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Maternal Nutrition:Breastfeeding in the
United States
FCS 321Professor Lisagor
Cynthia ChowHuda Alawi
Natalie Montemayor
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Breastfeeding History● Historically, breastfeeding has been the primary
source of infant nutrition.
○ Wet nurses (women that breastfeed infants that are not their own naturally) were very
popular in ancient cultures and became a
respectable profession up until the 20th
century.
● Although infant formula began to be used during the 19th and 20th century, breastmilk was still
the first choice of physicians and pediatricians.
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Breastfeeding History● During the 19th century, scientific advancement in
food preservation allowed for an alternative to breastmilk.
● Evaporated milk was created which lacked protein, vitamins and minerals but was canned and sold. It was recommended during the 1930s and 1940s by pediatricians.
● Non-milk formula made from soy flour was produced around the same time as well.
● American Medical Association was formed in order to have more quality control over infant formula.
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Breastfeeding History● By the 1970s, a paradigm shift caused a
decline in breastfeeding in the U.S. and around the world.
● Manufacturers began marketing globally.● Because of the aggressive advertising,
many families were confused about whether they should continue breastfeeding or just use infant formula.
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Breastfeeding History● According to the American Academy of
Pediatrics, in the 20th century, breastfeeding rate was 90%.
● It has since decreased to around 42% in the 21st century.
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The Issue● Breastfeeding in the United States has dropped dramatically.● Social stigmas● Time commitments● Problems with nursing● Workplace discouragement
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Break Time for Nursing Mothers Law● According to a 2005 CDC report, only 10% of
full-time working mothers continue to breastfeed
at 6 months.
● Effective March 23, 2010 the Break Time for Nursing Mothers law requires employers to
provide break time and a place for most hourly
wage-earning and some salaried employees to
express breast milk at work. Employers must
provide a “reasonable” amount of time and must
provide a private space other than a bathroom. This
must be provided until the baby is one year old.
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Nutrition composition of breast milk
● Lactose is the carbohydrate in breast milk. ● Lactose has two properties:● Easily digested, facilitate calcium absorption. ● Amylase enzyme. ● Protein content is lower than formula milk.
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● Fat is the main source of energy in infant’s diet. ● TAG, fatty acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids.● Breast milk has 10% more cholesterol. ● Vitamins and minerals in breast milk. ● Lower sodium and renal solute load
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Protective factors in
breast milkColostrum
BifidusImmunoglobulin
Lysozyme
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Benefits of breastfeeding
InfantsMom
Society
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Lactation Nutrition● First 6 months of lactation● Recommended energy
intake● Nutrition demands
increase● Iron intake
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Lactation Nutrition
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Lactation NutritionType of Foods to Avoid
● High-Calorie & Low Nutrient Density● Deep-Fried Food & Fat-Rich Food● Soft drinks● Salad dressing & Mayonnaise● Desserts● Sweets
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Solution: Looking in the Future
● WIC (Women, Infant and Children) Centers are nonprofit, government funded organizations that provide free lactation education for women of lower socioeconomic statuses.
● The United States Breastfeeding Committee is working hard to “protect, promote, and support breastfeeding” in America.
● They have online health resources and even powerpoint presentations so that individuals can implement the business case for breastfeeding in the workplace.
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References● Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. (2005). Pediatrics, 115(2), 496-506. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-2491
● Stevens, E. E., Patrick, T. E., & Pickler, R. (2009). A history of infant feeding. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 18(2),
32–39. http://doi.org/10.1624/105812409X426314
● http://www.parenting.com/article/moms-right-to-breastfeed
● Section 4207 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 2011
● https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/breastfeeding_interventions.pdf
● http://www.usbreastfeeding.org/SNMW-platform
● https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwjC4pWlmLvQAhVjh1QKHb9MCDkQFggVMAA&url=
http%3A%2F%2Famericanpregnancy.org%2F&usg=AFQjCNGZ27awRyJTvowzzdk-W8H9T6U1Ow
● https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=3&ved=0ahUKEwiZ1ZagmbvQAhWEwVQKHRVbA44QFggaMAI&url
=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK215837%2F&usg=AFQjCNGmk39cpdcuD_sSbDgaKPItEm
nm_g
● Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Subcommittee on Lactation (1991). Nutrition During Lactation. Washington, D.C.: National
Academy Press.
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