Download - Matham Samooham Samskaram
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
kam-l-cWw
kn. ]n. sskX-ehn
hne 100 cq]
Malayalam (Indian)Matham Samooham Samskaram
Essays
Syed Mohammedali ShihabCompiler : C. P. Saidalavi
First Edition: 30, August 2007
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]km-[-I-°p-dn∏v
_lp: ]mW-°mSv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xß-fpsS
]Y-a-]p-kvX-I-amWv aXw kaqlw kwkvIm-cw. ]e
ka-b-ß-fn-embn B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-
®p-h∂ teJ-\-ß-fpsS kam-lm-cw. A\p-_-‘-ambn
At±lw Ad-_n-bn¬ \n∂pw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Ønb
Jeo¬ Pn_ms‚ IY-bpw, tPmWn eqt°m-kns‚
kw`m-j-Whpw ]n.sI hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb-cpsS teJ-
\hpw tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fnepw kph-
\o-dp-I-fnepw At±-l-sa-gp-Xnb teJ-\-߃ C\nbpw
Is≠-Øm-\p≠v. Ah ASpØ ]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ tN¿-
°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
teJ-\-߃ kam-l-cn®v ]pkvXIw Hcp-°nb kn.]n
sskX-e-hn, kw`m-jWw tN¿°m≥ A\p-aXn
\¬Inb tPmWn eqt°mkv F∂n-h-tcm-Sp≈ \µn
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Cu ]pkvXIw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ km[n-®Xv hen-
sbmcp ku`m-Ky-ambn Henhv ImWp-∂p. kwhm-Z-]q¿-
Æ-amb hmb-\-bv°mbn aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
tUm.Fw.sI ap\o¿
D≈-S°w
]pXnb \q‰m-≠nse aX-\yq-\-]-£-߃ 21
a\ v Xpd-°Ww am‰-߃ ImWWw 27
]n∂m-°-Øns‚ ]Sn-bn-d-ßpI 30
auen-Im-h-Im-i-amWv hnizmkw 34
BImiw t]mse AXn-cp-I-fn-√mØ `qanbpw 38
amdp∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw ]pXnb sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw 45
ka-`m-h-\-bpsS C¥y 51
aXw _e-]-tbm-K-a√ 54
]Xn-Im-c-Nn-¥-b√ ]Xymi hf¿ØWw 57
dakm≥ hX-e£yw kz`m-h-kw-kvI-cWw 61
]Ir-Xnsb Icp-W-tbmsS kao-]n-°pI 64
Jp¿-Bs‚ ktµiw 77
temIt\XrXzw a\p-jyXzw am\n-°pI 83
Bfl-k-Ø-bpsS \ndhpw `mhhpw 89
Bfl-kw-kvI-c-W-Øns‚ ]pWy-Imew 93
kaq-l-Øns‚ im¥n 96
am\-hn-I-X-bpsS ]Nm-c-I-cm-hpI 99
\∑bpw kam-[m-\hpw Pohn-X-e-£y-am-°pI 102
aAvcn_v AW-s°´pw k_-Av kaq-lhpw 106
]X]h¿Ø\w CuPn-]vXn¬ 109
A¬ Akvl¿ k¿h-I-em-ime 114
Ad_n`mjm t_m[-\-Øn\v
Ce-IvtSm-WnIv Iw]yq-´¿ 120
B^n-°≥ \mSp-Ifpw Ckm-tbepw 123
A\p-_‘w : ivaim-\-`qan ˛ Jeo¬ Pn_m≥ 133
kw`m-jWw : Gsd-∏-d-bmsX F√mw ]d™v
˛tPmWn eqt°mkv 139
P\m-[n-]-Xy-tN-cn-bpsS i‡n-tkm-X v
˛]n.-sI. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿ 158
B¿÷-hhpw kz¥-amb
ImgvN-∏m-Sp-ap≈ t\Xmhvhn.B¿. IrjvW-ø¿
aX-X-Xz-߃°-\p-kr-X-ambn Pohn-°p∂ am\y-hy-‡nbpw cmjvSob
t\Xm-hp-amb kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xßsf Rm≥ _lp-am-
\n-°p-∂p. B¿÷-h-Øn-s‚bpw hn\-b-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ Rm≥
At±-lsØ BZ-c-hns‚ Hu∂-Xy-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂p. Idp-Ø-
]p-≈n-ho-gmØ hy‡n-Isf cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ Im-WpI Ffp-∏-a-√.
At±-l-Øns‚ ap≥Km-an-bmb alm-\mb kønZv _m^-Jn-X-߃
kwip-≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w ]hrØnI-fn¬ kpXm-cyX ]pe¿Øp-
Ibpw aXt\Xm-sh∂ \ne-bnep≈ Xs‚ I¿Ω-ß-fn-se√mw \∑
\ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvX hy‡n-bm-W-t±-lw. ap≥Km-an-bpsS Ime-
Sn-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ]n¥p-S¿∂p sIm≠v apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xßfpw [m¿Ωn-
I-ambn D∂-X\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. XXzm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Nne Imc-W-
ß-fm¬ apkvenw eoKns‚ cmjvSo-b-tØmSv tbmPn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-tºmƒ
Xs∂, \yq\-]-£m-h-Im-i-߃ kwc-£n-t°≠ Bh-iy-I-Xsb
Rm≥ hne-a-Xn-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS kwkvImcw \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠pw
P\m-[n-]-Xy-am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS hnI-k\w ssIh-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-amWv CXv
km[n-t°-≠-Xv. Xo¿®-bmbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ hnPbw Af-t°-
≠-Xv \yq\-]-£-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-tfmSpw \yq\-]-£-a-WvU-e-ß-fnse hnhn-
[ -hn-`m-K-ß-tfmSpw DZm-c-ambpw ka-Xz-]q¿∆-ambpw s]cp-am-dp-∂pthm
F∂Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv. hyXykvX aX kap-Zm-b-߃
kvt\l-tØm-sSbpw kulr-Z-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-dp∂ kaq-l-Øns‚
10
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Xmf-s∏m-cp-ØsØ Bi-bn®p \n¬°p∂p, AXns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-
I-amb Hu∂-Xyw. kln-jvWp-X-bpsS iXp-hmWv aX-`m-¥v. C¥y
lnµp-°ƒ°pw apkvenwIƒ°pw InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw skmcm-kvXn-
b¿°pw tKmX-h¿§-°m¿°p-sa√mw Xpey-ambn Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-XmWv
F∂v \mw AwKo-I-cn-®m¬ amXta C¥y°v `mhn-bp-≈q. inlm_v
Xßsf kw_-‘n-®nS-tØmfw At±lw a‰p≈ Iq´-cp-ambn
kulm¿±w Imw£n-°p∂ Bfm-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ hnP-b-I-c-amb
aX-_-lp-kz-c-X°v AsXmcp henb ssIap-X-em-Wv. Zpjn-®p-t]mb
cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw h¿§obkv]¿≤-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hnap-‡-ambn
D∂-X-amb [m¿ΩnI t_m[w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xm-Wv, kønZv inlm_v
X߃°v al-\ob ÿm\-߃ e`n-°p-hm≥ ImcWw. C¥y-bpsS
Xmev]-cy-߃°p-th≠n ]h¿Øn-°p∂ \s√mcp t\Xm-hm-W-t±lw.
Rm≥ At±-l-Øn\v A¿∏n-°p∂ ARvP-en-bm-Wn-Xv.
11
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Pohn-X-tcJ
12
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
13
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]mW-°mSv kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v X߃
Pohn-X-tcJkn.]n. sskX-ehn
A¥y]hm-N-I≥ apl-ΩZv \_n-bpsS ap∏-sØm-º-Xm-aXv ]uX-
]-c-º-c-bnse tZim-¥c ]i-kvX-amb hy‡nXzw.
PohnX\∑-I-fpsS kar-≤n-sIm≠v aX, cmjvSo-b, `mj, tZi
t`Z-as\y BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
ae-bm-fn-bpsS a\:kwL¿j-߃°pta¬ kam-izm-k-Øns‚ ag-
Øp-≈n-I-fmWv inlm_v Xß-fpsS hm°p-I-tfm-tcm-∂pw. aµ-kvan-X-
am¿∂ B km∂n[ywt]mepw km¥z-\-Øns‚ ]qa-c-Ø-W-em-hp∂p
\mSn-\v.
]kmZ-a-[pcamb apJ--tØm-sS-b-√msX Cu Xnc-°p≈ cmjvSob
t\Xm-hns\ Bcpw I≠n-´n-√. cm]I-en-√msX X\n°p Np‰pw Xnßn-
\n¬°p-∂-h¿ FÆ-a‰ PohnX]iv\-߃ \nc-Øp-tºmgpw, AXn-
\nsS k¶o¿Æ cmjvSob hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn I£n-t\-Xm-°ƒ h∂p
ImØn-cn-°p-tºmgpw hm¿Ø-IƒtXSn am[y-a-∏S ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-
tºmgpw B apJØv apjn-∏ns‚, hnc-k-X-bpsS Xnc-bn-f-°-tam, hm°p-
I-fn¬ A\n-jvS-Øns‚ kzctam IS-∂p-h-cm-dn-s√m-cn-°epw.
14
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
P\-߃°p-th≠n Pohn-°p-∂-h-cmWv s]mXp-]-h¿Ø-I¿ F∂mWv
]d-bm-dp-≈-Xv. ]t£, ]mcm-_v[-ß-fpsS IÆo¿]m-S-ß-fn-e-e-bp∂
]mh-߃ amXw kZm Acn-In-se-Øn, Xo¿Øpw hy‡n-]-c-amb k¶-
S-߃ t_m[n-∏n®v ]iv\-]-cn-lmcwtXSn, ]m¿∞-\bpw NnIn-’bpw
acp∂pw am¿K-\n¿t±ihpw Bio¿hm-Zhpw amX-a-√, ssI\o-´hpw
hmßn a\:kwXr-]vXn-tbmsS ]Sn-bn-d-ßn-t∏m-Ip∂ ImgvN sImS-∏-
\-°¬ ho´n¬ inlm_v Xß-fn-cn-°p∂ ]kn-≤-amb h´-ta-i°-cn-
In¬ amX-ta- ImWq. ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]eXv Ign-™n´pw apd-sX-‰mØ
Bh¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]´n-I. ]mW-°ms´ ]Sn-hm-Xn¬ AS-™p-In-S-
°m-dn-√. 24 aWn-°qdpw AXp Xpd∂pInS-°p-∂p. B ap‰Øv sN√p-
∂-h-cmcpw Hcp t\csØ Blmcw Ign-°msX Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p-an-
√. t\cw sh≈-Io-dp-∂-Xp-ap-X¬ ]mXn-ca-bßpwhsc sImS-∏-\-°¬
ho´n¬ Bsfm-gn-bp-∂n-√. as‰mcp cmjvSob t\Xm-hn-\-SpØpw CX-
tbsd km[p-P\߃ a\ ptN¿∂p \n¬°p-∂p-≠m-hn-√. at‰Xp
t\Xm-hn-t\mSv Cßs\ lrZ-b-th-Z\ ]¶p-sh-°m-\mIpw?
Bfpw Xchpw t\chpw t\m°msX B¿°p-sa-t∏m-gp-a-hnsS Ib-
dn-s®-√mw. F√m-hcpw AXn-Yn-Iƒ. \qdpIW-°n\vt]¿ ]Xn-Zn\w
h∂pt]mIp-tºmgpw F√m Bh-em-Xn-Iƒ°pw kua-\-ky-tØmsS
ImXv sImSp-°p-∂p Cu P\-\m-b-I≥. ]iv\-k-¶o¿Æ-X-I-fpsS sI´p-
]m-Sp-I-f-gn-bp-∂p. AIw -im-¥-am-°p∂ Bizm-k-hm-°p-Iƒ tIƒ°p-
∂p. -h¿j-ß-tfmfw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ sI´p-]n-W™pInS∂ tIkp-Iƒ
Ipcp-°-gn-bp-∂p. -Nne tIkp-Iƒ, \nb-a-cw-K-Øp-≈-h¿Xs∂ Xo¿∏ns‚
km[yX tXSn inlm_v Xß-fpsS a[y-ÿy-Øn\p hnSpw. hnhm-
lw, kzØv X¿°w, al√v `cW]iv\w, [\-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ XpSßn
]eXpw Cu "tImS-Xn'-bn-se-Øpw. Hcp \oXn-\ymbÿm]-\-Øn\pw
Ign-bmØX Ffp-∏-Øn¬ hn[nXo¿∏pw e`n-°pw.
cmjvSo-b-Ønepw s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øn-ep-sa√mw Cu a[y-ÿy-
Øns‚ \oXn ImWmw. [\mVy\pw ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ ]mtZ-inI apkvenw
eoKv t\Xm-hp-ambncp∂ A_vZp-≈ lmPnbpw ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°m-c-\mb
cma≥amÃdpw thßc Kma-]-©m-b-Øns‚ ]kn-U≠v ]Z-hn-bn-te°v
(kw-h-cWw hcpw apºv) \n¿t±in-°-s∏´ t]cp-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ccp-]-
£Øpw ]h¿Ø-Icpw CS-Øcw t\Xm-°-∑mcpw hmin-tbmsS AWn-
\nc∂p. cma≥amÃsd ]Jym-]n-®m¬ lmPnbpw Iq´cpw ]m¿´n-hn-Sp-
sa∂v ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-ap≠mbn. lmPn-bm-Is´ inlm_v Xß-fpsS ]nXm-
hns‚ Imew-sXmt´ ]mW-°m-Sp-ambn IpSpw_ kplr-sØ-∂-t]mse
ASp-∏-ap≈ Bfpw ]©m-b-Øns‚ ap≥ ]kn-U-≠pw. X߃
15
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]pXnb ]kn-U≠v ÿm\m¿∞nsb ]Jym-]n-®p- ˛ cma≥amÃ-dpsS
t]cv. lmPnbpw Iq´cpw ]m¿´n-hn-´p. ]t£ \ymbhpw \oXnbpw
cma≥amÃ-dpsS ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v X߃°v \√ t_m[yw.
Atd-_y-bnse lf¿au-Øn¬ \n∂v DØ-c-tI-cfØnse hf-]-´-
WØv h∂v Xma-k-am°nb kønZv Aen inlm-_p-±o-\n-eqsS-bmWv
inlm_v Xß-fpsS hwim-h-en-bpsS km∂n[yw tIc-f-Xo-cØv Bcw-
`n-°p-∂-Xv. hym]m-chpw BZ¿i-]-Nm-c-Whpw F∂ Pohn-Xhpw
[¿Ωhpw? Cu Ad_v hwi-Øns‚ cmPym-¥c bmX-I-fpsS e£y-
ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
hWn-°p-I-fmbnh∂v Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-I-b-√, CS-]-gInPohn®v,
kwkvImc-߃ ssIam-dn, kmtlm-Z-cy-Øns‚hnØv hnX-bv°p-I-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. lnPvd 1212¬ P\n® kønZv aplv-fm¿ Xß-fmWv Gd-\m-
´n¬ IS-ep-≠n-∏p-g-tbm-csØ ae-∏pdw Kmaw Cu kønZvhwi-Øns‚
Bÿm-\-am-°n-b-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ]uXs‚ ]uX-\mbn kønZv
apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v X߃ 1936 sabv 4\v P\n-®p. ]nXmhv: ]n.Fw.Fkv.-
F. ]qt°mb X߃ (tI-cf apkvenw-I-fpsS Bflob\mb-I\pw
apkvenw eoKns‚ ap≥ kwÿm\ ]kn-U≠pw ]apJ hnZym-
`ymk]Nm-c-I-\pw). amXmhv: Ae-hnøIp™n -_o-hn.
]mW-°mSv Un.Fw.B¿.Sn.kvIqƒ, tImgn -t°mSv Fw.Fw.
sslkvIqƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-kw. 1953 apX¬ 1958
hsc tXmg-∂q¿, Xe-°-S-Øq¿ F∂o ]ikvX Z¿kpI-fn¬ aX-]-T-
\w. 1958¬ CuPn-]vXnse ]pcm-X\ ]kn-≤-amb A¬-˛-A-kvl¿
k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ tN¿∂p. aq∂p-h¿jsØ ]T-\-tijw Ckvem-
anIhn⁄m\o-b-Øn¬ D∂X_ncp-Zw. 1961 apX¬ 1966 hsc sIbvtdm
bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ NcnXKth-j-Whpw Ad_vkmln-Xy-Øn¬
amÿ_ncp-Z-hpw.
amen-Zzo]v ]kn-U≠v aAvaq≥ A_vZp¬Jøqw,. amen hntZi
Imcy-a¥n ^X-lp-≈ -P-ao¬ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ. C¥y≥
bqWn-b≥ apkvenweoKv ]kn-U-≠m-bn-cp∂ kønZv A_vZp-d-ln-am≥
_m^Jn Xß-fpsS ]pXn ico^m ^mØna _ohn-bp-ambn 1966
\hw. 24\v hnhm-lw. kplvd _ohn (k-ønZv \mk¿ aivlq¿ X߃,
IÆq¿), kønZv _jo-den inlm_v X߃ (j-aoa _ohn, IÆq¿),
ss^dqkv _ohn (k-ønZv epJvam≥ X߃, Ip‰n-∏p-dw), kaod _ohn
(k-ønZv bqkp^v ssltZmkv X߃, sImbn-em-≠n), kønZv Al-
ΩZv ap\-∆-den inlm_v X߃ (^m-Øna l\n-ø, sImbn-em-≠n)-
F-∂n-h¿ a°fpw acp-a-°-fpw.
16
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
kp∂n bph-P\kwLw kwÿm\]knU≠v kønZv Da-den
inlm_v X߃, ae-∏pdw Pn√m apkvenweoKv ]kn-U≠v kønZv
sslZ-cen inlm_v X߃, apkvenw bqØveoKv kwÿm\ ]kn-
U≠mbn-cp∂ kønZv kmZn-Jen inlm_v X߃, Fkv.sI.Fkv. Fkv.
F v kwÿm\ ]kn-U≠v kønZv A∫m-ken inlm_v X߃
F∂n-h¿ ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿.
tIc-f-Ønse \m\q-tdmfw ]≈n al-√p-I-fpsS Jmknÿm\w.
1975 sk]vXw. 1\v apkvenweoKv kwÿm\ ]kn-U≠mbn Npa-X-e-
tb-‰p. aq∂p ]Xn-‰m-≠n-e-[nIambn ]kn-U≠v ]Z-hn-bn¬ sFI-I-
WvtT\ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂p F∂pw A[n-Im-c-Øn¬\n∂v AI-
∂p-\n¬°p∂ Cu cmjvSob t\Xm-hv. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse D∂X
aX-I-em-e-b-amb ]´n-°mSv PmanA \qcn-ø, Fw.C.F. F©n-\ob-
dnwKv tImtf-Pv, hfm-t©cn a¿° kpØ¿_n-ø-Øn¬ Ckvem-anø
XpSßn Aº-Xn¬]cw D∂X hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw A\m-
Y-im-e-I-fp-sSbpw ]kn-U-≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw ÿm]-\-
ß-fpsS DZvLm-S-\hpw inem-ÿm-]-\hpw \n¿∆-ln® hninjvShy‡nXzw
(Hcp ]t£ CsXmcp temI-dn-°m¿Um-hmw).
Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Bflobt\Xmhpw Hcp cmjvSob]m¿´n-
bpsS kmc-Yn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n´pw aX, I£n t`Z-as\y ae-bmfn kaqlw
BZ-c-thmsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ kzoI-cn® hy‡n-Xzw. aX-ssa-Xn°pw
tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øn\pw al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb tIc-
fo-b≥. tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\ kan-Xn-bw-Kw. kap-Zm-bm-¥-co£w ]£p-
_v[-amb L´-ß-fn¬ (_m-_cn akvPnZv XI¿°-s∏-´-Xpƒs∏-sS)
Bflkwb-a-\-Øn\v Blzm\w sNbvXv tIc-fsØ h¿Ko-bm-·n-
bn¬\n∂v c£n-®p-\n¿Ønb P\-\m-b-I≥. im¥n, kam[m\- b⁄-
߃ Pohn-X-Zu-Xy-ambn Gs‰-SpØ s]mXp]h¿Ø-I≥.
]mc-ºcyhnip-≤nbpw aX-]-chpw `uXn-I-hp-amb D∂X hn⁄m-
\hpw hntZihnZym-`ym-khpw buh-\m-cw-`w sXmt´-bp≈ temI-k-
©m-c-ßfpw (Cu-Pn-]vXv, Cdm≥, ba≥, ^e-kvXo≥, _n´¨, Ata-
cn-°, kuZn Atd-_y, bp. F. C., Ham≥, IpsshØv, _lvdn≥,
^m≥kv, amen, ate-jy, kn¶-∏q¿,....) Hmtcm bmXbpw Hmtcm ]T-
\-am°nØo¿ØXpw inlm_v Xß-fnse A\p-]ahy‡n-XzsØ
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn. amXr-`m-j-bv°p-]p-dsa Cw•o-jv, Ad-_n, lnµn, D¿Zp,
t]¿jy≥, Xangv `mj-I-fnepw ]mho-Wyw.
Ncn-XsØ°pdn-®p≈ AKm-[-amb Adnhpw kwkvIm-c-ß-sf-°p-
dn-®p≈ \nc-¥-c-amb At\z-j-W-ßfpw kwKo-Xhpw hmb-\-bp-sa√mw
17
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
tN¿∂-XmWv B Pohn-Xw.
kPohcmjvSo-b-Øn¬ \n∂v AI-∂p-amdn cmjvSobw ]Tn-°p-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p hnZym¿∞n Pohn-X-Øn¬. CuPn]vXv hn´ph∂-t∏mƒ Fgp-
Ønepw hnZym-`ymk]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw apgp-In. ]T\,-kmwkvIm-cnI
]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnse ]`m-j-Whpw kmaqly tkh\ kwcw-`-ß-fp-ambn
s]mXpcwKØv kPo-h-am-bn.
Ihn-Xbpw teJ-\hpw Kth-jW ]_-‘-ßfpw Ncn-Xm-Jym-bn-
I-I-fp-sa√mw Fgp-Øn¬ hym]-cn® taJ-e-I-fm-Wv. Ad_v kmln-
Xy-Ønse alm-]-Xn-`-I-fmb A∫mkv alvaq-Zp¬ AJm-Zv, \Po_v
alv^q-kv, Xzmlm lpssk≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Imºkv ImesØ ]nb
Fgp-Øp-Im¿.- t_-∏q¿ kp¬Øms‚ sshem-ense t]mse, CuPn-
]vXns‚ _jo¿ Bbn-cp∂ A∫mkv alvaq-Zp¬ AJm-Zns‚ ho´n¬
F√m sh≈n-bmgvN sshIp-t∂-c-ß-fnepw kmlnXyN¿®-°mbn HØp-
tN-cp∂ kwL-Ønse AwK-ambn inlm_v X߃.
temI-Øns‚ \m\m-Zn-°n¬\n∂pap≈ _lp-`m-jm, kwkvIm-c,
h¿Æ anin-X-ambn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ Ae-Ivkm-
≠nbbn¬, saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥XocØv "_Nv]≥ sI Zn≥ `pem\
tZ\m............' F∂ lnµn Km\w cmKm¿Z-ambn Be-]n® apl-Ω-
Zen inlm_v F∂ hnZym¿∞n sIbvtdm k¿∆-I-em-imem Imº-
kns‚ ]nb Kmb-I-\pambn-cp-∂p.
