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Maps and Map Skills
llhammon
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Kinds of Maps• General Reference Maps
• Provide the reader general information about an area or place.
• Thematic Maps• Provide more specific information about
an area or place than general reference maps.
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General reference
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Thematic Map
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• Maps are important tools for geographers.
• A globe is a better model of Earth than a map, but a globe has disadvantages that a map does not have
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Reading Maps• Map Parts
• Title• Legend or Key• Grid System• Direction• Scale
• Map orientation – This has to do with direction
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Scale
Title
Compass
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Large Scale and Small Scale Maps
• A large-scale map shows a small area such as a neighborhood street in great detail.
• A small-scale map shows a large area such as a country or a continent in comparatively lesser detail.
Small Area = Large ScaleLarge Area = Small Scale
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Large ScaleSmall Scale
Small Area = Large ScaleLarge Area = Small Scale
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Compass• Is used to orient a map toward north
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Latitude and Longitude
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• Latitude • The set of lines crossing the Earth’s surface horizontally,
Circling east and west. • Each line of latitude is always an equal distance from the
next.• They are also known as parallels. All latitude lines are
parallel to each other.
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• Longitude• A set of lines that run vertically along Earth’s
surface from the North Pole to the South Pole
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Global Grid• When lines of latitude and longitude cross a grid is
formed. The grid is used to located certain places on earth
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• Each line has an Identifying number called degrees, or parts of a circle. (410 )
• Degrees, can be further divided into minutes, or parts of a degree. There are 60 minutes, or parts of a degree. (10’)
• Minutes can be divided into even smaller parts called seconds. There are 60 seconds in each minute. (10”)
• 41010’10” 410
10’
10”
Degrees
Minutes
Seconds
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Direction
• The other part needed to locate places on Earth is direction.• Cardinal directions are: north, south, east, and
west.• Intermediate directions are: northeast,
southeast, northwest, and southwest. They are located midway between the cardinal directions.
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Using Latitude & Longitude to Locate Places
• Lines of latitude are numbered based on how far north or south they are from an imaginary line called the equator
• This line circles the Earth exactly halfway between the NP and SP.
• The equator’s latitude degree is 00. There are 90 degrees between it and each of the poles.• Area between the equator and NP is “north” latitude
(220N)
• Area between the equator and SP is “south” latitude (22
0S)
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• Lines of longitude are numbered based on how far east or west they are from another imaginary line.
• This line is called the Prime Meridian.• Prime Meridian’s longitude degree is 00. • There are 1800 of longitude east of the PM and 1800
degrees west of it.• Area east of the PM is known as “east” longitude.
(1200E)
• Area west of the PM is known as “west” longitude. (120
0W)
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Prime Meridian & International Date Line
• The prime meridian does not circle the globe as the equator does.
• The PM runs from the NP to SP• At 1800 on the other side of the globe the
meridian is called the international date line.
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Hemispheres• The earth can be divided into halves. Each of these
halves is called a hemisphere.
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Hemispheres at the Equator • The ½ north of the equator
is called the northern hemisphere
• The ½ south of the equator is called the southern hemisphere
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Hemispheres at Prime Meridian and International
Date Line• Earth can also be divided into hemispheres
at the circle formed by the prime meridian and International date line
• The ½ east of the prime meridian is called the eastern hemisphere.
• The ½ west of the prime meridian is called the western hemisphere.
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Making Maps• Gathering Information• Problem of Distortion• Map Properties• Map Projections• Cartographers (Mapmakers)
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Gathering Information
• Surveying• Aerial Photography (Air Planes)• Remote Sensing (Satellites)
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Problem of Distortion• Features are stretched to put
Earth’s information onto a map.
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Map Properties• No map can have all of the properties at once
• Equal areas• Conformality• Consistent Scale• True-Compass Directions
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• Equal areas• Places shown have the same proportions as they do
on Earth. • Example: Greenland 1/8 land area of S. America
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• Conformality• Having correct shapes.• Shows true shapes.• Can show larger areas as closely as possible to
their true shapes
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• Consistent Scale• Uses the same scale for all parts of the map.• Shows the true distances between places on Earth• In most Cases maps showing large areas cannot be
consistent-scale maps.
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•True-Compass Direction• Parallels and meridians
appear as straight lines.• By following these lines
you will be following the cardinal directions of N,S,E,&W.
• Straight line between two points on map determines exact directions and set course. (Navigators use these maps)
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Map Projections• Cylindrical Projections• Conic Projections• Flat Plane Projections• Gnomonic Projection• Robinson Projection• Goode’s Interrupted
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Cylindrical Projections• Straight lines of latitude and Longitude are
Perpendicular• Little distortion near the equator• Best Known:
• Mercator – • conformal and true-compass direction map, but
distortion near poles makes size of land and water areas inaccurate. Land shapes correct – areas distorted – valuable to navigator
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Conic Projections• Cannot map the entire world.• Used for middle latitudes between 300 and 600 north
latitudes, and between 300 and 600 south latitudes• Best Known:
• Lambert Conformal Conical • Important because it shows the true shapes of
areas.• Albers Equal Area Conical
• Consistent scale and is used when the size of land and water areas must be accurate. (military and engineering maps)
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Flat Plane Projections• Used to map areas of the North and South
poles. Areas near that point show little distortion
• Farther away from the point the greater the distortion of area, shape, and scale.
• Shows no more that ½ of the Earth at one time.
• Also called Azimuthal Projection
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Gnomonic Projection• Circles of latitude lines and straight longitude
lines form a wheel-like pattern.• Especially useful to navigators because the
shortest distance between two places on the map is found by drawing a straight line between them {this line is actually a part of a great circle – any imaginary line that circles Earth and divides it into 2 equal parts
• Navigators use these along with true-compass direction maps to make their travel plans.
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Robinson Projection• Equal areas – shown with high degree of
accuracy• Conformal except near edges of map where
distortion increases• Valuable for showing entire world.
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Goode’s Interrupted• High degree of accuracy in area and shape• Distorted direction and scale.• Valuable for showing Land masses.
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Points to Remember• The projection one chooses to use depends
on the information one wants.• All Maps are projections – they transfer
Earth’s features from the globe to a flat surface (map).
• When large areas of Earth are mapped, distortion is more serious.
• When mapping small areas like cities, distortion is not usually evident.