: Our common interest
p143Africanmediawouldbenefitfromaregionalorcontinentalmediareferencepoint.Independentmediainstitutions,publicservicebroadcasters,civilsocietyandtheprivatesector,withsupportfromgovernments,shouldformaconsortiumofpartners,inAfricaandoutside,toprovidefundsandexpertisetocreateanAfricanmediadevelopmentfacility.
p154Onethingthathasemergedfromallourconsiderationsonissuesofgovernanceandcapacityistheimportanceofgoodinformationandcommunication.
p35 Africa’sjournalistshaveacrucialroleinholdingthegovernmenttoaccountandexposingcorruptionandinefficiency.Butatpresentitsjournalistsarenotsufficientlyfreeorprofessional.Theyneedmoretraining,inbothjournalistictechniquesandprofessionalethics.
p63 TobuildthenecessarypoliticalwillAfricaneedstobecomeanissuethatcannotbeignoredinthedomesticpoliticsofG8countries–themediahasaroletoplayinthis.
p141Themediaisakeymechanisminaccountability.
p141Internationalinstitutionsaddressingparticipationissuesshouldquestionthewaytheywork,includingusingcommunitymedia,andnewformsofICT.
p143ThemediaisaneducatorandakeyinformationsourcethatcanhelpdelivertheMDGs,promotetransparentgovernanceand,throughbalancedreporting,helppreventconflicts.Thewidebenefitsfrompluralmediameansitactsasapublicgoodindevelopment.
Africanjournalistsshouldmaintainstrongself-regulationandprofessionalethicsinordertoallowthemediatofulfilitsroleasapublicwatchdogandgeneratorofchange.
p144 AmoreeffectiveAfricanmediawillcontributetoinformedperceptionsofthecontinentintherestoftheworld.WechallengethemediasectortodomoretoensurethataudiencesindevelopedcountriesunderstandwhatishappeninginAfrica,includingthroughmonitoringtheircoverageofAfricaandincreasingprogrammeco-productionwithAfricanprofessionals.AfricanmediashouldbesupportedtoserveaudiencesoutsidethecontinentviatheInternet.
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 30
backtocontentspage 2005 Commission for Africa: Our common interest
continued
p14 ImprovingaccountabilityisthejobofAfricanleaders.Theycandothatbybroadeningtheparticipationofordinarypeopleingovernmentprocesses,inpartbystrengtheninginstitutionslike(…)themedia.
p35 Africangovernmentscanassistmediaindependencebygrantingcommerciallicencesforradiostationstocompetewiththestate-ownedstationsfromwhichmostAfricansgettheirnews.Journalistsandeditorsinothercountriescouldassistheretoo.
p143Therighttoreceiveinformationandtherighttofreedomofexpressionmustberespected.
Themonopolisationofthemediabyanyonegroup,includingthegovernment,underminesmediafreedomandpopulartrust,andcreatesspacefordistortionandrumour.
Thepoliticalenvironmentmustbesupportiveofdiverse,pluralandfreemedia,withabalanceofpublicservice,private,communityandlocalmedia.AU/NEPADshouldencourageAfricangovernmentstoeliminateanycurrentrestrictionsonmassmedia,promotecompetitiveframeworksthatenableinvestmentindiversebroadcastinginfrastructure,anddevelopflexibleregulatoryenvironmentsandlegalframeworksincooperationwithcivilsociety.Theyshouldstrengthentheirrelationshipwithcivilsocietyandindependentmediainstitutions.
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
p15 Donorsshouldfundadoublingofspendingoninfrastructure,includingICTs.
p143 DonorsshouldsubstantiallyincreasetheirfundingtoAfricanindependentmediainstitutionsandthosegovernmentspromotingfreemedia.Communicationsinfrastructuremustalsobestrengthened.
p314 Donorsshouldfocusontheprocessesbywhichordinarycitizenscanholdgovernmenttoaccount,suchasthefreedomandcapacityofthepopularmedia,especiallyradio,toscrutiniseresourceuse.
Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Government
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 31
backtocontentspage 2005 UN World Summit Outcome (MDGs)
60 Werecognisethatscienceandtechnology,includingICTsarevitalfortheachievementofthedevelopmentgoals.Wethereforecommitourselvesto:
g Buildingapeople-centredandinclusiveinformationsocietysoastoenhancedigitalopportunitiesforallpeopleinordertohelpbridgethedigitaldivide,puttingthepotentialofICTsattheserviceofdevelopmentandaddressingnewchallengesoftheinformationsocietybyimplementingtheoutcomesoftheGenevaWSISandensuringthesuccessoftheTunisWSIS.WewelcometheestablishmentoftheDigitalSolidarityFundandencouragevoluntarycontributionstoitsfinancing.
144 Wecommitourselvestotakingactiontopromoteacultureofpeaceanddialogueatthelocal,national,regionalandinternationallevelsandrequesttheSecretary-Generaltoexploreenhancingimplementationmechanismsandtofollowuponthoseinitiatives.
155 EconomicandSocialCouncilshoulda)promoteglobaldialogueandpartnershiponglobalpoliciesandtrendsintheeconomic,social,environmentalandhumanitarianfields.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
Nospecificrecommendationsforgovernment.
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors. Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 32
backtocontentspage 2005 WSIS Tunis Agenda for the Information Society
19 TheinternationalcommunityshouldtakenecessarymeasurestoensurethatallcountriesoftheworldhaveequitableandaffordableaccesstoICTs,sothattheirbenefitsinthefieldsofsocio-economicdevelopmentandbridgingthedigitaldividearetrulyinclusive.
22 Particularattentionmustbepaidtomarginalizedandvulnerablegroups;peopleofdevelopingcountries;andindigenouspeople.
23 Weencourageallstakeholderstosupportwomen’sparticipationindecision-makingprocessesandtocontributetoshapingallspheresoftheISatinternational,regionalandnationallevels.
24 WewillstrengthenactiontoprotectchildrenfromabuseanddefendtheirrightsinthecontextofICTs.
25 WereaffirmourcommitmenttoempoweringyoungpeopleaskeycontributorstobuildinganinclusiveIS.
28 WereaffirmourdesiretobuildICTnetworksanddevelopapplications,inpartnershipwiththeprivatesector.
29 Wereiteratetheneedtoencourageandfostercollaborativedevelopment,inter-operativeplatformsandfreeandopen-sourcesoftware.
30 WereaffirmourcommitmenttoleveragingICTcapabilitiesandpotentialthroughfosteringandstrengtheningcooperationatthenational,regionalandinternationallevels.
31 WecommitourselvestoworktogethertowardstheimplementationoftheDigitalSolidarityFund.
32 WefurthercommitourselvestopromotetheinclusionofallpeoplesintheISthroughthedevelopmentanduseoflocaland/orindigenouslanguagesinICTs.
33 Wewillstrivetomobilizeresources,toenableustoincreasetheuseofICTfordevelopment.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
17 Weurgegovernments,usingthepotentialofICTs,tocreatepublicsystemsofinformationonlawsandregulations,envisagingawiderdevelopmentofpublicaccesspointsandsupportingthebroadavailabilityofthisinformation.
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
20,21,
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 33
backtocontentspage 2005 WSIS Tunis Agenda for the Information Society
continued
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors. Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 34
backtocontentspage 2006 DFID Eliminating world poverty: Making governance work for the poor (White Paper)
p49 TheUKwillworkwithlargedevelopingcountriesthrough‘SustainableDevelopmentDialogues’toshareexperiencesonmanagingtheenvironmentalimpactsofgrowth.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
p22 Goodgovernanceincludes‘responsiveness’(takingaccountofcitizens’aspirationsandneeds),partofwhichisprovidingwaysforpeopletosaywhattheythinkandneed;and‘accountability’(beinganswerableforwhatisdone),partofwhichisencouragingafreemediaandfreedomoffaithandassociation.
