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Marine Marine EcosystemsEcosystems
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What determines a marine What determines a marine ecosystem?ecosystem?
TemperatureTemperature Available sunlight and nutrientsAvailable sunlight and nutrients
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EstuariesEstuaries
Ecosystem in which fresh water from Ecosystem in which fresh water from rivers mixes with salt water from the rivers mixes with salt water from the oceanocean
Nutrient trapNutrient trap Richest ecosystemRichest ecosystem
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EstuariesEstuariesPlants & Animals Plants & Animals
Plants that root in mud- marsh grassPlants that root in mud- marsh grass Phytoplankton & zooplanktonPhytoplankton & zooplankton Fish, dolphins, manatees, sealsFish, dolphins, manatees, seals Oysters, barnacles, clamsOysters, barnacles, clams All organisms adapted to varying All organisms adapted to varying
levels of salinitylevels of salinity
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Threats to estuariesThreats to estuaries
World’s major ports built in World’s major ports built in estuariesestuaries Tokyo, NY, Shanghai, Calcutta, Buenos Tokyo, NY, Shanghai, Calcutta, Buenos
Aries, Rio, BombayAries, Rio, Bombay
Pollution is the major threat due to Pollution is the major threat due to population pressurespopulation pressures
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Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
Limestone islands in the sea that are Limestone islands in the sea that are built by coral animalsbuilt by coral animals
Contain 1000’s of species- most Contain 1000’s of species- most diverse ecosystem on Earthdiverse ecosystem on Earth
Only in warm, salty water with Only in warm, salty water with enough light for photosynthesisenough light for photosynthesis
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Threats to Coral ReefsThreats to Coral Reefs
Temperature changes in the waterTemperature changes in the water Pollution- oil spills, sewage, Pollution- oil spills, sewage,
pesticidespesticides Careless divers, shipwrecks- Careless divers, shipwrecks-
PEOPLE!PEOPLE!
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OceanOcean
Covers ¾ of the surface of the EarthCovers ¾ of the surface of the Earth Plants grow only where there is lightPlants grow only where there is light Most ocean life is surrounded by shallow Most ocean life is surrounded by shallow
water around the edges of continentswater around the edges of continents Open ocean- sunlight penetrates only the Open ocean- sunlight penetrates only the
surface layersurface layer Least productive of all ecosystemsLeast productive of all ecosystems Phytoplankton provides basis of food chain Phytoplankton provides basis of food chain
herehere
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Ocean AdaptationsOcean Adaptations
Sleek shapes to move easily in the Sleek shapes to move easily in the waterwater
Silvery color at the surface- Silvery color at the surface- camouflagecamouflage
Sharks- oily livers act like floatsSharks- oily livers act like floats Swim-bladders in bony fishSwim-bladders in bony fish Sunlight passes from surface to 100 Sunlight passes from surface to 100
meters into the seameters into the sea
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Threats to the OceanThreats to the Ocean
Over fishingOver fishing Debris from fishing trapping marine Debris from fishing trapping marine
mammalsmammals Pollution- most in the ocean comes Pollution- most in the ocean comes
from the landfrom the land Fertilizers causing algae bloomsFertilizers causing algae blooms PesticidesPesticides Industrial waste and sewageIndustrial waste and sewage
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Polar EcosystemsPolar Ecosystems
Ice-covered polar caps at North and Ice-covered polar caps at North and South PolesSouth Poles
Phytoplankton basis of all food Phytoplankton basis of all food chains herechains here
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The PolesThe Poles
The South Pole- Antarctica is a The South Pole- Antarctica is a permanent ice cappermanent ice cap
The North Pole- not at all on land- in The North Pole- not at all on land- in Arctic Ocean- huge icebergArctic Ocean- huge iceberg
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The Arctic OceanThe Arctic Ocean
Shallow ocean- waters rich in Shallow ocean- waters rich in nutrients which supports large nutrients which supports large populations of planktonpopulations of plankton
Whales, ocean birds, seals, polar Whales, ocean birds, seals, polar bearsbears
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The AntarcticThe Antarctic
Only continent never colonized by Only continent never colonized by humanshumans
Used for researchUsed for research Few plants at the rocky edgesFew plants at the rocky edges Plankton- base of food chainPlankton- base of food chain penguinspenguins
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Threats to Polar Threats to Polar EcosystemsEcosystems
Both poles contain reserves of Both poles contain reserves of minerals (OIL) that people want to minerals (OIL) that people want to gather at any costgather at any cost