1990¬ thƒUv A°m-Zan Hm^v B¿Svkv B‚ v Iƒ®¿ sIbvtdm-
bn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n® ]Xn-s\m-∂m-aXv temI IhnktΩ-f-\-Øn-te°v
]_-‘m-h-X-c-W-Øn\v inlm_v X߃ £Wn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ae-
bm-fn-°-sXmcp IuXp-I-hm¿Ø-bm-bn. CXv shdpw cmjvSob t\Xm-
h-s√-∂v.
cmjvS-]Xn sI.B¿. \mcm-b-W≥ Xs‚ s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øn¬
G‰hpw kzm[o-\n-°-s∏´ hy‡n-I-fn-sem-cm-fmbn I≠Xv inlm_v
Xß-sf-bm-Wv. H‰-∏m-eØv a’-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xßsf ]Nm-c-W-Øn-
\p sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ \mcm-b-W≥ Xs∂ sImS-∏-\-°¬ hcpw. Xnc-
°n¬ Zqsc amdn-\n¬°p-∂, B temI-]-ikvX \b-X-¥-⁄s\
X߃ BZ-c-]q¿∆w ssI]n-Sn®v AIsØ kzoI-c-W-ap-dn-bn-te°v
B\-bn-°pw.
hnZym¿∞n PohnXImeØv CuPn-]vXn¬ h∂ C¥y≥ ][m-\-
a¥n Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdphns\ hnam-\-Øm-h-f-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-°m≥
\nbp-‡-amb hnZym¿∞n kwL-Øn¬ Hcmƒ inlm_v Xß-fm-bn-cp-
∂p. C¥y≥ hnZym¿∞n-bm-sW-∂dn™-t∏mƒ s\lvdp-hns‚ kw`m-
18
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
jWw Hu]-Nm-cnI-X-°-∏p-dw Hcp IpSpw-_mwK-sa∂ t]mse-bm-bn.
CuPn]vXv ]kn-U≠v Pam¬ A_vZp-∂m-k-dn-s\bpw am¿j¬ Snt‰m-
sbbpw ]WvUn‰vPn aptJ\ Ahn-sS-h®v ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p.
C¥y≥ ]kn-U-≠p-am-cn¬ Ip-±o≥ Aen Al-Ω-Zv, hn.hn. Kncn,
i¶¿Z-bm¬ i¿a, sI.B¿. \mcm-b-W≥, F.]n.sP. A_vZp¬ Iemw,
][m-\-a-¥n-amcn¬ Cµn-cm-Km-‘n, cmPo-hvKm-‘n, hn.]n. knßv, sF.-
sI. KpPvdmƒ, ]n.hn. \c-knw-l-dm-hp, a≥tam-l≥ knßv XpS-ßn-b-
h¿ B ]cn-NnX, kulrZhrØ-Øn-ep-≠v. tkmWn-bm-Km‘n Hcp
IpSpw_ kplr-sØ-∂-t]mse GXv hntij-th-f-bnepw sImS-∏-\-
°¬ hk-Xn-bn-te°phnfn®v t£am-t\z-jWw \S-Øpw.
C.Fw.Fkv, ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥, sI.Icp-Wm-I-c≥, F.-sI. B‚-
Wn, ]n.sI. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, kn.F®v. apl-ΩZv tImb, \mb-
\m¿, DΩ≥Nm-≠n, hn.Fkv. ANyp-Xm-\-µ≥ XpS-ßnb a¥n-am¿,
tIcf Kh¿W¿am¿, tIµ-a¥nam¿, Imivao¿ ap≥ apJya¥n
^mdqJv A_vZp√, Xan-gv\mSv apJy-a¥n Icp-Wm-\n-[n, I¿Wm-SI
apJy-a¥n hoc-∏-sambven F∂n-h-cp-sa√mw inlm_v Xßsf kvt\-
l-]q¿∆w Adn-™-h¿.
PÃnkv hn. B¿. IrjvW-ø¿, Ip¬Zo]v \øm¿, Zneo]vIpam¿,
Kpemw-\_n BkmZv, Al-ΩZv ]t´¬, hb-em¿ chn, Ct¥m-t\-jy≥
ap≥ ]kn-U≠v A_vZp-d-ln-am≥ hmlnZv XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw sImS-
∏-\-°se BXnYyw \pI¿∂-h¿.
inlm_v Xßsf ae-bm-fn-°-dn-bmw.
ae-bm-fn-bp≈ GXv \m´nepw inlm_v Xßsf Adn-bmw.
tIc-f-Ønse A[:ÿnX ]n∂m° P\-hn-`m-K-߃°v Ah-Imi
kac\mb-I-\mWv kuay-io-e-\mb t\Xm-hv. h¿Ko-b-Xbpw Xoh-
hm-Zhpw `oI-c-Xbpw P\-X-bpsS sFIyhpw \mSns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw
XI¿°p-sa∂v \nc-¥cw ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬In, P\-߃°p \∑bpsS
]tNm-Z-\hpw Bfl-ho-cy-hp-ta-Ip∂ k¿hm-Z-c-Wob hy‡n-Xzw.
Jm≥ kmln-_v, Jm≥ _l-Zq¿ ]´-߃ In´n-b -ta-\n-bn¬ kaq-
l-Ønse kº-∂¿ ]ecpw _n´o-jp-Im-tcmSv Iqdp-Im´n \S-∂-t∏mƒ,
ae-_m-dnse ZcnZam∏nf I¿j-I¿s°m∏w \n∂v _n´ojv hncp≤
t]mcm-´-߃°v t\XrXzw\¬Inb kønZv lpssk≥ B‰-t°mb
Xß-fpsS tZim-`n-am\ c‡-amWv inlm_v Xß-fpsS ]mc-º-cyw.
_n´o-jp-Im¿s°Xnsc Iem-]-Øn\v Blzm\w \¬In-s°m≠v
F. Un. 1880¬ kønZv lpssk≥ B‰-t°mb X߃ ^Xvh ]pd-
s∏-Sp-hn-®p. B_m-e-hr≤w I¿jIkaqlw ka-c-ap-∂-Wn-bn¬ AWn-
19
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
tN¿∂p. 1882¬ ]´mfw Xßsf AdÃvsNbvXv Xan-gv\m-´nse sh√q-
cn-te°v \mSp-I-S-Øn. ac-W-]-cy¥w in£-bm-bn-cp-∂p. sh√q¿ Pbn-
en-e-S-®p. AhnsS ac-W-a-S-™p.
kønZv lpssk≥ B‰-t°mb Xß-fpsS ]uX-\mWv inlm_v
Xß-fpsS ]nXmhv ]n.Fw.Fkv.F. ]qt°mb X߃. 1948se ojW
L´-Øn¬ BZ¿i t]mcm-´-Øns‚ hgn-bn¬ A\n-›n-X-amb
Pbn¬hmkw G‰p-hmßn XS-¶-en¬ Ign™p ]qt°mb X߃. ]Xn-
k‘nL´-ß-fn¬ km[m-c-W-°m¿s°m∏w P∑-\m-Sn-\mbn Ic-fp-d®p
s]mcp-Xnb hoc-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ XymK-tim-Wn-a-bm¿∂ hwi-N-cn-X-
amWv kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v X߃.
20
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
`mKw H∂vteJ-\-߃
21
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]pXnb \q‰m-≠nse
aX-\yq-\-]-£-߃
cmjvS kzmX-¥y-Øn\pth≠n G‰hpw henb kw`m-h-\-b¿∏n-
®-h-cmWv C¥ybnse \yq\-]-£-hn- m-K-߃. P∑-\m-Sn\pth≠n-bp≈
t]mcm´w hnizm-k-Øns‚ `mK-ambn°≠ kaqlw Cu am¿§-Øn¬
Pohm¿∏-W-Øn\v k∂-≤-am-bm-Wn-d-ßn-b-Xv. Hcp kap-Zmbw F∂
\nebv°v _n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc H‰-s°- mbn Iem]w sNbvX-hcmWv
apkvenwIƒ. P∑- qanbpsS kzmX¥yw s]mcpXnhmßn-b-h¿°v C¥y
kz¥w c‡Øne-en™ hnIm-c-am-Wv. -]-t£, CXw-Ko-I-cn-®p -sIm-
Sp-°m≥ k∑-\- n-√mØ Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ t_m[-]q¿h-amb ia-
߃ \yq\-]-£-ßsf ]tXy-In®v apkvenwIsf cmPy-Øns‚ iXp-
°-fm-sW∂v hcp-Øn-Øo¿°m-\p≈ ]≤-Xn-I-fmbn cq]-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p
F∂-XmWv tJZ-I-cw.
Ncn-X-Øn-se ]cn-Wmak‘n-I-fn¬ \n∂v GsX-¶nepw Hcp hcn-
sb-SpØv Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNbvXv AXn¬\n∂v sX‰mbNcn-X-߃
s\bvXv \yq\-]-£-߃s°-Xnsc ]tbm-Kn-°p∂ cmjvSobw hym]-
I-am-Ip-∂p. CXns\ sNdp-°m\pw CXn-e-S-ßnb hn]Øv Nq≠n-°m-
´m\pw atX-X-c-Xzhpw ]ptcm-K-a-\hpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ I£n-I-ƒ-
t]mepw Xøm-dm-Ip-∂n-√. \yq\-]-£ßfp-∂-bn-°p∂ Bh-iy-ß-fpsS
\ymbm-\ym-b-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°pIt]mepw sNømsX Ah-b-Xbpw
cmjvS-hn-cp-≤-am-sW∂v ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw \oXn-°mbn ka-c-Øn-\n-
dßn-b-h¿s°-Xn-sc, kacw \S-Øm≥th≠n Hcp-Xcw tZ-io-b- Im¿-
Un-d-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. `c-W-L-S\ hmKvZØw sNbvXXp Xcptam
22
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
F∂v tNmZn-°pI amX-amWv \yq\-]-£-߃ sNøp-∂-Xv. `c-W-L-S-
\m-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-ßfpw AXns‚ A\p-_-‘-ßfpw amX-amWv
apkvenw \yq\-]-£-߃ Ct∂mfw Bh-iy-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. a‰p-f-f-h-cp-
tS-Xn¬\n∂v Htcm-l-cn°v th≠n-b-√, A¿lambXv In´m≥th≠n-
bmWv apd-hn-fn.
\yq\-]-£- -]n-∂m° kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-bm-Wt√m cmjvS-
Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ]q¿W-Xbpw. Cu ImgvN-
∏m-Snepw ka-Xz-Øn\pw \oXn°pw th≠n-bp≈ \yq\-]-£-˛-]n-∂m°
hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ]cn-i-a-߃ \ymb-am-Ip-∂p.
C¥y-bn¬ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb hn`m-Khpw \yq\-
]-£-ß-fn¬ AwK-kwJy sIm≠v H∂mw ÿm\Øpff apkvenw
kap-Zm-b-am-Wv. apkvenw]iv\-ß-tfmSv tZiobXe-Øn¬ Hcp \n wK
at\m- m-h-amWv an° - -cWh¿§hpw _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒt]mepw ]pe¿Øn-
t∏m-∂-Xv. cmPy-Øns‚ s]mXp-]-iv\-ß-f-√msX apkvenw-Iƒ°v ]-
tXy-I-amb ]iv\-ß-fn√ Fs∂mcp \ne-]mSv Ch¿ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.
Ime-ß-fmbn Hgn-bm-_m-[-bmbn ]n¥p-S-cp∂ ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bpw \oXn
\ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Zpc-h-ÿbpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-
amb Itø‰-ßfpsa√mw IqSn-t®¿∂ Hcp Zpc¥NnX-amWv C¥y-bn-
se apkvenw \yq\-]-£-Øn-t‚-Xv. Cu NnXw ad-®p-]n-Sn-°m≥ a‰p
]Nm-c-W-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sp-I-sb∂ t_m[-]q¿h-amb X¥w ^mknÃv
tIµ-߃ \S-∏m-°p-tºmƒ ]Xn-k-‘n-Isfbpw ]iv\ß-sfbpw
AXn-P-bn-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w hymP ]N-mc-W-ßsf ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-Ibpw
sNtø≠ Npa-XeIqSn \yq\-]-£-߃°p-≠m-Ip-∂p.
hnZym- ym-k- -sXm-gn¬ cwKsØ ]n∂m-°m-hÿ \yq\-]-£-Øns‚
ap-Jy-]-iv\-am-Wv. t]meo-kn-e-S°w DtZym-Kÿ aWvU-e-Øn-emsI
aXn-bmb ]mXn-\n-[y-an-√. hnZym-`ymk ]n∂m-°m-hÿ\nanØw D-
∂XtaJ-e-I-fn¬ Ib-dn-∏-‰m≥ tbmKy-cm-b-h-cpsS FÆhpw Ipd-bp-
∂p. s]mXpsh hnZym- ym-k-tØmSv sshap-Jy-ap≈ Ahÿ C\nbpw
apkvenw \yq\-]-£-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]te-SØpw hn´p-am-dn-bn- n-√. D≈ Ah-
k-c-ß-fp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ X°- t_m-[-h¬°-c-Whpw Cu \yq\-
]-£-hn- m-K-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ \S-°p-∂n-√. CXn-s\m∏w Ah-k-c-߃ \ntj-
[n-°-s∏-SpIIqSn sNøp-tºmƒ ]n∂m-°m-hÿ cq£-am-Ip-∂p. C¥y-
bn¬ ]mtZinIambn Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ apkvenwIƒ kmº-Øn-I-ambn
sa®-s∏- n- p-s≠-¶nepw Ahn-sSbpw Bim-h-l-a√ ÿnXn. mhn Bkq-
XWw sNøp-∂-Xnse sshI-ey-߃ ]e-t∏mgpw kmº-ØnI]ptcm-
KXn ssIh-cn-®p-sh∂v [cn-®-h-sc-t∏mepw XI¿®-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂p.
23
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
A¿∞-c-ln-X-amb Btcm-]-W-߃
h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS AXn-]-k-c-amWv \yq\-]-£-ßsf Bi-¶-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ as‰m∂v. t]meokpw ]´m-fhpw `c-W-X-ehpw _yqtdm-Ikn
samØhpw h¿Ko-b-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°-bm-sW∂ Bt£]w Ime-
ß-fmbn Db¿∂psIm≠n-cn°p-∂p. lnµpXz cmjvS-hm-Z-amWv mkn-
Ãp-I-fp-b¿Øp-∂-Xv. Cu apZm-hm-Iy-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ thtcm-´-ap-≠m-
Ipwhn[-ap≈ kao-]\w Nne atX-X-c- I-£n-Iƒt]mepw ssIs°m-
≈p-∂p. tZiob `mj, `mc-Xvam-Xm, KwKm-Pew XpS-ßnb Xe-s°-´p-
I-fp≈ bmX-Ifpw ]t£m- -ßfpw Cu h¿Ko-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw
lnµp cmjvShmZ-Øns‚bpw A\p-_-‘-ß-fm-Wv. C¥y-bn¬
apkvenw hncp-≤-cmbn \ne-sIm≠ Nne-cm¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ I≈Ncn-X-
ßfp]tbm-Kn®v apkvenw \yq\--]-£sØ iXp-°-sf∂v apZ-b-Sn-°p-
∂p. cmPy-c-lkyw tNm¿Øn-b-Xnt\m cmjvS\mb-I-∑msc hI-h-cp-
Øn-b-Xnt\m H∂pw Ct∂-hsc Hscm‰ apkvenapw Ip‰-hm-fn-I-fmbn
]nSn-°-s∏- n- n-s√-¶nepw apkvenwIfpsS tZio-b-t_m-[hpw tZi-°qdpw
kw_-‘n®v `qcn-]-£-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬ kwibw hnX-bv-°p-I-bpw,
ItaW \yq\-]-£-hn-cp-≤ at\m`m-h-Øn\v qcn-]-£-ap-≠m-°p-I-bpw
Aßs\ A[n-Imcw ssI∏n-Sn-bn-sem-Xp-°p-I-bpw sNøp-I-bmWv
^mknÃv e£yw.
Ncn-X-Ønse A\n-jvS-I-c-amb KX-Ime kw`-h-߃ hnkva-cn®v
H∂m-bn-Øo-cp-hm\pw tbmPn-°m\pw kaqlw shº¬ sIm≈p-tºmƒ
ChnsS a\p-jysc XΩneI-‰p∂ Hcp cmjvSobw hf-cp-∂p. C¥ym-˛-
]mIv hn`-P\ImeØv tZiob cmjvSo-b-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb
]ap-J-sc√mw a¨a-d-™p-t]m-bn. Zi-I-߃ I-gn-™n´pw Ct∏mgpw
]gb hn`-P\Imcyw ]d™v ]pXnbhn`-P\w krjvSn-°m≥ Hcp-sº-
Sp-∂Xv FXamXw A¿∞-c-ln-X-am-Wv!
th´-bm-S-s∏-Sp∂ kaqlw
C¥ybnse \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS Zpcn-X-߃ ]d-bp-tºmƒ at‰-sX-
¶nepw cmPysØ \yq\-]£]iv\-߃ ]Icw N¿®s°Sp-Øn-Sp∂
Hcp kº-Zm-b-ap-≠v. CXn-\¿∞w C¥y-bnse apkvenw \yq\-]-£w
Pmay-Ø-ShpIm-cm-sW-∂mtWm? sImSp-ºn-cn -sIm-≈p∂ Iem-]-ßsf
t]mepw emL-h-]q¿∆w ImWm≥ A[n-Im-cn-Isf t]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw
CØcw \n m-c-h¬°-c-W-am-Wv. ian-°mØ Iem-]-ß-fpsS ]c-º-
c-bn¬ Hcpkaqlw Iqc-ambn th´-bm-S-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn -°p∂
bmYm¿∞yw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw atX-X-c-Xzhpw apJykvXw`-ß-fmbn
24
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
kzoI-cn® Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ apJØv tNmc-∏m-Sp-Iƒ hogvØp-I-bmWv.
temI-Øn\v ap∂n¬ Ct∏m-gsØ C¥y≥ \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS
NnXw tNmc-]p-c≠ Zn\-ß-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. sIm∂pw Xn∂pw hmWncp-∂
]mIrXkwkvIrXn B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn-\p-ta¬ IqSp-X¬ i‡nbpw
Iucy-hp-ambn B[n-]-Xy-ap-d-∏n-°p-I-bm-sW∂v kwi-bn-t°≠
kw`hKXn-I-fmWv Np‰pw. Icn-a-cp-∂pw a\p-jy-c-‡hpw anin-X-amb
K‘w ap‰n-\n¬°p∂ Ak-an¬ \n∂p≈ hm¿Ø-Iƒ lrZ-b-t`-Z-I-
am-Wv. hwiobIem-]-Øns‚ sImSn-tb-¥nb Xoh-hm-Zn-Iƒ \S-Ønb
BI-a-W-ß-fn¬\n∂v Poh≥ _m°n-bmb \yq\-]-£-ßsf ]p\-c-
[n-h-kn-∏n® Zpcn-Xm-izmk tIºp-I-fnepw b¥-tØm-°p-Iƒ ]n¥p-
S¿∂v acWw hnX-®p. A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Zp¿_-e-tcm, shdpwImgvN-°mtcm
Bbn\n¬°p-Ibpw \yq\-]-£-߃ Hcp kwL-i-‡n-bp-an-√msX
Akw-L-Sn-X-cm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-S-sØ√mw Cu ÿnXn XpS¿°-Y-
bm-Wv. Poh\pw kzØpw Bbp-jv°me kºm-Zy-hp-sa√mw \jvS-s∏-
Sp∂ Iem]]c-º-c-Iƒ krjvSn® Ac-£nXt_m[-Øns‚ `oXn-Z-
amb \ng¬∏mSn-emWv \yq\-]-£-߃ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.- I-em-]-ß-fn¬
kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\v \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ t]meokvtk\-t]mepw AI-
an-Iƒs°m∏w tNcp-tºmƒ ]oUn-X-k-aqlw c£-bpsS XocwImWmsX
\nXy-\n-cm-i-bn-emgv∂pt]mIp-∂p. _m_vcn akvPn-Zns‚ XI¿®bpw
\yq\-]-£-ß-fn¬ atX-Xc cmjvS-Ønse P\-߃ F∂ A`n-am-\-
t_m-[-Øn\pw ]Xo-£bv°pw aß-te¬∏n®p. atX-X-cXzw XI-cp-
∂Xv \yq\-]-£-ß-sf-bmWv apJy-ambpw _m[n-°p-I-sb-∂Xv
\nkvX¿°-am-Wv.
kzXzw XI¿°p∂ sNbvXn-Iƒ
\m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GI-Xz-sa∂ cmPy-Øns‚ al-Ømb ss]Xr-
Ihpw atX-Xchyh-ÿbpw \mam-h-ti-j-am-bm¬ ^mknÃv I¿Ω
imkvXsØ AJWvU`mcX kwkvIm-c-ambn ASn-t®¬∏n-°m\pw
DØ-tc-¥y≥ kh¿Æ ta[m-hn-Ø-Øn\v Iogn¬ cmPy-Øns‚ \nb-
¥Ww AI-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ignbpw. `c-W-L-S-\-sbbpw cmjvS-]n-Xm-
hn-s\-bp-sa√mw X≈n∏d-bm\pw PpUo-jy-dnsbt∏mepw [n°-cn-°m\pw
Hcp hn`mKw ChnsS Xøm-dm-Ip-∂Xv Cu ]pØ≥ B[n-]-Xy-Øn\p≈
aps∂m-cp-°-ß-fm-Wv. \yq\-]-£-߃ t\cn-Sp-∂ ImX-emb ]iv\w
hy‡nXzw Itø‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS kmw-kvIm-
cnIkvXw`-ßfpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw XI¿°p-∂-Xpw kam-¥c-
NcnXw cNn-°p-∂-Xpw kmaqly ]n∂m-°m-hÿ cq£-am-Im≥ _yq-
tdm-I-kn-bnepw A[n-Im-c-Ønepw \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS ]th-i\w XS-
25
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
b-s∏Spwhn[w cmjvSob ]Nm-c-W-߃ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂Xpw Ah-cpsS
kºZv]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS hgn-Iƒ XS-bp-∂Xpw XI¿°p-∂Xpw Imbn-
I-ambnØs∂ t\cn-Sp-∂-Xp-sa√mw \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS kzXzw Xs∂
XI¿°pI F∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p∂ ]≤-
Xn-I-fm-Wv. \ne-hn-ep≈ \yq\-]£ ]ÿm-\-ßsft∏mepw XI¿-
°pwhn[ap≈ KqV]≤-Xn-Iƒ Cu e£y-tØmsS Bhn-jv°cn-°p-
∂p-≠v. Cu L´-Øn¬ ]Xn-tcm-[-Øn-\p≈ G‰hpw \√am¿§w P\m-
[n-]XycmjvSo-b-Øn¬ \yq\-]-£-߃ kzm[o\w t\Sp-I-bm-Wv.