p41 TheUKwillinvestinmonitoringhumanrightsandsupportthemediatoraiseawarenessandgatherevidencewhenstatesfailintheirresponsibilities.
p46 Investmentininfrastructureiscritical.Africainparticularsuffersfromalackofcommunications.
p23 Improvementsingovernancetakeplacewhencivilsocietyorganisationsgivecitizenspower,helppoorpeoplegettheirvoicesheard.
p28 Grassrootsorganisationsandthemediaplayavitalroleingeneratingpublicdebateaboutcorruptionbycampaigningagainstit.
p23 Improvementsingovernancetakeplacewhenprofessionalspressformoreopenmediaandtheruleoflaw.
p25 Themediaasktoughquestionsandencouragedebate.
Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors. Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 35
backtocontentspage 2006 AMDI Strengthening Africa’s private independent media
2 Themediaisbothanengineandtoolfordevelopment,anditselfbenefitsfromthevirtuouscycle.Growthcreatesdemandfornewmediamarkets,whichfeedsfurthergrowth.Aflourishingnationalmediaisimportanttodemocracyandgrowth.
3 Acceleratingthisrequiresnewcommerciallendinginhighergrowtheconomies,donorsupportforlowincome,andmixedapproachesinbetween.AMDIrecommendationsshouldaddressinstitutionalgapsineachtypeofmarket.
5 Anewfacilitycouldexaminemeanstostrengthenthecommercialenvironmentformediaby:
5.1 Underpinningthesector
5.1.1Supportfortheestablishmentofindependentnationalaudiencemeasurementandmediamonitoringfacilities.Thisisnecessarytobuildtheadvertisingculturerequiredtoprovideincreasedrevenues.Oncetheinfrastructureisinplace,itisuptothemediatodevelopthemarketingskillstobenefit.
5.2 Lending
5.2.1ROIontypicalinfrastructureinvestment(e.g.printingpress)exceedsthenormallendingcycleoflocalbanks.AMDIshouldaddresshowtoprovidefunding,possiblyonaregionalbasis,tounderwritelongtermdebtwhichcannotbemobilisedthroughlocalmarketsorfinancialinstitutions;orassistingbybringingsmallerinvestmentstomarketbybundlingthem,orassistingthemtocorporatisetheiroperations.
5.2.2Usingconcessionalfundstomitigateriskforcommerciallenders.
10 ItwouldbepossibletosetupanAfrican-led,partiallyvirtualfacility,leveragingtheleadingmediahousesasnucleiforactivities.Asmallteamofexperiencedmanagers/leadersshouldbeabletodoorganisationalhealthandmentoring,onaregionalbasis,formediaSMEs.Theprivatesectorshouldcontributetothecostofthis.Supportwasexpressedbymediahousesandinternationalorganisationspresentforthisproposal.
11 Asimilarapproachcouldbeadoptedtodevelopingjournalismskills.
15 InvestmentClimate–regulationhastobetransparentandpredictabletoencourageinvestment.Regulatorslackthetechnicalskillsanddon’talwaysactconsistently.Licensingcanbeusedtoputpressureoneditorialpositions.
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 36
backtocontentspage 2006 AMDI Strengthening Africa’s private independent media
continued
9 AMDIshouldconcentrateondevelopingtheuseofAfricananddevelopedmarketexpertise–includingDiaspora–tobuildcapacityinlessdevelopedmarketsthroughin-house,sustainedassistance.
12 AMDIshouldthereforemapthetrainingcapacityandtheskillsgaps,andworkouthowtobringproviderstogether,anddonorswereurgedtoassistsuchanewinitiativewithinAMDI.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
4 Sectorwidemediasupportisrequiredforlowincomecountrieswhichcannotsustaincommercialmedia.Thisshouldbefactoredintodevelopmentpolicyofdonors.
Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
Nospecificrecommendationsforgovernment.
Recommendations Government
5.1.2 Thedevelopmentofcommercial,managementandprofessionalskillsutilisingthetrainingresourcesoflargemediahousesandregionalcentres.
