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Iron is taken from the earth and copper is smelted from ore.Man puts an end to the darkness;
he searches the farthest recesses for ore in the darkness.The Bible (Job 28:2-3)
Image: Iron flows from a blast furnace. Source:American Iron and Steel Institute.
Figure 3.5 Stress-strain diagram for a ductile material.text reference: Figure 3.5, , page 96
A
P
P
(
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text reference: Figure 3.6, page 97
Figure 3.1 Ductile material from a standardtensile test apparatus. (a) Necking; (b) failure.
text reference: Figure 3.1, page 90
0
0
=
l
llEL
fr
%EL
Manifest
danger
stress concentrations
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Figure 3.2 Failure of a brittlematerial from a standard
tesiletest apparatus.
text reference: Figure 3.2, page 91
%EL%EL
text reference: Figure 3.7, page 98
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text reference: Figure 3.8, page 99
Figure 3.10 Stress-strain diagram for polymer below, at, and above its glass transitiontemperature Tg.
text reference: Figure 3.10, page 101
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=E
uniaxial
linear
Esteel
Ealum
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yx yx
torsion
=G
yx
x
y
steel
alum v
rubber vG E
transverse
axial
=
( )+=
EG
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yield
Allowable building
yallowy SS
yallow S=
yallowy SS
yallow S=
=
y
dUr
0rupture
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Class Members Short nameEnginering alloys(themetals and alloys ofengineering)
AluminumalloysCopper alloysLead alloysMagnesiumalloysMolybdenumalloysNickel alloysSteels
Tin alloysTitaniumalloys
Tungsten alloysZinc alloys
Al alloysCu alloysLead alloysMg alloysMo alloysNi alloysSteels
Tin alloysTi alloys
W alloysZn alloysEngineering polymers(thethermoplastics andthermosets of engineering)
EpoxiesMelaminesPolycarbonatePolyesterPolyethylene, high densityPolyethylene, low densityPolyformaldehydePolymethylmethacrylatePolypropylenePolytetrafluoroethylenePolyvinyl chloride
EPMELPCPESTHDPELDPEPFPMMAPPPTFEPVC
Engineering ceramics(fineceramics capableofload-bearing application)
AluminaDiamondSialonsSilicon carbideSilicon nitrideZirconia
Al2O3CSialonsSiCSi3N4ZrO2
Table 3.7 Material classesand members and shortnames of each member.[From Ashby (1992)].
text reference: Table 3.7, page 123
RA RB RC
SU HB HBSU HB
HB
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Charpy Izod
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quenching
critical temperature
below critical temperatureand
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carburizing
hardness
strength
hardness toughness
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Expensive!
y
y
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Brass zinc
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Figure 3.4 Cross section of fiber reinforcedcomposite material.
text reference: Figure 3.4, page 95
Figure 3.3 Strength/density for various materials.
text reference: Figure 3.3, page 94