A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-bI]¶v hln-°m\pw A[n-Imcw \nb-
¥n-°m-\p-ap≈ i‡n-bm-bn-Øo-cpI F∂Xpw ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p.
Cu hnimee£y-Øn\v A\p-Kp-W-amb P\m-[n-]XytNcn-Iƒ
krjvSn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXv Imte-°q´n a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™hcmWv
]q¿∆-Ime apkvenweoKv t\Xm-°ƒ. apkvenwIƒ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬
\n∂pw cmjvSo-b-Øn¬\n∂pw AI∂v\n∂v ]h¿Øn-°-emWv kap-
Zm-b-Øn\v A`n-Im-ay-sa∂v apkvenw \yq\-]-£-Ønse Hcp hn`mKw
]N-cn -∏n -®-t∏mƒ hyh-ÿm-]n -X-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn -eqsS
\nba\n¿ΩmW k`-I-fn¬ ]¶m-fnØw t\Sp-Ibpw \ymb-amb kap-
ZmbXm¬]cy kwc-£-W-Øn\v A[n-Imcw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
thW-sa∂v apkvenweoKv hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw AX-\p-kcn®v ]cn-]m-Sn-
I-fm-hn-jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXphcp-∂p.
DØcw In´mØ tNmZyw
\yq\-]-£-߃ thdn´v kwL-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw atX-Xc ]m¿´n-
I-fn¬ ebn-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv F∂ D]-tZiw ]ecpw \¬Im-dp-
≈-t∏mgpw atX-Xc I£n-I-fn¬ apkvenw Xm¬]cyw FXamXw
kpc-£n-X-am-sW∂ tNmZyw DØcw In´msX _m°n-bm-Ip-I-bm-Wv
]Xn-hv. ico-A-Øv, kwh-c-Ww, _m_vcn akvPn-Zv, apkvenw k¿h-I-
em-ime _n√p-Iƒ, GIknhn¬tImUv, h¿Kob Iem-]-߃ F∂n-
h-bnse√mw GsX√mw sk°p-e¿ ]m¿´n-Iƒ \yq\-]-£-߃°v
A\p-Iq-e-amb \ne-]m-sS-SpØv \oXn-bpsS ]£Øv \n∂p F∂v
t\m°n-bm¬Øs∂ CXns‚ A¿∞-iq-\yX hy‡-am-Ipw. \yq\-
]£ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´p F∂ ImcWw sIm≠vamXw AI-an-°-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw \oXn \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ B kap-Zmbw
P\m-[n-]Xy am¿K-Øn¬ H‰°v kwL-Sn-°p-Ib√msX Xc-an-√. atX-
Xc ]m¿´n-I-fn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂-h¿t]mepw \yq\-]-£-°m-cm-b-Xns‚
t]cn¬ AI-an-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX DZm-l-
c-W-߃ \ap°v apºn-ep-≠v.
26
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
apkvenw hy‡nXzw \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v tZiob cmjvSo-b-Øn¬
\yq\-]£cmjvSo-b-Øns‚ ]k‡n t_m[y-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂ ia-
I-c-amb b⁄-amWv apkvenweoKv t\Xm-°ƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. Cu \yq\-
]£kwL-S-\sb Ccp-I-øp-ambn kzoI-cn-°m≥ apt∂m-´p-h∂ tIc-
f-Øn¬ \yq\-]-£-߃ i‡-cm-hp-Ibpw kpc-£n-X-cm-hp-Ibpw Ah-
Im-i-߃ t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. h¿KobIem-]-ß-fpsS hnj-hnØv
hnX-bv°m-\p≈ ia-ßfpw ChnsS hn^-e-am-bn. aX-\yq-\-]-£-߃
kwL-Sn--°p-∂Xv sIm≠v h¿Ko-bX hf-cn-√ F∂-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-hp-
ambn tIc-fw. apkvenw F∂ t]cpw hniz-mkm-Nm-c-ßfpw CkvemanI
amb kmaqly Np‰p-]m-Sp-Ifpw `b-te-i-as\y \ne-\n¿Øm\pw AX-
\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°m\pw ]h¿Øn-°m\pw ]‰nb kml-Ncyw krjvSn-
°-s∏-Sp-tºm-gmWv hy‡nXzw \ne-\n¿Øm-\mbn F∂v Biz-kn-°m-
\m-hp-I. hy‡nXzw Dt]-£n®v s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬tNcpI apkvenwIsf
kw_-‘n®v Akm-[y-am-Wv. AØ-c-samcp tZio-b-[mc C¥y-bpsS
cmjvS\mb-I-∑mcpw k¶¬∏n-®n-´n-√. thZ-ß-fpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw
X]-Z¿i-\-ß-fpw -XW¬ ]c-Øp∂ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ CkvemanI
kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kpK‘ hmln-bmb Ipfn¿sX∂epw IqSnt®¿∂-
en™v kº-∂-am-b- Hcp kwkvIr-Xn-bmWv C¥y-bp-tS-Xv. Cu
kvt\l kulr-Zm-¥-co£w \ne-\n¿Øm-\mWv F√m-hcpw ian-t°-
≠Xv.-
apkvenw \yq\-]-£-߃ sNtø-≠Xv
tIc-f-Øn¬ e`y-amb t\ -߃ tZiobXe-Ønepw ssIh-cn-°m-≥
Ign-b-W-sa-¶n¬ inYn-eo-I-c-W-Øns‚ at\m-`m-h-ap-t]-£n®v H‰-s°-
´mbn \n¬°m≥ apkvenw \yq\-]£w Xøm-dm-I-Ww. CØ-c-samcp
t_m[w kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-´n-ep-≠v. AXv hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-Ww.
cmjvSob ]In-b-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fmbn P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Im-i-߃ t\-
Sm-\p≈ hnim-e-amb tNcn-Iƒ krjvSn-s®-Sp-°-Ww. BLm-X-ß-fn¬
kvX_v[-cm-bpw \ncm-i-cmbpw ]n¥n-cn-bmsX apt∂m´v t]mIm-\p≈
IcpØv B¿÷n-°-Ww. cmjvS]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ]In-b-bn¬ \yq\-
]-£-߃ ]q¿Æ-ambn ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bm¬ AXv kzbw KpWwsNøpw.
H‰-s°-´mb apt∂‰w km[y-sa-¶n¬ ]pXnb \q‰m≠v C¥y≥ \yq\-
]-£-߃°v ]Xym-i-bpsS shfn®w ]I-cp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.
NµnI kzmX-¥y-Zn\ hnti-j-∏-Xn∏v
1994
27
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
a\ v Xpd-°Ww
am‰-߃ ImWWw
hn⁄m\ hnkvt^m-S-\-Øns‚ h¿W-]- -bn-emWv temIw. Iw]yq-
-dns‚ A\-¥-km-[y-XIƒ a\pjys\ Adn-hns‚ A]m-c-Xo-c-tØ°v
\bn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hy‡n-sbbpw kaq-l-sØbpw Hcp ]pXnb temI-
I-a-Øn-te°v ssI]nSn-°p-I-bmWv aoUnbIƒ. C≥t^m bp≤-ßfpw
Nm\¬ t]mcp-Ifpw BIm-iØv\n∂v hoSp-Iƒ°p-≈n-te°pw hy‡n-
bpsS a\- n-te°pw ]S¿∂v Ib-dp-∂p. hy‡n-bpsS Pohn-Xw, thjw,
`mj, kwkvImcw XpSßn A\p-`q-Xn-I-sf-t∏mepw \nb-¥n-°p-∂Xpw
hgn-Im-´p-∂Xpw aoUn-b-Iƒ Hcp ZuXywt]mse Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-I-
bm-Wv. BIm-i-Øn-s‚bpw IS-en-s‚bpw ]¿∆-X-ß-fp-sSbpw AXn-
cp-I-fn-√m-sX, ]Xy-b-imkvX th¿Xn-cn-hp-I-fn-√msX temIwapgp-h≥
Hscm‰ Kma ambnØocp-I-bmWv hn⁄m\ hnkvt^m-S-\-Øn-eqsS
kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. t•m_¬ hnt√-Pv-˛-B-tKm-f-Kmaw˛ F∂ Cu Imgv-
N-∏m-Sn-s‚ adp-hiw `oI-c-am-Wv. Hcn-°epw BK-ln-®n-´n-√mØ Hcp
kwkvIm-csØ hy‡n-bn-te°v ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-Ibpw ]Xn-tj-[-sam-
∂p-an-√msX a\p-jy≥ AXv Ccp-Iøpw \o´n kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. AØ-c-samcp temIØv sh√p-hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv aqey-ß-fm-Wv.
\jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv D¬Ir-jvS-amb a\p-jy-Xz-am-Wv.
kzXzwXs∂ XI¿°-s∏-SpI F∂ Zpc¥w ChnsS kw`-hn-°p-
∂p. HmWw tIdm-aq-e-I-sf∂v ae-bmfn hnfn®pt]m∂ Dƒ\m-S≥ s]cp-
h-gn-I-fn¬t∏mepw ]Sn-™m-dns‚ krjvSn-bmb D]-t`m-K -kw-kvIm-c-
Øns‚ Ae-¶m-c-߃ Xqßn-bm-Sp-I-bm-Wv. BUw-_-c- -ahpw [q¿Øpw
28
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
s]mß-®hpw D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-ß-fm-Wv.
kzm¿∞-Xbpw Zpc-`n-am-\hpw AXns‚ Dt]m¬∏-∂-amb Iqc-Xbpw
kaq-lsØ ap®qSpw Kkn-®n-´p-≠v.
el-cn-bp-sSbpw ssewKnI Acm-P-I-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw hym]-\-Ønepw
aoUn-b-Iƒ henb]¶v hln-°p-∂p. IpØ-gn™ Pohn-X-coXn
krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv. Hmtcm Nm\-enepw hnf-ºp-∂Xv a[p-
ctam hnjtam F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-hmsX kzoI-cn-t°≠n hcp-∂Xv
Zriy-am-[ya t]£-I-cpsS Zpc-¥-am-Wv. ImWn-°m\pw hniz-kn-∏n-
°m\pw kzm[o-\n-°m-\p-ap≈ sSen-hn-js‚ Ign-hn-s\-∏‰n ]ecpw
Bi¶ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. ]t£ sSen-hn-j\pw C‚¿s\-‰p-sa√mw
Adn-hns‚ hmXm-b-\-߃ Xpd-°p-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´-
Xv. Ac-\q-‰m≠v sIm≠v temI-P-\-X-bpsS akvXn-jvIam-bn-Øo-cm≥
Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ°v Ign™p. ChnsS Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Zp»-
‡n-Iƒs°-Xnsc PmKX]pe¿Øm\pw Zriy-am-[y-a-ßsf hn⁄m
\h¿≤-\hn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ign-bWsa¶n¬- hnim-e-amb
Hcp am[y-a-Im-gvN-∏mSv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. am[y-a-km-£-cX (MediaEducation)bneqsS amXta kaq-l-Øn\v CXn-en-S-s]-Sm≥ Ign-bp-I-
bp-≈q.
\∑-I¬∏n-°p-Ibpw Xn∑XS-bp-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb∂ ]Xy-b-im-
kvX-]-c-amb ZuXy-ap-≈-h-sc∂ \ne°v Cu kmaq-lym-¥-co-£-
Øn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ apkvenwIƒ _m[y-ÿ-cm-Wv. ]pXnb \q‰m-≠ns‚
hmXn¬∏-Sn-bn¬\n¬°p∂ apkvenwtemIw D]-t`m-K-kw-kv°m-c-
Øns‚ B]-Øp-Iƒ°pw \mSv \in-∏n-°p∂ kmaqly Po¿W-X-
Iƒ°p-sa-Xnsc ]Xn-tcm[wXo¿°-Ww. \∑-bp-sSbpw ]c-kv]-c-kvt\-
l-Øn-s‚bpw Imcp-Wy-Øn-s‚bpw HuZm-cy-io-e-Øn-s‚bpw k∑m¿§
]Xo-I-߃°p t\sc-bp-b-cp∂ `ojWn Ckvemw hn`m-h\w sNøp∂
kmaq-lym-¥-co-£-sØbpw _m[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Ckvemans‚ Pohn-°p∂ amXr-I-I-fm-bn-Øo-
cpI amX-amWv ChnsS ]cn-lm-cw. aX-˛-`u-XnI hn⁄m-\-Øns‚
]c-am-h[n B¿Pn-°p-hm-\p≈ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°-s∏-S-Ww. B[p-
\n-I-Im-e-Øns‚ Ah-ÿ-s°m-Øp-b-cp∂ hnZym-`ymkw thWw.
`uXnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬t∏mepw Hcp kmº-Zm-bnI coXn-bpsS mK-
ambn apt∂m´vt]mhp∂ Ae-k-Nn-¥m-KXn shSn-b-Ww. imkvX-˛-km-
t¶-XnI hnZy-I-fn¬ ss\]p-Wy-am¿Pn-°-Ww. Gsd [\w sNe-h-gn-
°-s∏-Sp∂ hnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn¬ AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb KpW-\n-e-
hmcw e`n-°p-∂pt≠m F∂ ]cn-tim-[\thWw. a’-c-∏-co-£-I-fn¬
29
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
apkvenw kap-Zmbw ]n¥-≈-s∏-Sp∂ Zp:ÿnXn ]cn-l-cn-°-Ww. \o≠
Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn `uXnIhnZym-`ym-k -cw-KØv e`y-am-bn-
´p≈ B[p-\nIcoXn-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn aX-hn-⁄m-\-cwKw hn]p-
e-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
temI-Øns‚ ]pXnbam‰-߃°v t\sc IÆpw a\ pw Xpd∂v
apkvenw kmaq-lym-¥-co£w PmK-Xm-]q¿∆w Nn´s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬
]pXnb \q‰m-≠n-s‚bpw ]_p≤ t\Xr-Xz-ta¬°m≥ apkvenw temI-
Øn\v Ignbpw.-
C∂sØ D’-h-e-l-cnbpw BUw-_-c - -a-ß-fp-a-h-km-\n-°p-Ibpw
ssZhn-I-Nn-¥-bn-te°v temIwapgp-h≥ Xncn®p hcn-Ibpw sNøpw.
\n›-b-ambpw ASpØ \q‰m-≠n-s‚bpw kl-km-_vZ-Øn-s‚bpw hcm-
\n-cn-°p∂ apgp-h≥ Ime-Øn-s‚bpw shfn-®-ambn hnip-≤-- Jp¿B≥
\nd™v \n¬°pw.
kXy[mc hm¿jn-I-∏-Xn∏v 1998
30
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]n∂m-°-Øns‚
]Sn-bn-d-ßpI
imkvX- -km-t¶-XnI ssh⁄m-\n-I-cw-K-ß-fn¬ \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw
kqcy-tim-`-tbmsS Pzen-®p-\n∂ apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ h¿Ø-am-
\-ÿnXn N¿®sNøp-∂Xv ]n∂m-°m-hÿbpsS Xe-hm-N-I-tØm-
sS-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Øn-se-¶nepw Zim-_vZ-ß-fmbn CsXmcp apJy]ta-
b-am-Wv-˛- N¿®-Iƒ°pw skan-\m-dp-Iƒ°pw.
]n∂m-°-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃ tXSn-bp≈ At\z-j-W-߃ XpS-
cp-tºmgpw ]n∂m°sa∂ apZbpw t]dn apkvenw kap-Zmbw ChnsS
Ign-™p-Iq-Sp-∂p.
Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eq-sS Adn-hns‚ kakvX AXn-cp-I-fn-te°pw
]S¿∂p-\n-∂-h-cmWv apkvenwIƒ. hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ At\Iw tiWn-
I-fn¬ Ah-Kmlwt\Snb alm-]p-cp-j- ]-c-º-c-Isf apkvenwkaqlw
temI-Øn\p ka¿∏n-®n-´p-≠v. ]t£, C∂n-t∏mƒ AXp ]eXpw "D∏q-
∏ms‚ B\'alXzw t]mse-bm-Ip-∂p.
apkvenw ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ°v HØp-h-cmØ tNcp-h-I-fn-√. Ncn-X-
]-chpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-chpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb F√m
]n∂m-°-ÿn-Xnbpw Zpc-¥-]-c-º-c-t]m-se apkvenw kap-ZmbØn¬
Af-fn-∏n-Sn-®p- \n¬°p-∂p.
_n´o-jp-Im¿ `cWw ]nSn-®-S°pwapºv apkvenw kaqlw C¥y-
bnse ]_-e-amb cmjvSo-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI -i-‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp
`mKØv _n´ojv `c-Wm-[n-Im-c-tØm-Sp≈ i‡-amb FXn¿∏v
XpS¿∂t∏mƒ, adp-`m-KØv apkvenw hnZym-`ym-k-˛-km-aq-ly-cwKw
31
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
XI¿°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kzmX-¥y-k-acw Hmtcm C©pw i‡n-
s∏-Sp-tºmgpw k¿°m¿hncp≤ P\-hn-`m-K-ambn apkvenwIƒ AI-∂p-
\n-∂p. Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ymk kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-ambpw a‰p \b-]-cn-]m-
Sn-I-fp-ambpw apkvenwIƒ i‡-ambn hntbm-Pn-®p.
_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS `n∂n-∏n-®p-`-cn-°¬ X¥-hpw ]n∂m-°m-h-
ÿbv°p sImgp-∏p-Iq-´n. tZi-kvt\-l-Øn¬ \n∂p-bn¿s°m-≠-sX-
¶nepw, `cn-°p∂ k¿°m-dn-t\mSv \J-in-Jm-¥-ap≈ FXn¿∏v Hcp
kap-Zm-b-sa∂ \nebv°v apkvenwIsf ]nd-tIm´p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. apkvenwIfpsS kmaq-ly-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-h-f¿® apc-Sn-®-
Xns‚ ][m\ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw C¥y-bn¬ `cWw\S-Ønb hntZ-i-
i-‡n-Iƒ°p-≠v. Ah¿ kaq-lsØ h¿K-ß-fmbn th¿Xn-cn®v kmaq-
ly-amb Ak-aXzw krjvSn-®p. kº-∂-\pw Zcn-Z\pw F∂ th¿Xn-
cn-hn¬ CkvemanI ka-Xz-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-alXzw Bƒ°q-´-
Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ad-™p-\n-∂p. apkvenw \mK-cn-I-X-sb \in-∏n-°p-I-sb-
∂Xpw C¥y-bn¬ _n´o-jp-Im¿ \S-∏m-°n-b hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚
e£y-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]m›m-Xy -N-cn-X-Im-c≥ Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b-Xm-Wv. sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]Xyw apkvenwIsf F√mhn[hpw XI¿Øp.
kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øn-se ]¶m-fnØwt]mepw _n´o-jp-Im¿ Zp¿hym-
Jym\w sNøp-Itbm ad-®p-sh-°p-Itbm sNbvXp. B Zp¿hym-Jym-\-
߃ Ct∏mgpw apkvenwkaq-lsØ th´-bm-Sp-∂p.
C¥y-Xs∂ ]n∂m-°-cm-Py-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ XpS-cp-tºmƒ,
ChnsS icm-i-cn°v XmsgIgn-bp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬ IqSnb ]¶pw
]n∂m-°-Øns‚ \pIw-t]-dp-∂-h-cm-b-Xn¬ AXv`p-X-an-√. Btfm-l-
cn-h-cp-am-\-Øn-s‚bpw Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
CXn-te-‰hpw ]n∂m°w \nev°p∂ hcn-emWv apkvenw kap-Zm-b-ap-
≈-Xv. Zi-I-ß-fmbn XpS-cp∂ Cu ]n∂m-°m-hÿ ]d-b-Ø°am‰-
ß-fn-√msX C∂pw apkvenwkaqlw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p.
hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KsØ ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bmWv tZiobXe-Øn¬
Øs∂ apkvenwIƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ apJy-]-iv\w. hnZym-`ym-
k-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ apkvenw kaqlw ]e-t∏mgpw ISpØ A\mÿ Im´n-
bn-´p-≠v. kº-∂-amb IpSpw-_-km-l-N-cy-ß-fp-≈-h¿t]mepw ]T-\-
Im-cy-Øn¬ sshapJyw ImWn-°p-∂p. IS-º-Iƒ X-cWwsNbvXv
Imº-kp-I-fn¬ FØn-bm-em-Is´ ]mK¤yw sXfn-bn-t°≠ taJ-
e-I-fn¬\n∂v Ah¿ hn´p-\n-ev°p-∂p. imkvX-hn-j-b-ß-tfm-Sp-ff B`n-
apJyw Ipd-bp-∂p. knhn¬ k¿hokv ]co-£-I-fn¬ ]n¥-≈-s∏-Sp-
∂p. D∂X \nb-a-\-ß-fn¬ Atbm-Ky-cm-Ip-∂p.
32
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
apkvenwIƒ apgp-h≥ Cßs\ F∂√ CXn-\¿∞w. apkvenw
NnXw Fß-s\bpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ Hcp \n¿Wm-b-I-i-‡n Ip‰-
I-c-amb A\m-ÿ-sIm≠v KXn-am-dn-t∏m-hp-I-bmWv. hnZym- ymk ]n∂m-
°m-hÿ am‰nsbSp-°m-\p≈ kºq¿Æhnπhw Xs∂thWw.
]apJ hnZym- ym-k-hn-N-£-W\pw C¥y-bpsS ]kn-U-≠p-am-bn-cp∂
tUm. k°o¿ lpssk≥ Hcn-°¬ A`n-]m-b-s∏- p: C¥y-bpsS kzmX-
¥y-Øn\pth≠n t]mcm-Snb AtX hotdmsS Xs∂ Chn-SsØ
]n∂m° kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS kap-≤m-c-W-Øn-\mbpw t]mcm-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
apkvenwIƒ ChnsS Ncn-X-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]n∂m-°k-ap-Zm-
b-am-Wv. Ah-sc hnZym-k-º-∂-cm°n kap-≤-cn-°m-\p≈ GXp]cn-i-
ahpw tZio-b-]m-[m-\y-ap≈ ]iv\-am-bn-´-√msX Rm≥ ImWp-∂n-
√. Cu ho£-W-tIm-Wn-eq-sS-bp≈ Hcp Xoh-b-Xv\-amWp th≠-Xv.