13 Amorecollectiveapproachtoregulationbyprivatemediaoperatorswillhelpensurethatmediaregulationallowsafreeandindependentmedia.TheAPRMmechanismoffersaplatformthroughwhichthemediacanadvancegoodregulatorypractice.
Recommendations Media
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 37
backtocontentspage 2006 UNDP Communication for Empowerment
ProvidesapracticalguidetoCommunicationforEmpowermentforUNDPstaff–nospecificrecommendations.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
Nospecificrecommendationsforgovernment.
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors. Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 38
backtocontentspage 2006 What do they think? Policy-makers and the role of communication for development
A perception study conducted in 2005–2006 and policy-makers’ perceptions of communication for development: two surveys 12 years apart both by Colin Fraser & Sonia Resrepo Estrada
Theconfusionbetweencommunicationfordevelopmentandpublicinformation/PRneedstobeclearedup.Re-creatingtheimageofcommunicationfordevelopmentwouldbeonewayofmakingiteasilydistinguishablefromotherareasofcommunicationwork.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
Nospecificrecommendationsforgovernment.
p5 Communicationfordevelopmentspecialistsmusthaveabetterunderstandingofthesubjectmatterinwhichtheyareentrustedandmustlearntoworkwithtechniciansinamultidisciplinaryway.
p6 Thedevelopmentcommunicationcommunitymusttakeamorepragmaticapproachwhenbecominginvolvedindevelopmentprojectsandprogrammeswhichfacilitatesgreaterunderstandingforthoseinvolvedintheformulationandimplementationprocesses.Somepracticalwaystoachievethisincludeimprovedknowledgeandeffectiveapplicationofthefollowingareas:
a mappingacommunicationnetworktailoredtotheenvironmentinquestion
b developingarigorousstakeholdersanalysisthatincludespolitical,social,andeconomicrealities
c graspingthescientificmethodologiesthatexpressandreflectpublicsentimentintheformsofsurveys,publicopinionpollsetcand
d masteringmonitoringandevaluationtechniques.
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Recommendations Privatesector
Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors. Recommendations Donors
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 39
backtocontentspage 2006 WCCD Rome Consensus
3 Strengthenthecommunicationfordevelopmentcapacitywithincountriesandorganisationsatalllevels.Thisincludes:peopleintheircommunities;communicationfordevelopmentspecialistsandotherstaffincludingthroughthefurtherdevelopmentoftrainingcoursesandacademicprogrammes.
4 Expandtheleveloffinancialinvestmenttoensureadequate,coordinated,financingofthecoreelementsofcommunicationfordevelopment.Thisincludesbudgetline[s]fordevelopmentcommunication.
7 Strengthenpartnershipsandnetworksatinternational,nationalandlocallevelstoadvancecommunicationfordevelopmentandimprovedevelopmentoutcomes.
8 Movetowardsarights-basedapproachtocommunicationfordevelopment.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
1 Overallnationaldevelopmentpoliciesshouldincludespecificcommunicationfordevelopmentcomponents.
5 Adoptionandimplementationofpoliciesandlegislationthatprovideanenablingenvironmentforcommunicationfordevelopment–includingfreeandpluralisticmedia,therighttoinformationandtocommunicate.
2 Developmentorganisationsshouldincludecommunicationfordevelopmentasacentralelementattheinceptionofprogrammes.
6 Developmentcommunicationprogrammesshouldberequiredtoidentifyandincludeappropriatemonitoringandevaluationindicatorsandmethodologiesthroughouttheprocess.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors. Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 40
backtocontentspage 2006 UN Delivering as one:
Report of the secretary-general’s high-level panel
Nospecificrecommendationsrelatedtocommunication.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
Nospecificrecommendationsforgovernment.
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors. Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 41
backtocontentspage 2006 STREAM African framework for the development of a sustainable and pluralistic media
Cluster1:Freedomofexpressionandinformation
Sensitizelawyersandthejudiciaryoninternationalandcontinentalstandardsrelatedtofreedomofexpressionandinformation.
