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Marxism
• Key figures: Karl Marx, Lenin, Antonio Gramsci (classic), Robert Cox and Immanuel Wallerstein (modern).
• Key idea: Economics structures political and social relations.
• History: After the end of the Cold War, Marxist studies of IR are reinvigorated.
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Core Tenets of Marxist Theory
• Totality
• Materialist Conception of History
• Liberal state is oppressive
• Class is the unit of analysis
• Action and Emancipation
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Orthodox Marxism in World Politics
• Maximisation of interests through creation of norms.
• It accepts that the state simply represents the ruling classes (inside-out approach)
• States accept hegemony because they can then rule over their own proletariats.
• In the long run, contradictions will bring the whole system down. Liberation in sight.
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World System Theory
• Key Figures: Lenin (classic) and I. Wallerstein (modern).
• Key Concepts: Core and Periphery.
• Overarching logic: capitalism drives international politics
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World System Theory II
• Wallerstein introduces the concept of Semi-Periphery.
• The Hegemon is not the one who has military strength, but the one who has the primacy of productive efficiency.
• The system is doomed to collapse for 7 reasons.
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World System Theory III-Some of the Reasons -
• Increasing social and economic gap between countries and within countries.
• Acute environmental problems.
• Failure if Liberalism as an ideological project.
• Emergence of anti-systemic forces
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Criticism
• The liberal state is NOT the representative of a small elite.
• Consensus around norms derives from beliefs not hegemony.
• Marxism failed as an ideological project.
• Look at the system not at the domestic structure (Neo-Realism).