Ah-k-c-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´Xpw Ah-
k-c-߃ \ntj-[n-°s∏´Xpw apkvenw ]n∂-m°m-hÿ cq£-am-Ip-
∂-Xn\p Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v. sXmgn¬kwh-c-W-Ønepw a‰pw CXp ]I-
S-am-b-XmWv.-tbmKy-X-bp-≈-h-cpsS A`mhw sIm≠v apkvenw ]mXn-
\n[yw \jvS-s∏´p F∂p ]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒX-s∂, _yqtdm-I-
kn-bnse Nne KqVm-tem-N-\-Iƒ hgnbpw apkvenwIƒ°v Ah-kcw
\jvS-s∏-´n-´p≠v F∂ Imcyhpw apJ-hn-e-s°-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
Imc-W-sa-¥m-bmepw apkvenw ]mXn-\n[yw Ipd-™p-h-cp∂p
F∂Xv hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. Kk-‰Uv XkvXn-I-bn¬ c≠p iX-am-\hpw
t\m¨ Kk-‰Uv XkvXn-I-bn¬ \mep iX-am-\hpw emÃvtKUv
XkvXn-I-bn¬ c≠p-i-X-am-\hpw apkvenw ]mXn-\n[yw Ipd-™-Xmbn
CubnsS dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏- n-cp-∂p. Kh¨sa‚ v k¿hokn¬ ]nt∂m-
°-k-ap-Zm-b-߃°v A¿l-amb]mXn-\n[yw Dd-∏m-°p-I-Xs∂
thWw. ]n∂m-°-˛-A[:ÿnX hn`m-K-߃ A¿l-amb ]mXn-\n-[y-
hp-ambn `c-W-cw-K-tØ°p IS-∂p-h-cp-tºmtg `c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w
sNøp∂ Ah-k-c-k-aXzhpw AXp-hgn tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\hpw P\m-
[n-]-Xy-k-¶¬∏hp-sams° k^-e-amIp∂p-≈q.
Bkq-X-W-Øns‚ A`m-hhpw ]e-t∏mgpw apkvenw kmaq-ly-]-
≤-Xn-Iƒ hn^-e-am-°p-∂p. Kƒ^v ]W-Øns‚ hchv Zcn-Z-amb Np‰p-
]m-Sn¬\n∂pw tIc-f-sØ, ]tXy-In®v ae-_m¿ ]tZ-isØ Hc-f-
thmfw tamNn-X-am-°n. F√m-hcpw kº-∂-cmbn F∂-√, ]´n-Wn-bn¬
\n∂v Iptd IpSpw-_߃ Ic-I-b-dn. Cu tamN-\-Øn¬ Imcy-amb
]¶v apkvenwkaq-l-Øn\p e`n-®p. ]t£, acp-`q-an-bn¬ IjvS-s∏´v
D≠m-°p∂ kºmZyw t]mepw `mhn-°p-]-bp-‡-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-
33
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
∂-Xn¬ an°-hcpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp Zo¿L-ho-£-W-hp-an-√m-Ø-
hn-[-amWv Cu kºm-Zy-Øns‚ hybw\S-°p-∂-Xv. ITn-\m-[zm-\-Øns‚
hnb¿∏p-Xp-≈n-I-fpsS ^ew shdp-samcp tIm¨Io‰v aµnc Øn\p
amX-ambn \nt£-]n-°p-I, ssZ\wZn\ sNe-hp-Iƒ B¿`m-S-ambn
sIm≠p-\-S-°p-tºmƒ `mhn-bn-te-°p≈ kq£n-∏p-kzØv C√m-Xn-cn-
°p-I-˛ -h-cp-am\w t\m°msX sNe-hp-sN-øp∂ Hcp kmaq-ly-Iaw
Xs∂ ]S¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
Cu Xmf-∏ng XpS¿∂m¬ IqSnb Zpcn-Xm-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cn°pw ^ew.
]n∂m-°-sa∂ apZbpwhln®v C\nbpw Gsd-Zqcw t]mhp-Ihø.
k¿°m¿ B\p-Iq-ey-߃ kºq¿Æ-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v ]cym-]vX-a-√.
k¿°m¿ B\p-Iq-ey-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kzbw
Icp-Øm¿÷n®v apt∂m-´p-t]m-Im≥ Ign-b-Ww.
Hcp kap-Zm-bw Xß-fpsS kz¥w Ah-ÿ-Isf am‰p-tºm-g-√msX
A√mlp Ah-cpsS Ah-ÿ-I-fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-X√ ˛ Jp¿-
Bs‚ Cu I¬∏\ ]n∂m-°-Øns‚ Imh-Sn-bn-d-°m≥ kzbw k∂-
≤-am-Im-\p≈ Blzm-\-am-Wv.
kap-Zmbw cmjvS-Km-X-Ønse AwK-ß-fm-Wv. Hcp tZl-Ønse
Ah-bhw F∂ \nebv°v Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]n∂m-°m-hÿ
cmjvS-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ BXp-cm-h-ÿ-bmbn IW-°m-°-Ww.
amXr`qan dw-km≥ kπn-sa‚ v 1996
34
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
auen-Im-h-Im-i-amWv
hnizmkw
cmPy-Øns‚ sFIyhpw `Z-Xbpw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv GIo-
IrX knhn¬tImUv G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v ]ecpw hmZn-°p-∂-Xv.
hy‡n \nb-a-߃ (Personal Laws) C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ Db¿Øn-
∏n-Sn-°p∂ ka-Xzhpw Xpey-\o-Xnbpw \ntj-[n-°p-∂p-sh∂v Btcm-
]n-®p-sIm≠pw GIo-IrX knhn¬tImUn\v hmZn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. aX-
\n-tj-[-Øns‚ t]c-W-aq-ehpw h¿Ko-b-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-Ønepw Cu Bhiyw D∂-bn-°p∂ Nne kwL-ßfpw kwL-
S-\-Ifpw D≠v. F¥ns‚ t]cn-em-bmepw GIo-IrX knhn¬ tImUn-
\p≈ Bhiyw c-W-L-S-\-bn-se auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS t\¿°p≈
sh√p-hn-fn-bmWv F∂v ]d-bmsX hø.
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip∂ hnizm-k-kzm-X-¥yØn\pw A\p-
jvTm-\-kzm-X-¥y-Øn\pw Nne¿ hmZn-°p∂t]mse sshb ‡nIam\-
߃ amX-a√ D≈-Xv. kaq-l-Øn\pw Cu kzmX¥yw _m[-I-am-
Wv. hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Imcy-߃°v-˛-hn-hm-lw, hnhm-
l-tam-N-\w, A\-¥-cm-h-Im-iw XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v sshb-‡n-I-am-\-ß-
fp-≈-t∏mƒØ-s∂, AXn-e-[nIw kmaq-ln-I-am-\-ß-fp-ap-≠v. At∏mƒ
Cu auen-Im-h-Imiw Nne Bcm-[-\-I-fnepw BNm-c-ß-fnepw amXw
]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-X-√. CXv kaq-l-Øn\pw _m[-I-am-Wv. AXp-
sIm≠v hy‡n-\n-b-a-߃ auen-Im-h-Im-i-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. CXv
\ntj-[n-°p-I-sb∂p ]d-™m¬ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sfbpw AXp-hgn
`c-W-L-S-\-sb-Ø-s∂bpw \ntj-[n-°-em-Wv.
35
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
c≠m-asØ Imcyw aX-ß-sf-°p-dn®v X߃°n-jvS-ap≈ \n¿h-N-
\-߃ ]tbm-Kn®v hy‡n\nb-a߃ aX-Øns‚ `mK-a√ F∂
Is≠-Øepw CXv ÿm]n-°m≥ ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ß-fp-am-Wv. hy‡n-
\n-baw aX-Øns‚ `mK-a-s√-∂m-Wnh¿ hmZn-°p-∂Xv. am‰-Øn\v ]e-
t∏mgpw hnt[-b-ambhbm-Wn-h-sb∂pw Ch¿ hmZn-°p-Ibpw DZm-l-c-
W-߃ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Nne aX-߃°v CXv auen-
I-ambn ]m[m-\y-ap-≈-h-b-√m-bn-cn-°mw. F∂m¬ aX-k-aq-l-ß-fmbn
Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ F√m hn`mK߃°pw aX-K-Ÿ-ß-fp-sSbpw hnizm-
k-Øn-s‚bpw `mK-ambn cq]wsIm≠-tXm, \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS BNm-cm-
\p-jvTm-\-߃ hgn cq]w]m]n-®tXm Bb hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fp-ap-≠v.
CXns‚ A¿∞w hy‡-am-Wv; hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fn-√msX aX-k-aq-l-
߃°v \ne-\n¬∏n-s√-∂v. apkvenwIsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw C¥y-
bn¬ hy‡n-\n-b-a-sa∂ t]cn¬ Ad-nb-s∏-Sp∂ ico-AØv \nb-a-
߃ aX-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy- m-K-am-Wv. Ckvemans‚ ASn-ÿm\ KŸ-
amb Jp¿-B\pw c≠m-asØ B[m-c-amb lZo-kp-I-fp-am-W-Xns‚
tkmX- v. hniz-kn-°p-∂-t]mse Xs∂ ][m\-amWv ico-AØv
A\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\pw. Hcmƒ apkvenw BI-W-sa-¶n¬ c≠pw
A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ico-A-Øn-s‚- Ip-Spw-_-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nb-a-
ß-fm-Wv- C-¥y-bnse hy‡n-\n-b-aw. hnizm-k-]-am-W-ßsfbpw
AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Bcm-[-\-I-sfbpw amXw aX-ambn
ImWp-Ibpw aXhpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w \n¿W-
bn-°p∂ LS-I-ßsf `uXn-I-]-iv\-߃ amX-ambn ImWp-Ibpw
sNøp-I-sb∂Xv sX‰-√m-Xmbn Icp-Xp∂ aX-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°mw.
]t£, AØcw Hcmƒ°v apkvenam-hpI km[y-a-√; Ckvemw AXn-
\-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p-an-√.
Inan-\¬ \nb-a-ßfpw C°q-´-Øn¬ s]Sp-I-bn-t√-sb-s∂m-s°-
bp≈ tNmZy-߃ Ckveman-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ A⁄-X-bn¬ \n∂p-
SseSp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. amX-a-√, kmam-\y-amb am\y-X-bv°p-sa-Xn-cmWv
CØcw _men-i-amb tNmZy-߃. ico-A-Ø-√mØ \nb-a-߃
apkvenwI-fpsSta¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-°m-\p≈ Nn¥ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-
S\ A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ aXm-\p-jvTm-\-Øns‚ \ntj-[-am-Wv. CXv `c-W-
L-S-\-°v amX-a√ C¥y `cn® k¿°m-dp-Iƒ-˛-]-tXy-In®v Ph-
l¿em¬ s\lvdphns‚bpw Cµn-cm-Km-‘n-bp-sSbpw cmPohv Km‘n-
bp-sS-bp-sams° k¿°m-dp-Iƒ- -]m¿e-sa‚n¬ apkvenwIƒ°v \¬Inb
Dd-∏p-Iƒ°pw hncp-≤-am-Wv. ico-AØv A\p-k-cn®v Pohn-®-Xp-sIm≠v
apkvenwIfpw hy‡n-\n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v a‰p kap-
36
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Zm-b-ßfpw \√ C¥ym-°m-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂n-s√-∂-Xn\v Hcp sXfn-hp-an-
√. \m\m-Xz-Ønse GI-Xz-amWv C¥y-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\v B[m-
cw. Cu sshhn[yw Dd∏vhcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ][m\ D]m-[n-I-fn-sem-
∂mWv aXm-\p-jvTm-\-Øn\v \¬I-s∏-´n-´p≈ auen-Im-h-Im-iw. CXv
\ntj-[n-®p-sIm≠v IrXn-a-amb Htc-Io-I-c-W-Øn\v ian-°p-∂Xv A]-
I-S-I-chpw Zo¿L-Zr-jvSn-bn-√m-bva-bp-am-Wv. CXv C¥y-sb-Øs∂ \ntj-
[n-°p-∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-Wv. cmPy-Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ Bcpw Cu Ahn-th-
I-Øn\v Xp\nbp-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv alm-∑m-cmb
tZiob t\Xm-°ƒ D]-cyp‡ \ne-]m-sS-SpØXv. Hcp aX-hn-izm-knbpw
aX-Øns‚ `mK-am-sW∂v Dd®p hniz-kn-°p-∂ H∂ns‚ t\sc-bp≈
Ak-ln-jvWp-Xm-]-c-amb kao-]-\sØ s]mdp-°p-I-bn-√.
aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C¥y-°msc [pho-I-cn-°m≥ \S-°p∂ ia-
߃ Zp:i‡n-Iƒ°v apX-se-Sp-°m\pw Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøm\pw hgn-
sh-°p-sa∂ Imcyw Xo¿®-bm-Wv. _p≤n-]-c-amb Xe-Øn¬ HXp-ßn-
\n¬t°≠ Cu hnhmZw CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v A]-hmZw ]N-
cn-∏n-°m\pw Ah¿ XΩn¬ iXpX hf¿Øm\pw kz¥whn`m-K-Øns‚
a\- n¬ ]oUn-X-a-t\m-`m-hhpw \ncm-i-bpw hf¿Øm\pw kaq-l-
Ønse F√mhn`mKw Xoh-hm-Zn-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ian-°pw. CXv
\mSn\v KpWwsNøp-I-bn-s√∂v amX-a-√, atX-X-c-Xz-Øn\pw P\m-[n-
]-Xy-Øn\pw am\-hn-I-X°pw BLmXw hcpØnsh°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
GIoIrX knhn¬tImUv cmPysØ GIo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ am¿K-
am-sW∂ hmZhpw \nc¿∞Iam-Wv. tImUp-Iƒ GsX-¶nepw cmPyØv
DZvK-Y-\-ap-≠m-°n-b-Xmbn cmjvS-ß-fpsS NcnXw ]d-bp-∂n-√. hnL-
Sn-°-s∏´ \mSp-I-fpsS h¿Ø-am-\-Ime NcnXw ]d-bp-∂Xv Ah-bn¬
an°Xpw GI-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cn-°-s∏- -h-bm-bn-cp∂p
F∂m-Wv. DZm-lc-W-Øn\v tkmhn-b‰v bq\n-b≥ ˛ AXv XI¿∂-
t∏mƒ temI-Øp-sh®v G‰hpw aX-ap-‡-amb knhn¬ tImUv AhnsS
\ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ap°m¬ \q‰m-t≠mfw Cßs\ h¿Øn-®n´pw
Hcp cmjvS-am-Im≥ km[n-°msX ]fp-¶p-]mXw hoWp-S-™Xp
t]mse AXv NnX-dp-I-bp-≠m-bn. DZvK-Y\w am\-kn-I-am-Wv. \nb-a-
߃°v CXp-≠m-°m≥ Hcn-°epw km[y-a-√.
Bsc-¶nepw \nbaw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬ \nb-
a-sØ- Xs∂ \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xv _p≤n-iq-\y-at√? CØ-c-Øn-ep≈
Fs¥√mw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-߃ \ΩpsS \m´n¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ atX-Xc
\nb-a-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂p? Inan-\¬ \nbaw Zpcp-]-tbm-
K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬ Inan-\¬ \nb-a-kw-ln-X-sbbpw knhn¬
37
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
\nb-a-kw-ln-X-sbbpsams° C]-Imcw \ntj-[n-®p-IqtS? Zpcp-]-
tbmKw XS-bm-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-am-Wm-h-iyw. CXn-\p≈iaw \S-Øp-
∂-Xn-t\mSv XXz-Øn¬ Bcpw FXn-c-√. ]t£, _‘-s∏´ Bfp-I-
fpsS kl-I-c-W-tØmsSbmI-W-sa∂pamXw. apkvenw h\nXm
kwc£W- \n-b-a-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ap≥]-[m-\-a¥n cmPohv Km‘n-
sb-SpØ \ne-]mSv amXr-Im-]-c-ambncp∂p.
`c-W-L-S-\-bnse am¿K-\n¿tZ-iI XXz-ß-fn-sem∂p amX-amb
44-˛mwhIp-∏n¬ ]nSn-®mWv hnhm-Z-߃ CS-bv°nsS Xe-s]m-°p-∂-Xv.
CXv ÿnc-ambn \ne-\n¿Øm≥ F∂pw Nne X¬]-c-I-£n-Iƒ ian-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXns‚ ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v c≠v am¿K-ß-tf-bp-f-
fq. Cu hIp∏v `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬\n∂v FSp-Øp-I-f-bpI; As√-¶n¬
CXns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬\n∂v apkvenwIsf Hgn-hm-°p-I. DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏-´-
h¿ Xma-kn-bmsX C°mcyw ]cn-K-Wn-°-W-sa-∂mWv C¥y-bnse
apkvenwIƒ Xmev]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
amXr- qan BgvN-∏-Xn∏v
38
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
BImiw t]mse
AXn-cp-I-fn-√mØ qanbpw
cmjvSw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn® Hmtcm ]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS thf-bnepw Id-
b‰ tZi-kvt\-l-hp-ambn `n∂-kzcw tIƒ∏n-°m-sX, H‰-s°-´m-bn,
cmPy-Xm-ev]-cy-Øn-s\m∏w \n∂-h-cm-Wv apkvenw kap-Zmbw. BImiw
t]mse, AXn-cp-I-fpsS th¿Xn-cn-hn-√m-Ø hnim-eamb `qan-sb-°p-
dn-®p≈ hnizm-k-]-c-amb k¶¬∏w Xs∂bp≈-h¿, aÆns‚ a°ƒ
hmZ-Øn\pw ]mtZ-in-I-hm-Z-Øn\pw F∂pw FXn¿\n-∂-h-cm-Wv.
ssZh-Zm-k-∑m¿ ka-∑m¿ F∂ am\-hnI GI-X-bpsS ktµ-i-
ap-b¿Øp∂ Hcp aX-Ønse hnizm-kn-I-sf∂ \nebv°v h¿K-˛-PmXn
t`Z-߃°-\y-ambn apkvenwkaqlw F∂pw cmPy-Øns‚ s]mXp-
[m-c-bn¬ hy‡nXzw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠pXs∂ \ne-sIm-≠n-´p-
≠v. Nne¿ ]d-bp∂ tZio-bXbn¬ ebn-°m≥ apkvenwIƒ k∂-
≤-a√ F∂Xp amXamWv Cu Ncn-X-Øncn®n-en¬ Hcp A]-
cm[ ambn AØ-c-am-fp-Iƒ°p Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥Ign-bp-I. hnizm-
khpw Pohn-X-I-ahpw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXn-Po-hn-°p-∂-
Xn\pwth≠n apkvenwIƒ \S-Øp∂ ]cn-i-a-߃ tZiob[mc-bnse
FXn¿]-h¿Ø-\-ambn bYm¿∞ atX-X-c-˛-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-Iƒ
\n¿h-Nn-°p-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√.
kl-km-_vZ-ß-fn-eqsS C¥y-bn¬ Ign-™p-h∂v Xe-ap-d-I-fn-
te°p ]I¿∂p\oßp∂ apkvenw kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn®v C\nbpw
kwibw _m°n-\n¬-°p-∂pthm F∂ Kuc-h-amb tNmZy-am-Wv
apkvenwIfpw tZio-b-[m-cbpw F∂ Xe-s°´p \¬Ip∂ N¿®-
39
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Iƒ Db¿Øp-∂-sX∂v ]e-t∏mgpw tXm∂m-dp-≠v. P∑-Øns‚ C¥y≥
]mc-ºcyw At\Iw iX-I-ß-fn-te°p \o≠p-t]m-bn´pw apkvenwI-
fpsS tZio-b-t_m-[-Øns‚ Dujv-am-h-f-°p∂Xv \ΩpsS al-Ømb
cmPyØv Nne-sc-¶nepw Hcp kº-Zm-b-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXns‚ ]Xn-
^-e-\-amWv apkvenwIƒ tZio-b-[m-c-bn¬\n∂v thdn´p k©-cn-°p-
∂p-sh∂v CS-bv°nsS Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ ]Nm-c-Ww.
a\p-jy-sc√mw Htc amXm-hn-s‚bpw ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw a°-fm-sW-
∂mWv Ckvemw ]d-bp-∂Xv. h¿Whpw h¿Khpw hwihpw Ipehpw
PmXn-bp-sa∂ th¿Xn-cn-hn-eqsS Hcmƒ°p as‰m-cm-tf-°mƒ alXzw
Nm¿Øp∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-∂-Xo-X-am-bn, F√m-hcpwa\p-jy¿, ]c-kv]cw
ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ F∂ ka- m-h-\-bpsS AXn-hn-im-e-amb ImgvN-∏m-SmWv
Ckveman-\p-≈Xv.
"a\p-jyt-c, \nßsf \mw Hcm-Wn¬\n∂pw s]Æn¬ \n∂pambn
krjvSn-®n-cn-°p∂p. ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv \mw
\nßsf hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-ßfpw tKmX-ß-fp-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \n›-
bw, ssZh-Øn-¶¬ \nß-fn¬sh®v G‰hpw BZ-c-Wo-b≥ [¿a-\n-
jvT -]m-en-°p-∂-h-\m-Ip-∂p' F∂ Jp¿-B≥ hmIyw am\-hn-I-Xsb
kw_-‘n® Ckvemans‚ auen-I-ho-£Ww Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
h¿Khpw PmXnbpw D]-Pm-Xn-bp-an-√m-sX tZiob[mc°v GI-apJw
\¬Im≥ Ign-™n-´p≈ aX-amWv Ckvemw. thZ-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-\n-
j-Øp-Ifp-sSbpw Z¿i-\-ß-fp-sSbpw sXfn-\o¿]-hm-l-tØm-sSm∏w
Ckvemans‚ [mc-IqSn tN¿s∂m-gp-In-b-t∏mƒ C¥y-bpsS kwkvIrXn
kº-∂hpw [\y-hp-am-Ip-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.
Ckvemw C¥y-bnse At[m-ap-J-am-bn-°n-S∂ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬
]pXnb HmP pw ]ptcm-K-a\ImgvN-∏mSpw Df-hm°nsb∂v hniz-N-cn-
X- kw-K-l-Øn¬ ]WvUn‰v s\lvdp Nq≠n-°m-´n-bXv CXns‚ Ncn-
X]c-amb -sX-fn-hmWv.