Cluster2:Policyandregulation
Undertakeanauditofexistingnationallawsandpoliciestoidentifypoorregulation(suchasincoherencebetweenmedialawsandnationalconstitutions)andpromotethedesignandimplementationofpoliciesandlegalframeworksthatenable,ratherthanstifle,thegrowthofastrong,pluralisticandsustainablemediainAfrica.
Promotelegislationtomitigatethenegativeimpactsofmediaconcentration,promotefaircompetitionandensurediversity.
Cluster3:Capacitybuilding
UndertakeacomprehensiveauditofexistingmediatraininginAfrica,identifygapsandproblems,anddevelopproposalstostrengthentraining.
Developminimumstandardsfortrainingofallkindsbyadvocatingforanddevelopingmodelsforcompetencytestingandacademicrecognition.
Establishandstrengthennetworksofspecializedtrainingcentresandtrainerstorationalizeandconsolidatethematictrainingofferings–forexampleonreportingHIV/AIDS,multimediaandICTs–andpromotethesharingofcurricula.
Promotethepoolingoftrainingexpertise,mentoringandresourcesasameansofwideningaccessacrossmediatocuttingedgeandaffordabletraining.
Developaccreditationmechanismsfortrainingcentres.
Cluster4:Sustainability
ConductacomprehensiveanalysisofexistingmediafundsandfacilitiesavailabletoAfricanmedia,whetherprivate,publicorcommunity.Wheresuchfundsexist,developproposalstostrengthenandextendtheirremitasneededtowardsensuringsustainablemedia,bearinginmindtheappropriatefinancinginstruments(loansorgrants)dependingonthetypeofmediaconcerned.Wheretherearecleargaps,developproposalsastohowthesecanbeaddressedbytheestablishmentofnewmechanismsasappropriate.
Conductanalysisofdifferentmodelsofmediafundingandco-ownershiptoinformstrategiesforeconomicsustainabilityofAfricanmedia.
UndertakecomprehensiveresearchintothecommunitymediasectorinAfrica,asameansofidentifyingitsreachandscopeandstrengthsandweaknesses.Onthebasisoftheresearchfindings,developastrategytoensuresustainableandeffectivecommunitymediainAfrica.
UndertakeastudyoftheconditionsinAfricancountrieswithregardtotaxesimposedontheimportationofmediaequipmentandinputs,includingnewsprint.Onthebasisoftheresultsofthestudy,advocatefortheloweringorwaivingoftaxesontheimportofmediaequipmentandotherinputs.
Advocatefortherecognitionofthemediaasasectorinitsownrightandavailinvestorfundstobuildthefinancialsustainabilityofthemedia.
Promotetheuseofindependentcirculationauditingtogathermorerobustdataandtherebystrengthenmediamarkets.
Produceperiodicreports(ideallyannually)onthestateofthemediainAfrica.
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 42
backtocontentspage 2006 STREAM African framework for the development of a sustainable and pluralistic media
continued
Cluster5:Professionalismandethics
Developtoolsandmechanismstomonitorthestatusofimplementationofnorms,standardsandbestpracticerelatedtoownership,editorialindependenceandpublicinterestjournalism.
EnsurethatregionalnormsandstandardsonprofessionalismandethicsintheAfricanmediaarewidelydisseminatedandrespectedacrosstheboard.
Establishandencouragethedevelopmentofprofessionalnetworks(suchastheAfricanEconomicsEditorsNetwork)andregionalforums(suchastheFestivaldesOndesdeBamakoandHighwayAfrica)tostrengthenthepracticeofmediainAfrica.
EstablishanAfricanMediaAwardtoshowcaseandrewardoutstandingmediapractice,entrepreneurship,innovationandpublicinterestjournalism.
PromotefairandequitableworkingconditionsforwomenintheAfricanmedia,andadvocateforanendtosexualharassmentandotherformsofgender-baseddiscrimination.