C¥y-bpsS Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-fnepw
kmaq-ly-hn-⁄m-\- cw-K-ßfnep-sa√mw Ckvemans‚ kmwkvIm-cnI
CS-]-g-I¬ ]pXnb hgn-Øn-cnhp krjvSn-®p. ssk‘-h-P-\-Xsb(C-
¥y-°m-sc)∏‰n ]d-bm≥ Ko°p-Im¿ C≥Ukv F∂p ]tbm-Kn-®-
t∏mƒ, AXv A¬lnµv F∂m°n \ma-I-c-W-Øns‚ BZy-_nw_w
C¥y-°m¿°p kΩm-\n® Ad-_n-I-fn-eqsS Cu kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-\n-
a-b-Øns‚ ]mTw hmbn-®p-Xp-S-ßmw. t]gvky≥kwKo-XsØ ASn-ÿm-
\-am°n lnµp-ÿm\nkwKoXw ]N-cn-∏n-°p∂Xn¬ apkvenwIƒ
hln®]¶pw Kmao-Ws‚ kwkm-c-`m-j-bv°p-t]mepw Imhym-fl-IX
40
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
\¬Ip∂ D¿Zphpw AXns‚ hf¿®bpwhnIm-khpw D¿Zp-`mj
C¥y≥ Ihn-Xbv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw \¬Inb \ho-\-cq-]-ßfpw
Imen-Km- nbpw Aeo-KVv k¿h-I-em-ime XpS-ßnb Iem-ebßfpw
C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-h-f¿®-bpsS s]cp-h-gn-bn¬ apkvenwIƒ
ÿm]n® \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fm-Wv. apKƒN-I-h¿Øn-am-c-S-°-ap≈
apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ Hgn-®p-\n¿Øn C¥y≥
hmkvXp-in-ev]-I-esb∏‰n kwkm-cn-°m-\m-hptam? temI alm-¤p-
X-ambn C¥y-bpsS amdn-ep-b¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ XmPva-l¬ amXw aXn-
bm-Ipw. C¥y-bpsS Iem-t_m-[-Øns‚ D∂-X-\n-e-hmcw hnizwapgps°
tIƒ∏n-°m≥. IpØ-_van-\m¿, sNt¶m-´, BKm-tIm-´, Ncn-X-]-kn-
≤-amb akvPn-Zp-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS DØpw-K-amb an\m-c-߃ XpS-ßn-b-
h-sb√mw C¥y-bpsS Bflm-hns‚kwKo-X-ambn, \ΩpsS hmkvXp-
in-ev]-I-e-bpsS tib- ns‚ ]Xo-I-ß-fm-bn, Xe-ap-d-Isf sXm´p-
cp-Ωn-\n¬°p-∂p. hnip≤KŸ-ß-fnse Adn-hp-Iƒ km[m-cWP\-
ß-fn-te-°p ]I¿∂p\¬Im\pw apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ hn`m-
Ko-b-X-bpsS Hcw-i-hp-an-√mØ kmwkvIm-cn-I-b-⁄-߃ \S-Øn-bn-
´p-≠v. alm-`m-c-Xhpw cmam-b-Whpw ]m¿kn-bn-te°pw _wKm-fn-bn-
te°pw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv apKƒ NI-h¿Øn-am-cpsS Ime-Øm-
Wv. C_mlow k¿lnµv AY¿h-thZw `mjm-¥cw sNbvXp.
\pkØv jm Xs‚ `c-W-Im-eØv `K-h-XvKoX ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-
]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Cu ]´n-Ibpw hfsc \ofp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Po¿Æ-amb sslµhI-e-Iƒ°v C¥y-bn¬ Ckvemw ]pXnb
apJw\¬Ip-Ibpw ssNX-\y-h-Ømb Ct¥m-˛-apkvenw Ie-Iƒ°v
XpS°w Ipdn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂p ]WvUn‰vPn Cu Ime-L-´-
sØ-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xn.
Ckvemans‚ cwK-]-th-i-tØmsS C¥y-bn¬ ]I-S-amb ]pØ-
\p-W¿hn-s\-°p-dn®v UnkvI-hdn Hm^v C¥y F∂ KŸ-Øn¬
]WvUn‰vPn ]d-™p: C¥y-bn¬ apgp-h≥Xs∂ Cu ]pXn-b-i‡n
]h¿Øn-®p-h-cp-∂p. ]pØ≥Bi-b-߃ P\-a-\- p-Isf Akz-ÿ-
am-°p-I-bm-Wv. C¥y sshtZ-in-ImwisØ -Dƒs°m-≈m≥ bXv\n-
°p-Ibpw kzbwamdp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
\q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn C¥y≥ aÆn¬thcp-d®v ]¥-en-®p-\n-∂n-cp∂
A‘-hn-izm-k-߃s°-Xnsc Hcp Nn¥m-]-ÿm\w Xs∂ Ckvemans‚
km∂n[ywhgn kaq-l-Øn¬ hf¿∂ph∂p. BNm-c-Ønepw hnizm-
k-Ønepw GI-ssZ-h-hmZw ]pXnbXncn sXfn-®p. Ccp≠hgn-I-
fn¬ shfn-®-°odv ImWn-°pI amX-amWv Ckvemw sNbvX-sX∂pw
41
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]tem-`-\-ß-fn-eqsS Bscbpw hgn-Xn-cn-®p-hn-´n-´n-s√∂pw ]mam-Wn-
Icmb Aapkvenw Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿Xs∂ Ckvemans‚ C¥y≥ kml-
N-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v.
"kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-tf, \n߃ A√m-lp-hn\pth≠n \ne-sIm-f-
fp-∂-hcpw \oXn°pkm£yw hln-°p-∂-hcpw BIp-I. Hcp P\-X-
tbm-Sp≈ Aa¿jw \oXn-]m-en-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ \nßsf t]cn∏n-°-cp-
Xv. \oXn-]m-en-°p-I. AXmWv [¿a-\n-jvT-tbmSv G‰hpwASp-Ø-Xv.
\n߃ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-s®√mw A√mlp kq£va-ambn
Adn-bp-∂-h-\m-Ip-∂p' F∂ Jp¿-B≥ kq‡w apkvenw`c-Wm-[n-
Im-cn-Ifpw s]mXp-]-h¿Ø-Icpw ]men-t°≠ am\y-Xsb kqNn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
tZi-Øns‚ c£bv°pw tamN-\-Øn\pwth≠n C¥y≥ apkvenw
Iƒ \S-Ønb ka-c-߃ FÆ-a-‰-Xm-Wv. hntZ-im-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xnsc
C¥y-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ t]mcm´w ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠p-ap -X¬
apkvenwIƒ Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≠v. t]m¿®p-Kokn\pw U®n\pw Cw•-≠n-
\p-sa-Xn-cmb ka-c-t]m-cm-´-Øn¬ ap∂n¬ \n∂-h-cmWv apkvenwIƒ.
t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿s°-Xnsc Ad-_n-°-S-ens‚ a[y-Øn¬ bp≤-°-
fw-Xo¿Ø [oc-\mb Ip™m-en-a-c-°m¿ Ncn-X-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂
C¥y-bpsS H∂m-asØ \mhn-I-tk-\m-[n-]\m-Wv. BZysØ \mhn-
I-tk\ apkvenwI-fp-tSXpw. C¥y-bpsS kap-Zm-Xn¿Øn I≠
G‰hpw Xnf-°-ap≈ cW-iq-c-\mb ]S-Ø-e-h≥ Ip™m-en-a-c-°m¿
Bbn-cp-∂p.
Hcp kap-Zm-b-sa∂\nebv°v hntZ-i-i-‡n-I-tfmSv H‰-s°- m-bn-\n∂v
s]mcp-Xn-b-h¿ F∂ JymXn apkvenwkap-Zm-b-Øn\p e`n® G‰hpw
henb tZiob _lp-a-Xn-bm-Wv. 1791-˛-se iocwK-]-´Ww DS-º-Snsb
XpS¿∂n-tßm- p≈ _n´ojv hncp≤ ka-c-]-c-ºc apkvenwIfpsS [oc-
tZ-im-`n-am-\-Øns‚ tNmc-\n-d-ap≈ Ncn-X-am-Wv.
G‰hpw henb ssk\n-I-i-‡n-s°-Xnsc Hgn™ aSn-»o-e-bp-
ambn t]mcm-Sn-a-cn-®-h-cmWv apkvenwIƒ F∂ tUm. cmtP-µ-]-km-
Zns‚ hcn-Iƒ tZiob kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Ønse apkvenw ]¶m-fn-Ø-
Øns‚ XohX FX-sb∂p sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.
1857-˛se H∂mw kzmX-¥y-k-a-chpw 1921-˛se ae-_m¿I-em-]hpw
cmPy-kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n apkvenwIƒ _en-b¿∏n® AkwJyw
Pohn-X-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-am-Wv. _n´ojvhntcm[w knc-I-fn¬\nd™
apkvenwIsf D∑q-e\wsNøp-I-sb∂ ]≤-Xn-Xs∂ ae-_m-dn¬ _n´o-
jp-Im¿ ]tbm-Kn-®p-t\m-°n. F∂n´pw Poh\pw kº-Øpw \jvS-s∏-
42
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Spsa∂ Dd-∏nepw Ah¿ \mSn-\mbns]mcp-Xn. Cw•ojv `c-W-tØm-
Sp≈ ]I-sbm-Sp-ßmØ ]Xn-tj[w Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-tØmSpw
]I-Sn-∏n®Xv apkvenwhnZym-`ymk ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bpsS aqe-Im-c-W-
am-bn-Øo¿∂p. hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv FX ioL-K-Xn-bn¬ k©-cn-
®mepw C\nbpw Ac-\q-‰m≠v ]n∂n-emWv kmaq-ly-ambn apkvenwI-
fp-≈Xv. CXp a‰p]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-Iƒ°pw hgn-sh-°p-∂p.
kqcy-\-kvX-an-°mØ kmam-Py-Øns‚ A[n-]-∑m-tcmSv k‘n-bn-
√m-k-acw ]Jym-]n-®-Xns‚ ^e-ambn apkvenwIsf H‰-s∏-Sp-Øm-
\p≈ \o°-߃ _n´o-jp-Im¿ Bcw-`n-®p.
`n∂n-∏n®p`cn-°pI F∂ \b-amWv Ah¿ BZyta kzoI-cn-®-Xv.
apkvenwIfpw lnµp-°fpw ]c-kv]cw iXp-°-fm-sW∂ ]NmcWw
i‡n-s∏-´p. apkvenw `c-W-Imew sslµ-h-k-aq-lsØ XI¿°m≥
D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ IffNcnX-߃ k¿°m-dns‚ Ncn-
X-Im-c∑mscs°m≠v Fgp-Xn-]-kn-≤o-I-cn∏n-®p. _n´o-jp-Im¿°p
`oj-Wn-bmbncp∂ lnµp-˛-apkvenw ssaXn Aßs\ XI¿∂p. ]Xn-
tbm-K-nI-fnse `n∂n∏v \q‰m-≠p-\o≠p \n∂ kpK-a-amb `c-W-Øn\p
thZn-sbm-cp-°n. Cu Ncn-X-Øp-S¿®-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-∂ apkvenwIƒ
C¥y- kz-X-¥-am-b-t∏mgpw Zpjvt]-cp-≈-hcpw sIm≈-cp-Xm-Ø-h-cp-
ambn NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. cmPy-c-lkyw tNm¿Øn-b-Xns‚t]cnepw
cmjvS-\m-b-I-∑msc hI-h-cp-Øn-b-Xns‚t]cnepw Hscm‰ apkvenapw
]nSn-°-s∏-´n-s√-¶nepw kzX¥ C¥y-bnepw NoØ-t∏cpw kwi-b-
ZrjvSnbpw ]n¥p-S¿∂p. kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ a[pcw \ntj-[n-°-s∏´
lXm-i-b-cmb apkvenw-I-fn¬ ]pXp-Po-h≥ ]I-cm≥ Bcp-sa-Øn-bn-
√. A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ßfn¬\n∂pw DtZymKcwK-ß-fn¬\n∂pw apkvenwIƒ
AI-‰n-\n¿Ø-s∏-´p. cmPy-Øns‚ Hu∂-Xy-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp
Ime-Øn¬\n∂v kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]pd-tºm-°p-I-fn-te°p
apkvenwIƒ FSp-sØ-dn-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu A[:ÿnXn-
bn¬\n∂p tamN\wt\Sm≥ apkvenw Iƒ°p ap∂n¬ hgn-I-f-S-™p-
Xs∂ InS-∂p. ]n∂n-em-°-s∏-SpI F∂ Zpc-¥hpwt]dn tZio-b-[m-c-
bn¬ H‰s-∏´v (th-dn-´-√) k©-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p Cu P\-hn-
`m-Kw. kz¥w \ne-\n¬∏ns\-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-¶, cmPy-sØbpw kaq-
l-sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ N¿®-I-fn¬\n∂p ]oUn-X-cpsS a\ p am‰n-
\n¿Øp-sa-∂Xv am\p-jn-I-amb Hcp Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. CØcw L´-ß-
fn¬ ]oUn-X-k-aq-l-Øn¬ hy‡n-Xz-sØbpw AkvXn-Xz-sØbpw Ipdn-
®p≈ kpc-£n-X-Xzt_m-[hpw `c-W-L-S\ \evIp∂ Ah-Im-i-߃
e`y-am-Ip∂ Ah-ÿbpw krjvSn-°m≥ `c-W-Iq-S-߃ DW¿∂p-]-
43
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-Wp- th-≠-Xv.
\oXnbpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√∂p ]uc-∑m¿°v
Dd-∏p-e-`n-t°-≠Xv P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ]q¿W-Xbv°v Bh-iy-am-Wv.
`c-W-L-S\ \evInb hnizm-k-kzm-X¥yw kwc-£n-°-s∏-S-Ww.
AXn\p aX-]-c-ambhnizmkw ]pe¿Øm\pw ]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw Ah-
kcw In´-Ww. H´-\-h[n hwi, h¿K, aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS kw`m-h-\-
Iƒ Ie¿∂, ]q¿W-ambpw atX-X-c-amb kwkvIm-c-amWv C¥y-bp-
tS-Xv. Hcp ]tXyIkap-Zm-b-Øn-t‚-sX∂p as‰mcp hn`m-K-Øn\p
tXm∂p∂ BNm-c-co-Xn-Iƒ, HutZym-KnI ]cn-th-j-tØm-sS-bm-sW-
¶n¬t∏mepw ASn-t®-¬∏n-°p-∂Xv atX-X-c-Xz-Øns‚ A¿∞w \jvS-
s∏-Sp-Øpw.
C¥y-°m-c-\m-hpI F∂m¬ C¥y°m-c-\m-hpI F∂ kv]ncn-
‰n¬Øs∂ ImW-Ww. AXn-\p-≈n¬ as‰m-c¿∞hpw KqV-Xm¬]-
cyhpw D≠m-bn-°q-Sm. C¥y≥ tZio-b-X, aX-kw-kvIm-c-ssh-hn-[y-
ß-fpsS Hcp-an-®p≈ k©m-c-]-Y-amWv. Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ tZio-b-X-
sbbpw tZio-b-[m-c-sbbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bpw. AXn-\p-]-Icw,
tZio-bX F∂t]cn¬ ^mkn-Ãp-I-fpsS I¿a-im-kvXsØ AJ-
WvU`mc-X-kwkvIr-Xn-bmbn hnti-jn-∏n-°m\pw \m\m-Xz-Øn¬
GIXz sa∂ al-Ømb ss]Xr-IsØ \mam-h-ti-j-am-°m\pw \S-
Øp∂ ia-߃ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb
atX-X-c-cm-jvS-sa∂ \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ Io¿Øn AkvX-an-°p-∂-
Xn\pImc-W-am-Ipw.
kzmX-¥yhpw atX-X-c-Xzhpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw \yq\-]-£-kw-c-
£-W-hp-sams° ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°p∂Xn\p-]-I-cw `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬
\n∂n-d-ßn-h∂v s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fnse ]kw-K-hn-jbw amX-am-bn-Øo-
cp∂ Ahÿ h∂p-Iq-Sm. AXp \ap°v kzX¥ C¥y kΩm-\n®
alm-a-\p-jy-∑m-tcm-Sp≈ \µn-tISpw Ccp-≠-bp-K-Øn-te-°pff Xncn-
®p-t]m-°p-am-bn-cn-°pw.
\q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-Xo-I-ambn Db¿∂p-\n-ev°p∂
alm-ku-[-߃ XI¿°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ C¥y≥ atX-X-c-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-
Ød Cf-Ip-I-bm-Wv. \mw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-t]m∂ aqey-߃ Nmc-am-bn-
Øo-cp-I-bm-Wv. c-W-L-S\ km£n-bmbn kXy-]-Xn⁄sNbvXv A[n-
Im-c-ta-dp-∂-h¿ c-W-L-S-\-sbbpw PpUo-jy-dn-sbbpw [n°-cn-°p-∂p.
cmjvS-]n-Xm-hn-t\-°mƒ cmjvS-]n-Xm-hns‚ LmX-I≥ ]pI-gvØ-s∏-
Sp∂p! Aim¥n Adp-Xn-bn-√msX XpS-cp∂p. In\m-hp-Iƒt]mepw
ImWm≥]‰mØ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v C¥y-bpsSk¥-Xn-Iƒ hgpXn-
44
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
ho-gp∂p. GXps\dn-tI-Sn\pw Iq´p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ncn-X-Øn¬ amXr-I-
I-ƒ Is≠-Øp∂p. thZ-K-Ÿ-ßfpw ]hm-N-I-∑mcpw temI-Øn\p
apgps° D≈-Xm-sW∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-\p-]-I-cw, k¶p-Nn-X-amb hrØ-
Øn¬ B ]Nm-c-W-˛-]-t_m-[-\- ]-In-bbpw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
XmWv as‰mcpIpg-∏w. \oXn \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp∂Xpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-ambn ssItb‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amWv apkvenw\yq\-
]£hn`m-K-ß-fpsS h¿Ø-am\ Zpc-¥w.
kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°pw `Z-X°pwth≠n \nb-a-Øn\pw
`c-W-L-S-\bv°pw hnt[-b-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w bYm¿∞
atX-X-c-˛-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-I-fmb C¥y≥ P\-tIm-Sn-Iƒ AWn-\n-c-
∂n- p≈ tZio-b-[m-c-bn-eqsS apkvenwkaq-lsØ \bn-°m\pw kwL-
S\ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. `c-W-L-S-\m-in-ev]n-Ifpw Cu \yq\-]£
kwLm-S-\sØ BK-ln-®-Xm-Wv; As√-¶n¬ \yq\-]-£w kwL-Sn-
°p-∂Xv sX‰-s√∂v Icp-Xn-b-sX-¶n-ep-am-Wv.cmjvS-Øns‚ kºq¿Æ-
]p-tcm-K-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°Ww e£yw. a\p-jy¿ H∂mWv F∂ GIo-
I-c-W-Øns‚ ktµiw Db¿Øp∂ apkvenwkaqlw ssaXn-bn-eq-
sS-bp≈ GI-[m-csb F∂pw A\p-Iq-en-®n-´p-≠v.
amXr-`qan dwkm≥ kπn-sa‚ v 1993
45
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
amdp∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw
]pXnb sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw
]pXnb\q‰m-≠n-te°v NphSvsh°p-I-bmWv temIw. ImeØns‚
alm]hm-l-Øn¬ XoscsNdnb Hcp[qfn-bmtb \q‰m≠v KWn-°-
s∏-Sp-∂p-≈q. ]t£, NcnXw AXns‚ hgn-bn¬ Cu Ime-K-W\
hfsc ][m-\-ambn ImWp-∂p. \q‰m-≠ns‚ am‰-Øn-s\m∏w ]pXn-
sbmcp kl-km_vZwIqSn ]ndhnsIm≈p-I-bm-Wv. Ccp-]-sØm∂mw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ ]Xo-£-Ifpw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw kw_-‘n®v N¿®-Iƒ
XpS-ßn-bn´vXs∂ Zi-I-ß-fmbn. temIwapgps° \q‰m≠v am‰w Hcp
apJyhnj-b-am-sW∂v CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p, Z¿i-\-ßfpw imkvXhpw
kmln-Xyhpw kwkvIm-chpw kmaqly ]cn-k-c-ß-fp-sa√mw hni-I-
e\ hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. temI-Øns‚ `uXnI kml-N-cy-ß-fp-sS-
ta¬ A[oii‡n-bmbnØo¿∂n-´p≈ cmjvSobw Cu kwhm-Z-ß-
fpsS tIµÿm\-Øm-Wv.
sshcp-≤y-ß-fpsS \q‰m≠v
B[p-\nINcn-X-K-Xnsb Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n® AXv`p-X-ß-fpsS
Hcp \q‰m-≠mWv AkvX-an-°p-∂-Xv. kmam-Py-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw IΩyq-
Wn-k-Øn-s‚bpw Db¿®˛XmgvN-Iƒ, tkmjy-enÃv c-W-I-a-ß-fpsS
i‡n Zu¿_-ey-߃, tZiob hntam-N\]t£m-`-߃, tImf\n
`c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂v ap‡-am-Ip∂ P\-X-bpsS kzmX¥ytLmj-߃,
a\p-jym-h-Im-i-Øn-\m-bp≈ apd-hn-fn-Iƒ, P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ HuZm-
cy-߃... F√mw Cu \q‰m≠v temI-Øn\v ImWn®p. AWp-t_mw-
_pw ssPhm-bp-[-ßfpw ]pØ≥ Huj-[-ßfpw tdUn-tbmbpw sSen-
46
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
hn-j\pw Ce-IvtSm-Wn-Ivkpw Iºyq- dpw C‚¿s\‰pw IS∂pt]mIp∂
hn⁄m\ hnkvt^m-S-\-hpw Nµ-\nse a\pjykm∂n-≤y-hpw sNm∆-
bnse ]cy-th-£-Whpw HSp-hn¬ t¢mWnw-Kp-ambn imkvX kmt¶-
XnItaJe Aº-c-∏n-°p∂ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-emWv. a\pjy_p≤n-bpsS
Kuc-h-X-c-amb ]tbm-K-Øns‚bpw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-Øn-s‚bpw ]Xn-^-
e\w I≠ \q‰m-≠v. c≠v temI alm-bp-≤-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw A]-Jym-
]nX alm-bp-≤-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw XpS-cp∂ Incm-X-amb \c-l-Xy-Ifpw
Cu \q‰m-≠n\v Iqc-apJw \¬Ip-∂p. F√mwIog-S°n kz¥-am-°m-
\p≈ a\p-jys‚ B¿Øn h≥t\´-߃°pw Iq´-°p-cp-Xn-Iƒ°pw
If-sam-cp-°p-I-bm-Wv.
BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ C¥y
Ccp-]Xmw\q‰m-≠ns‚ ]tXy-IX AXns‚ Ak-ln-jvWp-X-
bmWv F∂v _n´ojv XXz-Nn-¥-I≥ sbj-bm-_¿se≥ ]d-bp-∂p.
Cu Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbpw temIcmjvS-߃°n-S-bn-se GIm-[n-
]Xn bpsS kzchpw tN¿∂ Hcp cmjvSobkwkvImcw temI-Ønse
G‰hpwhenb P\m-[n-]XycmjvS-amb C¥y-bnepw i‡n-s∏-´n-cn-°p-
∂p. C¥y°v kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ \q‰m-≠m-Wn-Xv. At\Iw ImesØ
tImf\n `c-W-Øns‚ XS-h-d-bn¬ \n∂v hntam-N-\-Øn-te°v ]d∂
\q‰m-≠v. aX PmXn sshhn-≤y-߃ ad∂v C¥y-°msc√mw H‰-s°-
´mbn s]mcp-Xn-b-Xns‚ hne-bm-bn-cp∂p kzmX-¥yw. atX-X-c, P\m-
[n-]Xy aqey-ß-fn-eq-∂nb hntizm-Ø-c-amb C¥y≥`c-W-L-S\
kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ kΩm-\hpw. Ac \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]b-Xv\-^-e-ambn
C¥y hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Db-c-ß-fn-te°v IpXn-®p. temI-Ønse hº≥
cmPy-߃ imkvX-˛-km-t¶-XnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ ssIh-cn® t\´-
߃s°m∏w \n¬°m≥amXw C¥y ]e-t∏mgpw tijn t\Sn. A¥m-
cmjvS thZn-I-fn¬ C¥y-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ BZ-cn-°-s∏´p.-
Ccp-]Xmw\q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-th-f-bn¬ kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Ac-
\q-‰m≠v XnI® C¥y°v A[:ÿnXkaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ cmjvS\mb-
I-\p-ap-≠m-bn. ]t£, G‰hpwIqSp-X¬ am\h hn -h-ti-jn-bp≈ cmjvS-
ß-fn-sem-∂mb C¥y-bpsS _mly-amb hnti-j-W-߃ amX-am-Wn-
h-sb-√m-sa∂v temIsØ t_m[y-s∏-SpØpw hn[-amWv \ΩpsS
cmjvSobcwKw. kzmX¥ywe`n®v Bdpamkwt]mepw XnIbpwapºv
cmjvS ]nXm-hns\Øs∂ hI-h-cp-Ønb lo\-Ir-Xy-Øn-eqsS
C¥y≥ cmjvSo-b--Øns‚ ]pXnb kwkv°m-c-sa-s¥-∂v hne-bn-cp-Ø-
s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
47
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
B`y-¥c Zpc-¥-߃
C¥ysb kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v \bn-°m≥ PohnXw Dgn-™p-sh®
alm-flm-Km‘n A[n-Im-cm-tcm-l-W-Øns‚ ]cn-k-c-ß-fn-sem∂pw IS-
∂p-h-cmØ XymKn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n´pw kzX¥ C¥y AXns‚
h¿Æ-s∏m-en-a-bn¬\n∂v Km‘nPnsb \njv°-cpWw \o°wsNbvXp.
FÆ-a‰ h¿KobIem]ßfn¬ Iq´-s°me sNø-s∏´ C¥y≥]pX-
∑m¿ IW-°-‰-Xm-Wv. \nc-£-c-cpw Zcn-Zcpw \ncm-i-b-cp-amb P\-tIm-
Sn-I-fmWv C¥y≥ Kma-ß-fn¬ Zpcn-X-]q¿Æambn Ign-bp-∂-Xv.
C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS ]Xo-I-am-bn-cp∂ Km‘n-Pnsbt∏mse,
kzX¥C¥y-bpsS kmaq-ly-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ atX-X-c-Xz-Øns‚
tZiob]Xo-I-ambn \ne-s°m≠ _m_vcn akvPnZpw D∑q-e\wsNø-
s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Htc cmjvSob ]XybimkvX-Øns‚ ssII-
fm¬ tZio-b-Xbpw atX-X-c-Xzhpw XI¿°-s∏-Sp∂ Zpc-¥-amWv
kzmX¥ywIn´n Ac-\q-‰m≠v XnIbpwapºv C¥y A\p-`-hn-t°≠n
h∂-Xv. cmjvS-Øns‚ D∂X`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm¬Øs∂ c≠p
tZiob Zpc-¥-ß-sf∂v Cu kw`-h-ßsf hnfn-°-s∏-´p. F∂n´pw
Km‘n-Pnsb h[n-®h\pw _m_vcn akvPnZv XI¿Ø-hcpw hmgvØ-
s∏-Sp-I-bmWv \ΩpsS cmPy-Øv.
GIm-[n-]-Xy-]-h-W-X-I-tfmSv s]mcp-Xnb ]gb tkmjyenkw-
t]mepw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]¶v ]‰m-\p≈ a’-c-Øn¬ h¿Kob
^mkn-k-tØmSv tN¿∂v\n¬°p-∂ cmjvSob Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv
C¥y A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \yq\-]-£-ßsf s]mXpkwkvIm-c-
Øn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Xs‚ ]m¿´n-bpsS e£y-sa∂v ]c-ky-ambn
]Jym-]n® `c-W-Ø-e-h\pw lnµpXzamWv C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-
cnItZiobX F∂hIm-i-s∏-Sp∂ cmjvSob ]m¿´n-°p-an-S-bn¬ `c-
W-L-S\mXXz-ßfpw cmPy-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cyhpw atX-X-c, P\m-[n-
]Xy k¶¬∏-ßfpw FX-tØmfw kpc-£n-X-am-sW∂v Duln-°m-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. lnµp- -apkvenw [pho-I-c-W-Øn\v Ac-sßm-cp-°p-I-bmWv
^mknÃv e£yw. GI knhn¬ tImUv, Imivao-cns‚ ]tXyI ]Z-
hn, akvPn-Zv-˛-a-µn¿ ]iv\w, kwh-cWw, htµ-am-X-cw, cmjvS-`m-j,
KwKm-P-ew, tKmh-[w, aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\w, hntZin ]iv\w XpS-ßnb
\nc-h[n ]Xo-I-ßsf Cu cmjvSobXm¬∏-cy-Øn-\mbn hym]-I-
ambn Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. 1937-˛¬ Al-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn¬ hoc
kh¿°-dpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬tN¿∂ lnµpalm-k`m ktΩ-f-\-
Øns‚ ]Jym-]\w Cu [pho-I-c-W-Øn\v ]Xyb imkvX-]-c-
amb Xd-sbm-cp-°n-b-Xm-Wv. C¥y°v Hcn-°epw H‰cmjvS-am-Im≥
48
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Ign-bn-√. C¥y-bn-ep-≈Xv c≠pcmjvS-߃ Xs∂-bmWv˛ lnµphpw
apkvenapw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p B `n∂n-∏ns‚ ktµ-iw.
\yq\-]£w Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p
cmPyØv h¿Ko-bX hf¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv cmjvSob
]m¿´n-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p∂ ITn\bXv\w BZyw NcnXKŸ-ß-fmWv
Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. _n´o-jp-Im-cm¬ cNn-°-s∏´ hymPNcn-X-ß-fpsS
]n≥_-e-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øns‚ ]eX´nepw aX-ssh-c-Øns‚ A¥-
co£w krjvSn-°-s∏-´p. hf-s®m-Sn°-s∏´ Ncn-X-ß-fpsS hmb-\bpw
AXns‚ ]Xn-Im-c-hp-amWv Cu \q‰m-≠nse C¥y-bpsS im]-ß-fn-
sem-∂v. ss]adn ¢m nse ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ apX¬ D∂-X-k¿∆-
I-em-im-e-Ifpw B\p-Im-en-I-ßfpwhsc Cu IffNcn-Xß-fpsS
thZn-bm-Ip-∂p. CXns\ °pdn®v cmjvS-]n-XmhvXs∂ ]d-™n-´p-≠v:
hnj-_o-P-ß-fm¬ hf-s®m-Sn-°-s∏´ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpff Imew
aX-ku-lm¿±w ]pe-cn√ F∂v. h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS kwL-S-\m-cq-]-߃
C¥y-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-´Xpw Cu \q‰m-≠n-em-Wv. XnI™ atX-X-
c, P\m-[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-bn-eq-∂nb ]Xn-tcm-[-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv F√m
h¿Ko-b, ]Xn-tema ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw cmPyw sNdp-°p-∂-Xv.
sshhn-[y-Øn¬ GI-Xz-sa∂ cmPy-Øns‚ ss]Xr-Ihpw atX-
Xc hyh-ÿbpw XI¿∂m¬ ]n∂oSv C¥y-bn√ F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv
P\-ßsf \bn-°p∂ cmjvSob I£n-Iƒ°m-h-iyw. `c-W-L-S-
\sbbpw PpUo-jy-dn-sbbpw hI-sh-°mØ cmjvSob \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ
]cm-P-b-s∏-s´-¶nse C¥y-bpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v mhn-bp-f-fq. ]uc-
∑m¿s°√mw Xpey-\oXn Dd∏m--°p-∂-Xn-eqsS amXta P\m-[n-]Xyw
]q¿ÆX t\Sp-I-bp-≈q.-Chn-sS-bmWv \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS ]iv\w.
C¥y-bnse G‰hpw A[:ÿnX P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fn-sem-∂mbn Ign-bp-
I-bmWv apkvenw \yq\-]-£w. tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ ZfnXvhn`m-KØns‚-
ÿnXnbpw CXvXs∂. F°m-ehpw cmPy-Xm-ev]-cy-߃s°m∏wamXw
\ne-sIm≠ apkvenw\yq\-]£w cmjvS]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ]In-b-bn¬
hln®]¶v \nkvXp-e-am-Wv. kmaqly ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿbpw \oXn \ntj-
[hpw Ac-£n-X-Xzhpw C∂v apkvenw\yq\-]£w t\cn-Sp∂ Kpcp-Xc
]iv\-ß-fm-Wv.
kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Itø-‰-߃°v \nc-¥cw
hnt[-b-am-tI≠nhcp∂ Zpc-hÿ \yq\-]-£-ßsf ]n¥p-S-cp-∂p.
hnZym-`ym-k, sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bnse ]n∂m-°m-hÿ apkvenw \yq\-
]-£-Øns‚ kmaqly]ptcm-K-Xn°v G‰hpw henb ]Xn-k-‘n-bm-
Ip-∂p. \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWthZn-bnepw \nba \n¿∆-l-W-cw-KØpw \yq\-
49
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]£ ]mXn-\n[yw hfsc]cn-an-X-am-Wv. D∂X DtZym-K-ß-fn-te°v
tbmKyX t\Sm-\p≈ ti-jnbpw hnZym-`ymk ]n∂m-°m-hÿ sIm≠v
XS-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃t]mepw h¿§obh¬°-cn® DØ-
tc-¥y≥ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ss]adn hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ \n∂vt]mepw
apkvenwkap-Zmbw AI-‰-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. hym]m-ctam hntZi sXmgntem
sIm≠v kmº-Øn-I-ambn A¬]w sa®-s∏-´-h-cp-s≠-¶n¬ Bkq-
XWcmln-Xy-Ømepw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
atX-Xc I£n-I-fpsS \n w-KX
s]cp-In-h-cp∂ h¿§obel-f-I-fn¬ kºØpw Poh\pw \jvS-
s∏-Sp-∂ kap-Zm-b-߃°v t\sc Iem-]-a-gn-®p-hn-´-h¿, in£n-°-s∏-
SpI t]mep-an-√m-Ø cm„obkml-N-cy-sØbpw \yq\-]-£-߃
Zp:J]q¿hw t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. CXn-s\-√m-a-∏pdw cmPy-tZm-ln-
Iƒ, IS-∂p-h-∂-h¿ XpS-ßnb ]cn-lm-k-߃°pw hnt[-b-cm-tI≠n
hcp∂ Hcp P\-X°v Bfl-hn-izmkw ]I-cm-\p-X-Ip-∂ cmjvSob \ne-
]m-Sp-I-fmWv cmPysØ atX-X-c-I-£n-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-t°-≠n-bn-
cp-∂-Xv. ]t£, kao-]-Imewhsc ]apJI£n-I-fpsS \n w-K-X-tbm,
Ai-≤tbm \yq\-]-£-߃s°-Xn-cmb Itø-‰-߃°v Ah-c-dn-
bmsX t]m¬km-l-\-am-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-i-X-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn®v
cmjvSob]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]mX-bn¬ apt∂-dm≥ \yq\-]-£-߃°mh-
W-sa-¶n¬ A[n-Imc]¶m-fnØwt]mepw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cs√-¶n¬
`c-W-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n¿Æm-bIkzm[o\w sNep-Øm-\p≈ tijn-sb-
¶nepw ssIh-cn-°-Ww. \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k -I-fnse ]¶m-fnØw amX-
amWv CXn\v ]cn-lm-cw. aXn-bmb \yq\-]£ ]mXn-\n-[y-Øn\v `c-
W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb hyh-ÿ-I-sfm-∂p-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ atX-Xc I£n-
IƒXs∂ Cu hgn°v Nn¥n-°-Ww.
\yq\-]£, A[:-ÿnX hn`mKØn¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-\n-[n-
Iƒ krjvSn-°-s∏-Spw-hn[w cmjvSobIIvjn-I-fpsS ÿm\m¿∞n
]´nI cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. 544 AwK temI-k-`bn¬ G‰hpw IqSnb
apkvenw AwK-kw-Jy-bp-≠m-b-Xv 46 BWv. CXv 1980-em-bn-cp-∂p. 91-
˛¬ 26-˛¬ FØn CXv. ]Xn-\©viX-am-\-Øn-e-[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bpff
Hcp hn`m-K-Øn\v A©piX-am\wt]mepw ]mXn-\n-[y-an-√mØ Ah-
ÿ. \yq\-]-£-߃ cmjvSo-b-ambn kwL-Sn-®v, atX-X-c, P\m-[n-
]Xy I£n-I-fp-ambn hnim-e-kJy-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-I hgn Cu Zpc-h-
ÿ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm-\m-Ip-sa∂v C¥y≥ bqWn-b≥ apkvenweoKv
hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Cu hgn-bn-eqsS apt∂m´v t]mb-Xns‚ hnPbw
tIcfw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.
50
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]pXnb \q‰m-≠ns‚ ip`-kq-N\
kzX¥ C¥y-bn¬ \yq\-]-£, ]nt∂m° P\-X°v hy‡nXzw
\ne-\n¿Øn A`n-am\]q¿∆w apt∂m´v t]mIm-\p≈ kml-Ncyw tIc-
f-ØnemWv XS- -an-√msX e`n-°p-∂Xv. kwh-c-Ww, hnZym-`ym-k-]p-
tcm-K-Xn, kmaqly kpc-£n-XXzw XpSßn hnhn[ Xpd-I-fn¬ tIcfw
C¥y-bnse \yq\-]-£-߃°v amXr-I-bm-Wv. CXv Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS
apkvenweoKv \S-Ønb ITn-\m-≤zm-\-Øns‚^e-am-Wv. Bib
sshPm-Xy-߃°-∏p-dw H‰s°´mbn \n¬°m-\p≈ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚
k∂-≤-X-bp-amWv Cu t\´w e`y-am-°n-b-Xv. kaq-lsØ cmjvSob
]_p-≤-am-°pI F∂ ZuXy-amWv CXn-\mbn apkvenweoKv BZyw
sNbvX-Xv. CXc kwÿm-\-ß-fn-se \yq\-]£hn`m-K-ßfpw Cu hgn
XpS¿∂m¬ ]ptcm-KXn ]m]n-°mw.
^mkn-Ãv, h¿Kob i‡n-I-fpsS A[n-Im-cm-tcm-lWw krjvSn-
°p∂ A\-`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb ÿnXn-hn-ti-jsØ Xncn-®-dn™v ]Xn-
I-cn-°m≥ tZio-b, atX-Xc I£n-Iƒ k¶p-Nn-XXzw shSn™v Xøm-
dm-bn-cn-°p∂p -F∂Xv ]Xymi ]c-Øp-∂p. cmjvS\∑-°mbn H∂n-
°m≥ ]Xy-b-imkvX imTy-ßfpw Zpc-`n-am-\-ßfpw am‰n-sh-°m-sa∂
Nn¥ hf¿∂phcp-∂Xv ]pXnb\q‰m-≠ns‚ ip`-kq-N-\-bm-Wv. F√m
Xm¬]-cy-߃°p-a-∏p-dw a\p-jys‚ ]£Øv \n¬°m≥Ign-bp∂
\∑-bpsS cmjvSo-b-amWv D]-t`mK kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ apßn-°n-S-°p∂
Cu ]pXn-b-Im-ehpw BK-ln-°p-∂-Xv.
NµnI kzX-¥y-Zn\ hnti-jm¬-∏-Xn∏v 1999
51
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
ka- m-h-\-bpsS C¥y
temI-cm-jvS-߃°v at≤y A\p-]-a-amb ]`m-h-tØmsS Xe-
bp-b¿Øn\n¬°p-I-bmWv C¥y. D]-`q-J-WvU-Øns‚ BZncq]-am-
bmepw th¿]n-cn-b-ep-Iƒ°v tij-ap≈ C∂sØ cmjvS-am-bmepw
C¥y F∂ t]cv D≈n-s‚-bp-≈n¬ \pc-bp∂ A`n-am\t_m[-Øns‚
hnti-j-W-am-Ip-∂p. sshhn-≤y-ß-fpsS alm-kw-K-a-amWv \ΩpsS
cmPyw. temI-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw ssIh-gn-Iƒ HgpIn h∂p-
tN¿∂ alm-kw-K-aw.
ChnsS P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ aX-߃, a‰p-≈-h-bn¬ \n∂v Dcp-Øn-cn™v
GXm≠v aX-cq]w ]m]n® Nn¥m-]-ÿm-\-߃, IS-∂p-h∂ aX-
߃, Aßs\ FÆ-a‰ aX-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw XI¿®bpw ]p\-cp-
∞m-\hpwI≠v F√m-‰n-s\bpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ hnimea\ v ImWn-
®-XmWv `mc-Xob]mc-º-cyw. F√mw Dƒs°m-≈m\pw- Af-hn¬
Ihn™BZcw \¬Im-\pap≈ Cu k∂-≤-X-bmWv \mw `mc-Xob
kwkvImcw F∂v Icp-Xn-t∏m-cp-∂-Xv. alm-\-K-c-߃hsc ]c∂v InS-
°p∂ `qhn-`m-K-Øn-eqsS `mc-XobkwkvImcw HgpIn\oßp-∂p. Chn-
SsØ a\p-jy-cpsS kz`m-h-˛-io-e-ß-fn¬ Cu h\y-˛-\-Kc kwkvIm-
c-ß-fp-sS ssZ¿Lytam A¥-ctam C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠p-Xm-\pw.
temI-Øns‚ hn⁄m\tKm]p-c-ß-fn¬ \£-X-tim-`-tbmsS Ibdn
\n¬°p∂ `mc-Xo-b-cp-≠v. \nc-£-cX \qdviX-am-\-ap≈ `mc-Xob
Kma-ß-fp-≠v. kº∂Xbpw Zmcn-Zyhpw H∏-Øn-s\m∏w \oßp-∂p.
thj-Ønepw `mj-bnepw I¿Ω-Ønepw Nn¥-bnepw BNm-c-ß-fnepw
hnizm-k-Ønepw hyXn-cn‡X ]pe¿Øp∂ P\-߃ A[n-h-kn-
°p∂ cmPyw. alm-]¿∆-Xhpw alm-k-ap-Zhpw AXn-cn¬ Imh¬
52
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
\n¬°p-tºmgpw `mc-XobkmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ Cfw-Im‰v
temI-Øns‚ AXn-cp-I-fn-te°v hoip-∂p.
At\Iw aX-߃, \qdvI-W-°n\v PmXn-Iƒ, D]-Pm-Xn-Iƒ, F√m
ap≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw Bflob ssNX\ywt]mse `mc-Xo-b-cn¬ Hcp-a-bpsS
t_m[-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. `mc-Xo-b≥ F∂v A`n-am-\-]q¿∆w ]d-bp-∂-h-
tcmSv `mc-XobXsb-°p-dn®v Nne¿ HcpXcw A[n-Imckzcw ]pd-s∏-
Sp-hn-°p-∂Xv Bflm-hn-e-en™v tN¿∂ tZi-kvt\-l-Øns‚ bYm¿-
∞-amb GI-X-bpsS A¥- -Øsb Xs∂ XI¿°p-∂-XmWv.
aX, kwkvImc sshhn-≤y-ß-fpsS Hcp-an-®p≈ k©m-c-amWv mc-
XobkwkvIrXn sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv. ]t£, Xß-fp-tS-X-√m-Ø-sX¥pw
A\yw,-h¿÷yw F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-cp-∂-Xv Cu
ss]XrI-Øns‚ hnip-≤n°v FXncv \n¬°p-∂p. Cu \ntj-[m-
flIkao-]-\-Øn\v, iXp-kw-lmcat\m- m-h-ap≈ Cu kz`m-h-co-Xn°v
\ΩpsS cmjvS-Øns‚ ]mNo\Ncn-X-tØmfw ]g-°-ap-≠v. ChnsS
P\n®vhf¿∂ _p≤-a-X-Øn-s‚bpw ssP\aX-Øn-s‚bpw h¿Ø-am-
\-Im-e-ÿnXn AXn-te°v shfn®whoip-∂-Xm-Wv. mc-Xo-b¿°v A\p-
tbm-Py-a-√m-Ø-sX-¥m-bn-cp∂p B aX-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂Xv F∂
At\z-jWw B aX-߃ ChnsS BI-a-W-߃°v hnt[-b-am-b-
Xns‚ kXy-ÿnXn hy‡-am-°pw. \ΩpsS cmjvS-Øns‚ `cW
kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬t∏mepw C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n∂, \ne-\n¬°p∂ apgp-
h≥ aX-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm[o-\-ap-≠v. \ΩpsS ssNX\y k¶¬∏-ß-
fmb kzmX-¥yhpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw Cu aX-ß-fpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-
Wv. atX-X-cXzw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Aaqey kw`m-h-\bpw!
]s£ Xß-fpsS hnizm-k]-am-Whpw at\m-`m-hhpw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬
ASn-t®¬∏n-°pI F∂ kao-]\w Nne¿ kzoI-cn-®-XmWv \ΩpsS
kwkvIm-c-Øn\v kw`-hn® G‰hpw henb A]-N-bw.
Cu ASn-t®¬∏n-°¬ at\m-`mhw h¿Ko-b-˛-]-Xn-tema ]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏´v cmjvS-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ kncm-X-¥p-°-fnepw
hym]n-®-XmWv C∂v C¥y t\cn-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb hn]-Øp-I-fn-
sem-∂v. Hcp \o≠Ime-b-f-hnse t]mcm-´-Øn-eqsS t\Snb cmjvS
kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ A¿∞w-t]mepw \jvS-s∏Spwhn[w ^mknÃv ]h-
WX cmPyØv i‡n]m]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
kzmX¥yw In´n Ac-\q-‰m-≠m-bn´pw kzmX¥y ]q¿∆-L-´-Ønse
Xnf-°w-t]m-ep-an-s√∂v tXm∂n-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-ß-fn-sem∂v
cmjvS-Øn-\-IØv inYn-eo-I-cWi‡n-Iƒ hf-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. cmPysØ
kmº-ØnIambpw a‰pcwK-ß-fnepw ]ptcm-KXnbnte°v \bn-°p-∂-
53
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Xn¬ i≤n-t°≠ k¿°m-dp-Iƒ°v cmPyØv Aim¥n hnX-°p∂
i‡n-Isf Aa¿®sNøp-∂-Xn\v ITn-\m-≤zm\w sNtø-≠n-h-cp-∂p.