Cluster1:Freedomofexpressionandinformation
Developanawareness-raisingstrategytopromotebetterunderstandingwithinthemediaitselfofnationalmedialaws,toeducatethemediaonitsresponsibilitytoprovideaccurateinformation,andtoeducatethepublicatlargeonitsrightstoinformation.
Cluster2:Policyandregulation
Advocateforthetransformationofstate-ownedmediaintopublicservicemediathatoperatesindependentlyfromtheinfluenceofthestateandpoliticalpartiesinlinewithinternationallyrecognizednormsandpractices(AfricancharteronBroadcasting).
Cluster3:Capacitybuilding
Promotetheestablishmentofin-housetrainingpoliciesformediahousesthatpromotesequentialandon-goinglearning.
Advocateforandpromotemoreon-sitetrainingasanimportantstrategyforcontinuousskillsbuildingandknowledgeacquisition.
Developandsustainstrongerlinksbetweenthemediaindustryandmediatrainingindustry.
ActivelypromoteanddevelopmediaexchangeprogrammeswithinAfricaasavalue-addedstrategyforstrengtheningcapacity.
Promotetheestablishmentofnetworksandassociationsofmediaownerstostrengthenthecapacitytodevelopandsustainmediaenterprises.
Strengthenorwhereappropriateestablishregionalcentresofexcellenceasameansofovercomingnationalmediacapacitybuildingshortfalls.
Cluster5:Professionalismandethics
Developmechanismstostrengthentheorganizationofmediapractitionerstocombatpoorwagesandworkingconditions.Wheretheyexist(e.g.infrancophoneAfrica),explorewaysofbolsteringandensuringtherespectfornationalandsub-regionallegalcodesthatguaranteeminimumworkingconditionsformediapractitioners.
Recommendations Media
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 43
backtocontentspage 2006 STREAM African framework for the development of a sustainable and pluralistic media
continued
Cluster6:Content
EnsuretherespectforandpromotionofculturalandlinguisticdiversityaswellasgenderbalanceinAfrica’smedia,andinparticularsupporttheuseoflocallanguages.
Facilitatetheconductingofaudiencesurveystodeterminerelevantcontent/formats.
Strengthenawarenessofthemedia’sresponsibilityandcriticalroleinaddressingtheburningdevelopmentchallengesfacingAfrica–includinginhealth,governance,conflictandpeacebuilding,andglobalization.
Ensuretheproductionanddisseminationofcontentthatreflectsthediversityofinterests,theopinionsandthevoicesofdifferentsocialactors,includingthemarginalized.
PromotetheusebymediaofICTstodigitizeandsharecontentacrossAfrica.
Cluster1:Freedomofexpressionandinformation
ActivelypromotetheadoptionanddomesticationbyallAfricangovernmentsoftheDeclarationofPrinciplesonFreedomofExpressioninAfrica,aswellasArticle9oftheAfricanCharteronHumanandPeople’sRights,onfreedomofexpression.
Advocatefortheadoption,ratification,domesticationandimplementationofallinternationalandcontinentalfreedomofinformationprinciples,normsandstandards.
Cluster2:Policyandregulation
AdvocateforthelicensingofcommunitymediainallAfricancountries.
Promotetheestablishmentoflegislationtoensurethattheimportantpotentialofconvergenceasanopportunityformediadevelopmentisrealized.
Cluster4:Sustainability
Advocateforpublicfundingtoensurethedevelopmentandsustainabilityofcommunity,local,smallandemergingmediaaswellasmediaproducingpublicinterestcontent.
Advocatefortheremovalofunfaircompetitionfromstatemediafundedbypublicresources–e.g.foranendtopreferentialaccessofstatemediatopublicadvertising.
Recommendations Government
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Recommendations Civilsociety
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 44
backtocontentspage 2006 STREAM African framework for the development of a sustainable and pluralistic media
continued
Cluster6:Content
Advocatefor‘publicinterest’fundswithincountriesandinthecontextofregionalmechanismsandinitiativessuchasNEPADandtheAfricanUnion,tobeallocatedtomediaacrosssectorsproducingcontentinthepublicinterest.SuchfundscouldbemodelledonuniversalaccessfundscreatedtopromotetheuseofICTsinruralareas.