CØcw ]iv\-߃ krjvSn-°p∂ kvXw`-\m-h-ÿ-tbm-sSm∏w Kpcp-
X-c-amWv \yq\-]-£-ß-fn¬ hf-cp∂ Bi-¶-bpw.
kzmX-¥yhpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw atX-X-c-Xzhpw ]q¿Æ-amb A¿∞-
Øn¬ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ amX-amWv mc-Xob ss]Xr-I-Øns‚
aln-a-bn¬ F√m-h¿°pw A`n-am\w sIm≈m≥ -Ign-bp-I. AXn-\mbn
a\p-jy¿ H∂m-Wv F∂ GI-X-bpsS, ka-`m-h-\-bpsS ktµiw cmPy-
Øns‚ Hmtcm tImWnepw Hmtcm a\- nepw kZmapg-ßWw. \m\m-
Xz-Øn¬ GIXz sa∂ \ΩpsS tZio-b-X-bpsS kwKoXw temIw
apgps° tIƒ∏n-°Ww.-
kl-km-_vZ-߃ ]n∂n-´mepw C¥y AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-am-b A¥-
t msS \ne\n¬°Ww F∂ ZrV-\n-›bw Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te°v ssIam-
dm≥ Ign-b-Ww.-
P-\-bpKw hnjp-∏Xn∏v 1993
54
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
aXw _e-]-tbm-K-a√
aX-Øn¬ hniz-kn°m\pw BN-cn-°m\pw aXw]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈
kzmX¥yw C¥y≥`c-W-L-S\ \evIp∂ auen-Im-h-Im-i-am-Wv.
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\sb hntizm-Ø-c-am-°p-∂Xpw AXns‚ atX-Xc
P\m-[n-]-Xy -kz-`mhwXs∂. sshhn-[y-Øn¬ GI-Xz-sa∂ ktµ-
i-Øn-eqsS Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te°v ]I-cp-∂Xpw cmPy-Øns‚ Nnc-]p-cm-
X-\-amb kln-jvWp-X-bp-sSbpw kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw kwkvIm-
c-am-Wv. Cu A¥-co-£sØ XI¿°m≥ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\ ia-ßfpw
aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-hn-hm-Z-hpw Imc-W-am-bn-°q-Sm. uXnI ]tem- -\-߃
sIm≠pw _ew-]-tbm-Kn®pw aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w ]mSn-√. CXv ]kvXpX
aX-Øns‚ Imt\-jp-amcn h¿[n-∏n-°p-sa-∂-√msX bYm¿∞ hnizm-
knsb krjvSn-°m≥ D]-I-cn-°n-√. kaq-l-\-∑-°m-hiyw aX-hn-`m-K-
Øns‚ AwKkw-Jy-b-√. PohnXhnip-≤n-bpsS amXr-I-bmb aX-hn-
izm-kn-I-sf-bm-Wv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ CXv A¿∞-i-¶-bv°n-S-an-
√mØhn[w hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. aX-Øn¬ \n¿_‘w sNep-Ø-
en√ (_-e-]-tbm-Kw), \n߃°v \nß-fpsS aXw, F\n°v Fs‚
aXw XpSßn aX-hn-izmkw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xnse Dt±-iy-ip-≤nsb
hnhn[L´-ß-fn¬ Jp¿B≥ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.
aXw ]N-cn-∏n-°pI F∂ ssZhn-I-\n-tbmKw \nd-th-‰m≥ Hmtcm
apkvenan\pw _m[y-X-bp-≠v. \∑ Iev∏n-°p-Ibpw Xn∑ XS-bp-Ibpw
sNøpI F∂ Blzm-\hpw hnizkn°pIbpw k¬I¿Ω-ßf\pjvTn-
°p-Ibpw ]c-kv]cw kXyw-sIm≠pw £a-sIm≠pw D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂-h-c-√msX as‰√m kaq-lhpw \jvS-Øn-emWv F∂
ImesØØs∂ km£n-bm-°n-bp≈ ]Jym-]-\hpw CXns‚ ASn-
55
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
ÿm-\amWv.
Cu \ne-]m-Sn-eq-∂n-bmWv aX-]-t_m-[\w Hcp _m[y-X-bmbn ap-
kvenw Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. AXn¬ _e-]-tbm-K-Øn\pw kΩ¿±-Øn\pw
ÿm\-an-s√∂v C¥ym-N-cn-Xhpw km£n ]d-bp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ C-
kvemw ]N-cn--®Xv ssk\nI\o°-ß-fn-eq-sS-b√! hnip-≤ PohnX-
am¿§-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Fgp-\qdv h¿j-tØmfw apkvenw NI-h¿Øn-
am¿ C¥y `cn-®n´pw apkvenw kap-Zmbw Cu cmPyØv \yq\-]-
£ambnØs∂ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p-sh-∂Xv aX-Øn¬ _e-]-tbm-K-
an√ F∂ hnip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚ ]mT-am-Wv. tIc-fw, Xan-gv\m-Sv, B‘,
Z¬ln, bp. ]n. XpSßn \nc-h[n tIµ-ß-fn¬ C¥y-bn¬ CkvemanI
]t_m-[-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb ]pWy-Ncn-X-cmb alm-]p-cp-j-
∑m-cpsS Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ab-ßp-∂p-≠v. Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-N-cn-X-amWv C-
¥y-bnse Ckvemans‚ Ncn-Xw.
1980¬ ao\m-£n-]pcw F∂ Kmaw dlvaØv\K-dmbn amdn-b-Xn-
s\-°p-dn®v CkvemanI ImgvN-∏m-Sn\v hncp-≤-amb]Nm-c-W-߃ BZy-
L-´-Øn-ep-b¿s∂-¶nepw kzX¥ GP≥kn-I-fp-sSbpw am[ya
]h¿Ø-I-cp-sSbpw At\z-j-W-߃ hkvXpX ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h--
∂p. PmXo-b]iv\-ß-fn¬ \nc-¥cw ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah-
tl-fn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cpsS Xpey-Xbv°vth≠n-bp≈ A`n-hm-
RvO-bmWv Ahsc Ckveman-se-Øn-®-Xv F∂v ]n∂oSv Nq≠n-°m-
Wn-°-s∏- p. -a-\p-jy≥ FX ]ptcm-K-an-®mepw Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈
At\z-j-W-Øn¬ _‘n-X-cm-Wv. Cßs\ Bflo-bm-t\z-j-W-Øn-
eqsS kXyw Is≠Øn GsX-¶nepw hnizm-k-[m-csb kzoI-cn-
°p∂Xns\ \nb-aw-sIm≠v XS-bm-sa∂Xv auVy-am-Wv. A©v\q‰m-
≠n-\p-tijw kapZm-b-ß-fpsS P\-kw-Jym-\n-c°v Fß-s\-bmIpw
F∂v AXn-i-tbm-‡n-]-c-amb IW-°p-Iƒ \ncØn Fgp-Xm-∏pdw
hmbn-°p∂ cmjvSobw C¥ysb inYn-e-am-°pw. kzmX¥yw e`n-®p
_mem-cn-jvSX-Iƒ ]n∂n-Sp∂ C¥y cmjvS-\n¿ΩmWL´-Øn-em-Wv.
Cu kabw tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\sØ XI¿°m≥ Hcp-ßp-∂Xv cmjvS-
in-ev]n-Ifpw tImSn-°-W-°n\v ]uc-∑mcpw kz]v\w ImWp∂ sFiz-
cy-]q¿W-amb `mhn C¥ysb \in-∏n-°m-\m-Wv hgn-sbmcp°p-I.
C¥y F∂pw Cßs\ t]mbm¬ aXn F∂v IW-°p-Iq-´p∂
i‡nIfmWv Cu Xcw ]Xn-temaNn¥-I-fpsS ]n∂-Wn-bm-Ip-∂-Xv.
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-in-e-bmb atX-X-c-Xzhpw P\m-
[n-]-Xyhpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØpI-bmWv Cu kµ¿`-Øns‚ Bh-iyw.
aX-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \yq\-]-£-߃ \c-l-Xy-bv°n-c-bm-Ip-
56
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
∂Xv ]cn-jvIrXkaq-l-Øns‚ apJ-tØ-ev]n-°p∂ IdpØ]mSp-I-
fm-Wv. Hdo-k-bn¬ InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-sbbpw a°-sfbpw Np´p-sIm∂
ImSØw aX-Øns‚ t]cn--em-W-c-tß-dn-bXv F∂Xv e÷m-I-c-am-Wv.
a\p-jys\ \∂m-°m-\p≈ aX-Øns‚ t]cn¬ a\p-jy≥ \in-°p-
∂Xv hntcm-[m-`m-k-am-Wv. aX-kzm-X¥yw ]ucm-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS Ahn-
`m-Py-L-S-I-am-sW∂v c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 14,15,16 A\p-t—-Z-߃ hy‡-
am-°p-∂p. Cu `c-W-L-S-\m-X-Xz-Øn¬ ambwtN¿°m-\pff \o°w
C¥y°m-cs‚ P∑m-h-Im-i-Øn\v t\¿°p≈ sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. F√m
aX-ßfpw a\p-jycpw ]c-kv]cw _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw kvt\ln-°p-
Ibpw sNøp∂ im¥hpwkam-[m-\-]-c-hp-amb cmjvSm-¥-co£w
krjvSn-°m-\mWv DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏-´-h¿ ian-t°-≠Xv.
amXr-`qan hmcm-¥y-∏-Xn∏v 1999 am¿®v 7
57
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]Xn-Im-c-Nn-¥-b√
]Xymi hf¿ØWw
\∑-bp-sSbpw kam-[m-\-Øn-s‚-bpw ]c-kv]c kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw
Iq´m-bva-bp-sSbpw ktµ-i-amWv Ckvemw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. £a, hnizm-
k-Øns‚ A¿≤-`m-K-am-sW∂v Cu aXw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. kXy--Øns‚
km£n-Ifpw Im¿an-I-cp-am-Im\pw am\-hnI GI-X- e£yw sh°m\pw
Ckvemw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p.
k¿∆-tem-I-Øn\pw Ime-Øn\pw P\-Xbv°pw hgn-Im-´p-I-bmWv
hnip≤ Jp¿B≥. temI-Øns‚ F√m- Akzÿ-X-Iƒ°pw Po¿W-
X-Iƒ°pw Zp:J߃°pw At\z-j-W-߃°pw ]cn-lmcw Cu KŸ-
Øn-ep-≠v. a\p-jys‚ PohnX hyh-ÿsb \J-in-Jm¥w \nb-¥n-
°m-\pw kmaq-lym-h-ÿbv°v am¿§-Z¿i\w \¬Im-\pw F√m kwi-
b-߃°pw sXfn™ DØ-c-hp-ambn Jp¿-B≥ apºn¬ \n¬°p-∂p.
hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v t\¿am¿§w Nq≠p-∂ Cu hnip≤ alm-KŸw
\¬In-b hniz-]-cn-]m-e-I-\mb A√m-lp-hns\ kZm kvXpXn-°p-I.
Cf°w ]‰mØ ssZh hnizm-k-Øns‚ sXfn-hv, kzPo-hnXw Jp¿-
B-\n-I-amtWm F∂ Bfl-]-cn-tim-[-\-bm-Wv. Jp¿-B\pw A¥y-
]-hm-N-I≥ apl-ΩZn (k)s‚ PohnXNcy-I-fp-am-Wv F√m Ccp-´nepw
\ap°v shfn®w ]I-cp-∂Xv. Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n∂m-hWw uXn-
I, cmjvSob kml-N-cy-ß-sfbpw hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.
am\h kaq-l-Øn\v th≠n \ntbm-Kn-X-amb DØa kap-Zm-b-
amWv F∂ A`n-am-\-t_m-[hpw DØ-c-hm-ZnØ t_m[hpw apkvenw
Ifn¬ \in-∏n-°m-\p≈ ia-߃ hnhn[ Xe-Ønepw cq]-Ønepw \S∂p
58
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
hcp-∂p-≠v. apkvenwIsf hnizm-k-Øn¬ \n∂-I-‰p-I-bm-Wv apJy-e-
£yw. CXp-hgn Jp¿-B-\n-I-a-√mØ GXv Pohn-X-co-Xn-sbbpw XXz-
kw-ln-X-I-sfbpw kzoI-cn-°m-\pw A]-Izhpw A]-I-S-I-c-hp-amb ]h-
W-X-I-fn¬ Cgp-In-t®-cm\pw a‰p-f-f-h-sc-t∏mse apkvenwI-fn¬s∏´-
hcpw ]mI-am-Ip-∂p. A¥m-cm-jvS-X-e-Ønepw hfsc ]mtZ-in-I-ambpw
B ia-ß-fp-s≠∂v Icp-X-Ww.
apkvenwIƒ `oI-c-hm-Zn-Ifpw cmPy-tZm-ln-I-fp-am-sW∂v ÿm]n-
°m≥ C¥y-bnepw Nne kwL-߃ ITn-\-bXv\w \S-Øp-∂p-≠v.
kz¥w Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fnse PohnX XI¿®bpw A[:ÿnXnbpw Iqc-
X-Ifpw ad-®p-sh-®v CkvemanI ico-A-Øns\ ]mIr-X-ambn NnXo-
I-cn-°p-Ibpw AtXm-sSm∏w Hcp s]mXp-hy-‡n-\n-b-a-Øn\v Iogn¬
apkvenwI-sfbpw sIm≠p-h-c-W-sa∂v iTn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-cpsS
kl-Nmcn-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv apkvenw oI-c-X-bpsS ]Nm-c-Icpw. C¥y-
bpsS hnim-e-amb atX-Xc k¶¬∏-߃°-IØv Cu ]Nm-cWw
hne-t∏m-hn-s√-¶nepw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ kwi-b-ap-f-hm-°-Ø-°-hn[w
apkvenw I-fn-em-sc-¶nepw ]h¿Øn-®m¬ AXv ^mjnÃv a\- p-
Iƒ°v tPmen Ffp-∏-am-°pw.
Xoh-hm-Zn-Ifpw oI-c-hm-Zn-Ifpw cmPysØ P\m-[-n]Xy hyh-ÿn-
Xnsb tNmZyw sNøp-∂-hcpsa√mw apkvenwI-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-I-W-
sa-∂mWv ^mjn-Ãp-I-fpsS BKlw. CXv ]d™v ^en-∏n-s®-¶n¬
amXta `qcn-]-£sØ GtIm-]n-∏n®v A[n-Im-c-e-_v[n°v \ne-sam-
cp-°m≥ ^mjn-Ãp-Iƒ°v Ign-bq. CXn\v Imc-W-ap-≠m-°n -sIm-Sp-
°pI F∂ A_≤w apkvenwI-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-bn-°q-Sm. CØcw
A[n-Imc e_v[n-bn-eqsS GI- kn-hn¬ tImUpw GI -kw-
kvImchpw \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw atX-X-c-Xzhpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw aX-kzm-
X-¥y-hp-a-S-°-ap-ff `c-W-L-S-\m-X-Xz-߃ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNøp∂ ÿnXnbp≠mIpw.
\yq\-]-£-߃ `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-ambn Xs∂ kwL-Sn--°p-Ibpw
a‰p atX-Xc P\m-[n-]-Xy-I-£n-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v Ah-Im-i-߃
t\Sm\pw kwc-£n-°m-\p-ap≈ kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°p-I-bp-amWv C¥y-
≥ kml-N-cyØn¬ A`n-Im-ayw. CXn\v ]Icw Xoh-hm-Z-]-c-amb
\ne-]m-Sn-eqsS kmbp-[-ambn kwL-Sn®v Ah-Im-i-߃ t\Sm≥ Hcp-
sº-Sp-∂Xv \yq\-]-£-߃°v s]mXp-hn¬ tZmj-I-c-ambn `hn°pw.
Bbp-[-Øns‚ am¿Kw ]cn-jvIrX kaq-l-Øn\v tN¿∂-X-√.
Ckvemans‚ am¿§-a√ Cu Xoh-hmZw. CXv a‰p kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS
ASn-t®-ev]n-°-em-Wv. sshIm-cnI ]iv\-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
59
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
apkvenw a\- p-Isf ]tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS CkvemanI kwkvIm-
c-Øn\vXs∂ If-¶-ta¬°p-∂p.
\ncm-ibpw ]Xn-Im-c-Nn-¥bpw hf¿Øp-I-b-√, Znim-t_m-[hpw
]Xym-i-bp-ap-f-hm-°p-I-bmWv Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v
th≠-Xv. ]£p-_v[-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw \mSn-
s‚bpw ]ptcm-KXn Akm-[y-am-Ipw. Xoh-hm-Z-Nn¥ ]S-cp-tºmƒ
\m´n¬ Ak-am-[m-\-ap-≠m-Ipw. sskzcy-ambn A¥n-bp-d-ßm\pw
Bcm[\ sNøm-\p-ap≈ kzmÿyw \jvS-s∏-Spw. apkvenw `qcn-]-£ -
kw-ÿm-\-amb Imivao¿ \¬Ip∂ NnXw ad-∂p-IqSm. Imivao-cnse
apkvenw buh-\sØ \qdn¬]cw Kq∏p-I-fm°n `n∂n-∏n-®p-\n¿Øn-
bXv Xohhm-Z-am-Wv. C∂v Kq∏p-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ G‰p-ap-´-en¬ \jvS-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ccp-`m-KsØbpw tNmc-Øp-Sn-∏m¿∂ AkwJyw apkvenw
bphm-°ƒ Xs∂.
PnlmZv F∂ hnip-≤-amb k¶¬]sØ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-
SpØnbmWv apkvenw bphm-°sf Cu hebn¬ AI-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
Ckvemw \n¿tZ-in® Pnlm-Zn s‚ ÿm\-Ø√ Cu ]pXnb PnlmZp
Imcp-≈-Xv. CXv a‰p Nne Xm¬∏-cy-ß-fpsS krjvSn-bm-Wv. clky
]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-≠-X√ Ckvemw. Jp¿-B\pw
\_n-N-cybpw kaq-l-Øn¬ ]c-ky-ambpw kphy-‡-ambpw t_m≤y-
s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw hy‡n-Po-hnX amXr-I-bn-eqsS ImWn®p sImSp-°p-
Ibpw sNbvX-mWv Ckvemans\ ]N-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv. Cu am¿§-Øn¬
hcp∂ FXn¿∏p-I-tfmSv Bfl-kw-b-a-\-Øn-eq-sS, £a-bn-eqsS ]Xn-
I-cn-°m\pw iXp-hns‚ a\ p am‰m-\p-amWv \ap°v amXr-I-bp-≈-
Xv. ]hm-NI Ncn-X-Ønse k‘nIfpw ]t_m-[-\-cw-Khpw CXv
hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
C¥ybnse apkvenw \yq\-]-£sØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kzoI-
cn-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw anI® ]Xn-tcm[ am¿§w cmjvSob sFIyhpw
_me-‰p-am-Wv. apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ A`n-am-\-I-c-amb AkvXnXzw
F∂ e£yw t\Sm≥ cmjvSob sFIyw hgn amXta km[y-am-Iq.
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\bpw P\m-[n-]-Xy, atX-Xc hyh-ÿbpw C°m-
cy-Øn¬ \yq\-]-£-߃°v A\p-K-l-am-Wv. CjvS-ap≈ aX-Øn¬
hniz-kn-°m\pw A\p-jvTn-°m\pw ]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX¥yw
auen-Im-h-Im-i-am-bp≈ c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wn-Xv. c-W-L-S-\sb am\n®v
apt∂m´v t]mIp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.
`qcn-]£ kap-Zm-bsØ apgp-h≥ iXp-°-fmbn ImWp-∂ kao-
]\w A`n-e-j-Wo-b-a-√. _m_vcn akvPn-Zns‚ XI¿® apkvenw
60
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
IfpsS amXw Zp:Ja-√, C¥y-bpsS apgp-h≥ lrZ-b-th-Z-\-bm-sW∂v
]d™ Aapkvenw ktlm-Z-c-ß-sfbpw t\Xm-°-sfbpw hnkva-cn®p
IqSm. CkvemanI ico-A-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\v C¥y≥ ]m¿e-
sa‚n¬ apkvenw a\- p-Iƒs°m∏w \n∂ `qcn-]£ kap-Zm-bmw-K-
ßsf ad-°p-∂Xv \µn-tI-Sm-Wv. aX-Øns‚ t]cn-ep≈ GXv Xcw
[pho-I-c-Whpw ^mjn-Ãp-Iƒ°v ChnsS A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-°pw.
_m_cn akvPn-Zv XI¿®-bpsS A\-¥c ^ew Xs∂ CXv hy‡-am-
°p-∂p.
B sImSpwZpJ-Øn¬ H‰-s°-´m-hp-∂-Xn\v ]Icw apkvenwIƒ
`n∂n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n XI¿Ø ^mjn-Ãp-I-fpsS ]£Øv
GtIm-]-\-ap-≠mbn. CXv Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww.
kaq-l-Øn¬ hym]n® kmwkvIm-cnI hn\m-i-߃s°-Xnsc bph-
a-\- p-W-c-Ww. CkvemanI icoAØn-s\-Xn-cmb kwL-SnX BI-
a-WsØ sNdp-°-Ww. A\nkveman-I-amb BNmc coXn-Iƒ°v
]ndsI t]mIp-∂-Xpw Ckvemw hne-°nb Imcy-߃ Xe-s]m-°p-
∂Xpw XS-b-Ww. hnZym-`ym-k, kmaq-ly, cmjvSob hf¿® apkvenw
kaq-l-Øn\v e`y-am-°-Ww. apkvenw buh-\sØ Xoh-hn-Im-c-ß-
fnte°v hgn-Xn-cn®p hnSmsX IpSpw-_-Øn\pw kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw
\mSn\pw D]-Im-c-ap-≈-Xm-°-Ww. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v hgn-Im-
Wn-°pw. k¿∆-i-‡≥ A\p-K-ln-°-s´.