Recommendations Donors
Cluster2:Policyandregulation
PromotegoodcorporategovernanceamongAfricanmediaenterprises.
Recommendations Privatesector
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 45
backtocontentspage 2007 UNDP Towards a common UN system approach:
Harnessing communication to achieve the MDGs (draft) Paper for 10th inter-agency round table
Nospecificrecommendationsrelatedtocommunication.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
Nospecificrecommendationsforgovernment.
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
Recommendation&proposalsforincorporatingC4DintotheUNDAF/CCAandothercountrylevelplanningprocesses:
a UNDGtakesresponsibilityforensuringthattheCCAguidelinesincludeprovisionsforconductinginformation&communicationneedsassessments.
b UNResidentCoordinatorstakeresponsibilityforensuringthatinformation&communicationneedsassessmentsareincorporatedintoCCAs.
c UNResidentCoordinatorestablishedandchairsanongoingcoordinationmechanismforcommunicationfordevelopment.
d Mainstreamingcommunicationfordevelopmentwhilstalsobuildingstrongercapacityanddedicatedstaffing.
e Developmentofaframeworkandparametersforsupportingnationalpartnerstoagreeoncommonindicatorsagainstwhichworkofcommunicationfordevelopmentcanbemeasured.
f Developingsupportmechanismsthatencourageinnovationandindependenceincommunicationfordevelopment.
Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 46
backtocontentspage 2007 UNESCO Towards a common UN system approach:
The role of communication for development in achieving the MDGs Paper for 10th inter-agency round table
Nospecificrecommendationsrelatedtocommunication.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
Nospecificrecommendationsforgovernment.
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
TentativeplanofactionforjointUNinter-agencycollaboration:
5.1 CreatingandenablingenvironmentforC4D(policyadvocacy;technicalassistanceinpreparinglegislation;harnesstheroleofnationalbroadcastingservicestoenhancepolicyformulation;providesupporttobuildpluralisticanddemocraticmediasystems).
5.2 Strengthencapacities&skills(buildinstitutionalcapacitytodelivertraining),
5.3 Enhancepublicparticipationinpolicymaking.
5.4 MainstreamC4DintheUNsystem.
Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 47
backtocontentspage 2007 10th Inter-agency round table on communication for development: Recommendations
Nospecificrecommendationsrelatedtocommunication.
Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.
Nospecificrecommendationsforgovernment.
Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.
Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.
[Participantsrequest]thechiefexecutivesboardoftheUnitedNationssystem:
a toimpressuponsenior-leveldecision-makersofUnitedNationsSpecializedAgencies,ProgrammesandFundstheimportanceofprioritizingcommunicationfordevelopmentprinciplesandmethodologiesinallprogrammaticareas,andtheneedtoallocatehuman,technicalandfinancialresourcesforthiseffort
b toadvisetheheadsofrespectiveagencies,programmesandfundstointegratecommunicationfordevelopmentprinciplesandmethodologiesintoprogrammeandprojectplanning,execution,monitoringandevaluation;toensuretheincorporationofcommunicationfordevelopmentprinciplesandmethodologies,includingneedsassessments,intoCCA/UNDAFguidelines,orequivalentexercises,soastoimprovedevelopmentresults
c tocallupontheUNResidentCoordinatorSystemtoensuregreatercoherenceandcoordinationofcommunicationfordevelopmentatthecountrylevel
d toestablishaformalinter-agencymechanismpromotingandenhancingcommunicationfordevelopmentwithintheUnitedNationsSystem.
Recommendations Donors
Recommendations Privatesector
Recommendations Civilsociety
Recommendations Government
Recommendations Media
Recommendations All
PanosLondon9WhiteLionStreetLondonN19PDUnitedKingdom
tel+44(0)2072781111fax+44(0)[email protected]