(1999)
61
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
dakm≥ hXe£yw
kz`mhkwkvIcWw
]]-©-Ønse F√m Pohnh¿K-ß-fnepw ss\k¿Kn-I-amb Nne
A`n-em-j-߃ IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂p-≠v. a\p-jy-\-S-°-ap≈ F√m Pohnh¿K-
ß-fpsS hf¿®°pw \ne-\n-¬∏n\pw B A`n-em-j-ß-fmWv ]tNm-
Z\w \¬Ip-∂-Xv. ]t£, CXc Pohn-Iƒ°n-√mØ Hcp khn-tijX
a\p-jy-\p-≠v. \∑bpw Xn∑bpw Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ hntij_p≤n-bm-W-
Xv. AXvsIm≠pXs∂-bm-Wv ]]-©-Ønse AXyp¬IrjvS Pohn-
sb∂ ÿm\w a\p-jy≥ t\Sn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv.
arK-ß-tf-°mƒ h√ ]tXy-I-Xbp-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Ahs‚ Pohn-X-
Øn¬ ]I-S-ambn ImtW-≠-Xp-≠v. CX-c-Po-hn-I-fpsS ]Sn-bn-te°v
Xmgv∂p-t]m-ImsX a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ AXyp-∂X ]Z-hn-bn¬ Dd®p
\n¬°p-hm -\m -Wv A√mlp a\p -jy\pth≠n Hcp ]tXyI
PohnXIaw \n›-bn-®-Xv. arK-ß-sf-t∏mse hnIm-c-Øn\v amXw ASn-
a-s∏- p-sIm-≠p≈ PohnXw Ah\v H´pw A\p-tbm-Py-a-√. Xs‚ hy‡n-
XzsØ ka-Xp-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n¿Øn-s°m≠v k∑m¿K-Øn-eqsS
apt∂m´v \oßp-hm-\p≈ Ignhpw IcpØpw Ah-\p-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
Cu ]]-©-Øn¬ a\p-jys‚ kpJ-Øn\vth≠n kjvSmhv
sNbvXn- p≈ A\p-K-l-߃ FÆ-a-‰-Xm-Wv. Ahsb kw_-‘n-®p≈
t_m[-tØmSpw aXn-t∏mSpwIqSn Ahs‚ \mY\v IrX-⁄X ]I-
Sn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Pohn-X-amWv a\p-jy≥ ssIs°m-t≈-≠-Xv. AtXm-
sSm∏w Ah≥ Pohn-°p∂ kaqlw kam-[m-\-]-c-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬
kl-I-cW t_m[-tØmSpw klm-\p- q-Xn-tbmSpwIqSn \nesIm≈p-∂-
62
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. sFlnI Pnhn-X-Øn¬ sNøp∂ F√m]hr-Øn-Ifpw
Hcn-°¬ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp-sa∂ t_m[hpw A[¿a-Øn-te°v hgp-
Xn-ho-gmsX kZm-Nmcaqey-ß-tfmSpw ssZh`‡n-tbmSpwIqSnb Hcp
PohnX]cn-io-e-\hpw a\p-jy-\n-ep-≠m°nØo¿°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv
dakm-\nse D]-hmkw A√mlp \n¿_-‘-am-°n-b-Xv.
"apºv Ign™ kap-Zmb߃s°∂t]mse \n߃°pw D]-
hmkw \n¿_-‘-am-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. \n߃ ssZh-`-‡-∑m-cm-bn-Øo-
cm≥th≠n' (hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥)
D]-hmkw
[¿ahpw A[¿ahpw th¿Xn-cn-®p-Im-Wp-Ibpw D¬Ir-jvS-amb
e£y-Øn-te°v a\p-jys\ \bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-
B≥ Ah-X-cn® dakm≥ amk-am-Wv D]-hmkIme-ambn A√mlp
\n›-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. A√m-lp-hns‚ `h-\-sa∂v hnti-jn-°-s∏´
"IAv_m ico-^n' -te-°p≈ Xo¿∞m-S-\-Øns‚ Aev]-\m-fp-Iƒ°v
apºmWv Cu D]-hm-k-sa-∂Xpw as‰mcp ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.
]I¬k-abw Blmc]Zm¿∞-߃ h¿÷n-°p-∂Xp-sIm≠vamXw
hXw kºq¿Æ-am-Ip-∂-X-√. AXn-t\-°mƒ D¬Ir-jvShpw D∂-X-
hp-amWv hX-Øns‚ e£yw. `£-W]m-\o-b-ßfpw imco-cn-Im-\-µ-
ßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°msX ]]-©-I¿Ømhpw k¿∆-temI]cn-]m-e-I-
\p-amb A√m-lp-hns\ k¿∆-fl\mhW-ßp-hm\pw ssZh-`-‡n-bpsS
AXyp-∂Xamb aWvU-e-ß-fn-te°v a\p-jys‚ Nn¥m-hym-]m-csØ
Db¿Øp-hm\pw th≠n-bmWv hX-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xv. ssZhtIm]-
Øn\p Imc-W-amb GsXmcp]hr-Ønbpw hX-Øn\v wKwhcp-Øpw.
F√m Zpjn® Nn¥-I-fn¬\n∂pw lrZbw ip≤-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. a\p-
jys‚ lrZ-b-Øn-te-°mWv A√m-lp-hns‚ t\m´w. \n¿a-e-amb lrZ-
b-tØmSpw kz`m-h-ip-≤n-tbmSpwIqSn ssZhm-cm-[\ \S-Øp-∂-
hscbmWv A√mlp CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
h¿Æ-∏-In-t´-dnb Pohn-XØns‚ B\µel-cn-bn¬ Ign-™p-Iq-
Sp∂ a\p-jy≥ Ahs‚ Zu¿_-eysØ kw_-‘nt®m ssZhm-\p-K-
l-ß-fpsS amlm-flysØ kw_-‘nt®m Hm¿°p-∂n-√. Blm-c-Øn\v
KXn-bn-√msX Pohn-X-Øns‚ Ccp≠ tImWp-I-fn¬ bmX\ ISn-®n-
d-°n-sIm≠v Ign-bp∂ a\pjy krjvSn-Isf Ah≥ hnkva-cn®pt]mIp-
∂p. Cßs\ kaq-l-Øn¬ _‘-a-‰p-In-S-°p∂ IÆn-Iƒ Iq´n-bn-
W-°p-Ibpw a\p-jys\ a\pjy\mbnImWp-Ibpw ktlm-Zc
kvt\l-tØmSp-IqSn h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ a\p-jys\ ]Tn-∏n-
°p-I IqSn sNøp∂ Hcp I¿ΩamWv hXw. hni-∏n-eqsS a\p-jy≥
63
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Xs‚ Zu¿_-ey-߃ a\- n-em-°p-tºmƒ Ahs‚ kjvSm-hn-s\-∏-
‰n-bp≈ t_m[w Ah-\n-ep-≠m-hp-Ibpw ssZhm-\p-K-l-ß-fpsS amlm-
fly-sØ -kw-_-‘n®v Ah≥ Nn¥n-°m-\m-cw- n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Zmcn-
Zy-Øns‚ bmX\ A\p-`-hn-®psIm≠v Np‰p-`m-K-Øpw -Im-Wp∂ a\p-
jy¿, Xs∂-t∏m-ep≈ krjvSn-I-fm-sW∂pw Ahsc klm-bn-t°-
≠Xv Xs‚ I¿Ø-hy-am-sW-∂pap≈ t_m[w Ah-\n¬ D≠m-bn-
Øo-cpw. Cßs\ Bflm¿∞-X-tbmSpw ssZh- -‡n-tbmSpw IqSn-bp≈
hXw a\p-jys‚ Bflm-hn-s\bpw kz`m-h-sØbpw kwkvI-cn-°p-
Ibpw ip≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
k¬°¿a-߃
Bbncw amk-ß-tf-°mƒ tijvT-amb Hcp cmhv dakm-\n-ep-≠v.
B cmhn¬ a\p-jy≥ sNøp∂ k¬°¿Ω߃°v A√mlp
\¬Ip∂ ]Xn-^ew A]m-c-am-Wv. B cmhv GXm-sW∂v hy‡-am-
°-s∏-´n-´n-√. Aaq-ey-amb Hcp \nt£-]-sØ-t]mse AXv Cu amk-
Øn¬ Fhn-sStbm Hfn-™p-In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. B \nt£]w Ic-ÿ-
am-°m≥ \mw kZm ]h¿Øn®p sIm≠n-cn-°-Ww.
£a-bp-sSbpw HuZm-cy-Øn-s‚bpw amk-amb dakm-\n¬ k¬kz-
`m-h-tØmSpw kl-I-cWt_m[-tØmSpw IqSnb Hcp PohnXIaw
\mw ]cn-io-en-°-Ww. a\p-jys‚ Bflo-bhpw `uXn-I-hp-amb
PohnXkwXr-]vXn°v th≠n A√mlp \¬Inb hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥
]mcm-bWw sNøp-Ibpw AXnse XXz-߃ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]I¿Øp-
Ibpw sNbvXv kwkvImc t_m[-tØmSpw ssZh-`-‡n-tbmSpw IqSnb
PohnXamcw-`n-°m≥ \mw ]Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-t°≠ kµ¿`-am-Wn-Xv.
(1990 HIvtSm-_¿ 31, ae-bmf at\m-ca-)
64
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]Ir-Xnsb
Icp--W-tbmsS kao-]n-°pI
`qan Ipep-ßp-I-bm-Wv. Xnc-am-e-Iƒ B™-Sn-®p-h∂v Icsb
hngpßn Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p. a\p-jy¿ Xnßn-\n-d™ \K-c-ßfpw Kma-
ßfpw hnZym-e-b-ßfpw ]nf¿∂ qan-°-Sn-bn-te°v ad-™p-t]m-Ip-∂p.
ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ hnZq-c-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬amXw kw`-hn-®-Xmbn tI´-dn-hp-
≠m-bn-cp∂ Imcy-߃ \ΩpsS ]cn-k-c-ß-fn-se-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
temIw \Spßp∂ kw`h]c-º-c-Iƒ. Ac-\n-anjw sIm≠v Ace£w-
t]¿ \mw hkn-°p∂ qan-bn¬\n∂v A]-Xy-£-cm-Ip-∂p. Iq‰≥ ]md-
°-√p-Iƒ°Sn-bn¬ ]mZ-߃amXw ]pd-tØbv°p \o≠p-In-S-°p∂
arX-tZ-l-Øn-\-cnsI \n -lm-b-cmbn \n¬°p∂ IqS-∏n-d-∏p-Iƒ. B
arX-tZlw ]Xnhv BNm-c-ß-tfmsS adhv sNømt\m Dt]-£n-°mt\m
hømØ Ah-ÿ-bn-ep-≈-h¿.
a\p-jys‚ kºØpw A[n-Im-c-hp-sa√mw \n m-c-am-Ip∂ \nan-
jw. tKmX-ssh-c-ßfpw hy‡nhntZz-j-ßfpw cmjvSX¿°-ß-fp-
sa√mw aÆn-e-a-cp∂ NnX-ß-fmWv `qI-º-߃ Xcp-∂-Xv. C¥ym-˛-
]mIv AXn¿Øn Kma-߃ `qI-º-Øn¬ XI¿∂p-ho-gp∂ lrZ-b-
t`-Z-I-amb cwK-߃°v \mw km£n-I-fm-bn. aÆn\pw A[n-Im-c-
Øn\pwth≠n \nc-¥-c-bp≤w \SØn, apJm-apJw AXym-[p-\nI
tXm°p-I-tf-¥n-\n∂ ssk\n-I¿ Bbp-[-߃ Xmsg-sh®v AXn-cp-
Iƒad∂v ]c-kv]cw klm-bn-°p-∂Xpw \mwI≠p.
CXn¬ ssZh\n›-b-ap-≠v. kzmX¥yw In´nb \mƒap-X¬ Imivao-
cn¬ shSn-sbm® apg-ßp-I-bm-Wv. A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m\pw \ne-
65
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
\n¿Øm-\p-ap≈ shSn-bp-≠-Iƒ°n-c-bm-bn -ho-W-sX√mw lnam-e-b-
Øns‚ aSn-Ø-´nse ]IrXn kpµ-c-amb Iivao-cns‚ k¥-Xn-I-fm-
bn-cp-∂p. F¥n-\m-bn-cp∂p Cu "`oI-c-X'-I-sf√mw F∂v Hcp \nan-j-
Øn¬ ka-kvXhpw XI¿∂-Sn™ Iivao¿ Xncn®ptNmZn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
`qan-Ip-ep-°hpw Xnc-bn-f-°hpw XpS¿®-I-fm-hp-∂p. temI-saßpw
]IrXn tIm]n-°ptam F∂ Bi-¶-bmWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. h≥InS
cmjvS-ß-fpsS tLmc-bp-≤sØ b-s∏´ sNdnb cmjvS-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p
c≠p-h¿jw apºp-h-sc-bp≈ Cc-Iƒ. Ct∏mƒ Ccbpw th´-°m-c\pw
Hcp-t]mse Hcp alm-i-‡n-bpsS Ne-\sØ `b-s∏-´p-I-gn-bp-∂p.
CdmJpw A^vLm\pw Bbp-[-i-‡n-sIm≠v XI¿Øp-X-cn-∏-W-am-
°nb Ata-cn-°, B™p-ho-ip∂ Npg-en-s°m-Sp-¶m-‰p-I-fn¬ hnd-bv°p-
∂p. Hmtcm cmjvS-Øns‚ lrZ-b-Ønepw Hmtcm`oXn IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-°-
gn-™p. a\p-jys‚ Al-¶m-c-߃°v ]IrXn \¬Ip∂ Xncn-®-Sn-
Iq-Sn-sb-∂mWv CXns\ hnh£n-°p-∂Xv. a\p-jy-s\bpw `qan-sbbpw
CX-\mƒ ]men-®p-t]m∂ ]Ir-Xn-bm-WXv.
Poh-Pm-e-ßsf CW-I-fmbn krjvSn®pw `qan-sbbpw kap-Z-
sØbpw BIm-i-ß-sfbpw hnXm-\n®pw Cu alm ]]-©sØ
\n¿an® k¿∆-i-‡-\mb \mYs‚ hn[n-hn-e-°p-Iƒ krjvSn A\p-
k-cnt® ]‰q F∂ Xm°oXv Cu thf-Iƒ \nc-¥cw Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p-
≠v. F√m thZ-K-Ÿ-ßfpw ssZh-hn-[nsb ewLn-°p-∂-h¿°p≈ bm-
\-I-amb ]Xn-^-e-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ]t£, ]co-£Ww hcp-
tºmƒ A]-cm-[ntbm \nc-]-cm-[ntbm F∂ hyXym-k-ap-≠m-In-√.
ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bnse hnNm-cW thf-bn-em-bn-cn°pw AXv \n¿Æ-bn-
°-s∏-Sp-I. Atß-b‰w PohnXkq£va-X-I-tfmsS Ign-™-h\pw ]Ir-
Xn-bpsS ]co-£-W-߃°n-c-bm-Ipw. CXnepw ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fp-≠v.
F√mw ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp hnNm-c-W-Zn\w hy‡n°pw kaq-
l-Øn\pw cmjvS-Øn\pw ]]-©-Øn\pw \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ""Ah¿ ]h¿Øn® GXv Imcyhpw
tcJ-I-fn-ep-≠v. GXp sNdnbImcyhpw GXv henbImcyhpw tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn -sh-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.'' CXp-]-Im-c-ap≈ kq£vaX a\p-
jys\ \bn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ GXv ]co-£WL´-sØbpw ssZhm-
\p-Klw X\n-s°m-∏-ap-s≠∂ Bfl-hn-izm-k-tØmsSA`o-apJo-I-cn-
°m-\m-hpw.
P\-߃°v \∑Xn∑-I-fpsS th¿Xn-cnhv In´n-bn-´p-s≠∂pw hnth-
N-\-_p≤n \¬Ip-I-hgn a\p-jys\ A√mlp a‰p Pohn-I-fn¬\n∂v
hyXy-kvX\m°n-bn-´p-s≠∂pw Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. hI-Xn-cnhv
66
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
In´n-°-gn-™-ti-jhpw a\p-jy≥ hgn-]n-g-bv°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv
hy‡n-bp-sSbpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw \mi-am-Wv. Pohn-X-bm-X-bn¬
hgn-tI-Sp-I-fn-te°v t]mImsX hnizmkn°v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I-
bmWv hnip≤ Ckvemw. a\p-jys‚ F√m BkvXn-Iƒ°pw ISn-
™m-Wn-´v, AN-©-e-amb ssZh-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-eqsS AXn-
kq£vaw Nph-Sp-sh®v apt∂-dm-\p≈ ]tNm-Z-\-amWv dakm≥. kwb-
a-\-Øn-s‚bpw anX-Xz-Øns‚bpw ]cn-io-e\w IqSn-bmWv hXw. a\p-
jys‚ B¿Øn-Iƒ \nb-¥n-X-am-Ip-tºmƒXs∂ kwkvImcw D±o-
]n-∏n-°-s∏Spw. kº-Øn-t\m-Sp≈ AXn-c‰ Zpc-Im-cWw GXv sX‰mb
am¿Khpw ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ a\p-jy≥ Xøm-dm-hp-∂p. Nqj-W-Øns‚
AXn-`o-I-chpw Iqc-hp-amb ]mT-ß-fmWv Hmtcm ]cn-k-chpw \ap°v
Xcp-∂-Xv. kº-∂¿ IqSp-X¬ kº-∂cpw Zcn-Z¿ IqSp-X¬ Zcn-Z-cp-
am-Ip∂ kmaq-ln-Ihyhÿ temIØv cq]-s∏-´ncn-°p-∂p. CXv adn-
IS°m\p≈ am¿§w Ckvemw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p-≠v. AXmWv k°m-
Øv. ]mh-s∏-´-h\v ]W-°m-cs‚ kº-Øn¬ AhImiw \¬Ip-Ibpw
icn-bmb hn\n-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS [\w ip≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøm-\p-
X-Ip∂ kº∂ imkvX-am-W-Xv. Zm\-[¿Ω߃°v Af-h‰]Xn-^-
e-ap≈ da-km≥ amkw \n¿_-‘-I¿a-amb k°m-Øns‚ A\n-hm-
cy-X-sb-°p-dn®v hnizm-kn-Isf Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. kº-Øn-ep≈
Cu ]c-kv]cmh-Imiw F√m-hn[ Nqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw ap‡-\m-
Im≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. hy‡n-sbbpw kaq-l-sØbpw ]Ir-Xn-sbbpw
NqjWw sNbvXv kº-Øm¿÷n-°p∂-h¿°p≈ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ Iq-
Sn-bmWv \mw tIƒ°p∂ Zpc-¥-hm¿Ø-Iƒ. ]Ir-Xnsb A√mlp
a\p-jy\v kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. B ]Ir-Xn-bpsS ta¬ a\p-
jy≥ AXn-cp-hn-Sp-tºmƒ AXns‚ ]Xn-^-e\w kzm`m-hnIw amX-
am-Wv. "F√m-hcpw BZ-an¬\n∂v, BZamIs´ aÆn¬\n∂pw' F∂
hnip≤ hN\w aÆpw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]ceb-Øns‚
kqNIw IqSn-bm-Wv. ]Ir-Xn-sbbpw kakvX Poh-Pm-e-ßs-fbpw
Icp-W-tbmsS kao-]n-°p-∂-XmWv a\p-jy-Xzw. Hcp inip-hn-t\mSpw
]qhn-t\mSpw ImWn-°p∂ AtX kz`mhss\¿aeyw PohnX]cn-k-c-
ß-fn-ep-S-\ofw ]pe¿Øm≥ Ign-b-Ww. \∑-bpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h\w
km[y-am-°p-∂-X-ß-s\-bmWv. kl-\-io-e-amWv dakm≥ \¬Ip∂
as‰mcp ]cn-N. hni∏pw Zmlhpw amX-a-√, Hmtcm ]co-£WL´hpw
£am-]q¿hw kln-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS D≈n¬ Hcp kwkvImckº-
∂-amb hy‡nXzw DS-se-Sp-°p∂p. a‰p-≈-h¿°mbn XymK-a-\p-jvTn-
°m-\p≈ alm-a-\- v. Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Cßs\ \∑bpsS ]qa-c-
67
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
ß-fmbn amdn, kaql-amsI kpIr-X-ß-fpsS kpK‘w ]c-ØWw.
DØ-a-k-aqlw
kvt\l, ImcpWyßfpsS ]Xy-b-im-kvX-amb Ckvem-anI-
kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Pohn-°p∂ amXr-I-I-fm-Im≥ apkvenw kaqlw
ZrV-\n-›bw sNtø≠ kpZn-\-amWv CuZp¬ ^nXz¿. Hcp amkw
\o≠p-\n∂ da-km≥ hX-Øns‚ BÀm-Z-]q¿W ]cn-k-am-]vXn-bm-
bmWv apkvenw temIw sNdn-b-s]-cp-∂mƒ BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xv. da-
km-\n¬ hX-a-\p-jvTn-°m\pw AXp-hgn PohnX ]cn-ip≤n Ic-ÿ-
am-°p-hm\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°nb ]]-©-\m-Y-t\m-Sp≈ IrX-⁄-
X-bmWo Zn\w. CuZp¬ ^nXzdpw CuZp¬ Akvlmbpw apkvenw-
temIw tZit`-Z-as\y BtLm-jn-°p-∂Xv kmtlm-Z-cy-Øns‚ hnfw-
_cw IqSn-bm-Wv.
h¿W, h¿K, `mjm t`Z-as\y Npa-semØv \n¿h-ln-°p∂ l÷v
I¿a-Øns‚ A\p-_-‘-amWv _en-s]-cp-∂mƒ. kº-∂\pw Zcn-Z\pw
Hcp t]mse hni-∏ns‚ cpNn-b-dn-bp∂ ]cn-ip≤da-km-\ns‚ sXm´SpØ
]pe-cn-bmWv sNdn-b-s]-cp-∂mƒ. Hcp hnizm-knbpw ]´n-Wn-In-S-°m≥
]mSn-√mØ Zn\w. temIØv as‰mcp BtLm-j-Øn\pw Cu khn-
ti-j-X-bn-√. \∑ Xn∑-I-fpsS hnth-N-\-Øn-eqsS a\p-jy\p
t\¿am¿Kw ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØ hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Xo¿Æ-amb
amk-amWv hnS-hm-ßp-∂-Xv.
hnizm-kn°v da-km≥ \¬Inb FÆ-a‰ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßfpw ]mT-
ß-fp-ap-≠v. Hmtcm da-km≥ hXhpw \c-Im-·n-bn¬ \n∂pw At\-
Im-bncw ImXw Zqc-Ømbn hnizm-knsb c£n®p\n¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
hm°nepw Nn¥-bn¬ t]m-ep-ap≈ Af-h‰ kq£va-Xbpw £abpw
kl-\hpw t\mºp-Imew hnizm-kn-bn¬ D±o-]n-∏n-®p. Imcp-Wyhpw
klm-\p-`q-Xnbpw a\ v\nd™ hnIm-c-ambn ]mh-s∏-´-h-t\m-Sp≈
Zo\m-\p-I-º-bn¬ Zm\-[¿Ω-߃ h¿[n-∏n-®p. tZtl-—-Iƒ shSn™pw
A∂-]m-\o-b-ap-t]-£n®pw A√m-lp-hn\p Iogvs∏´p Ign-™p. ssZh-
Nn-¥-bn¬ \nd™ a\ pw Bcm-[-\bpw ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw Jp¿-B≥
]mcm-b-W-hpw-sIm≠v \nXy-PohnXw- kPo-h-am-°n. hnip≤ da-km-
\n¬ B¿Pn® Cu ]pWy-߃ XpS¿Po-hn-X-Ønepw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw
hy‡n-ip≤n t\Sm\pw Ign-bp-tºmƒ Hmtcm kXy-hn-izm-knbpw
]q¿WX ssIh-cn-°pw. CXmWv da-kms‚ ktµ-iw. CuZp¬^n-
Xz¿ Zn\w da-km-≥ kΩm-\n® Cu Pohn-X hnip-≤n-bn-te-°p≈
NphSvsh∏ns‚ thf-bm-Wv.
68
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
kº-Øn-t\mSpw ]Z-hn-I-tfmSpw BVw-_-c-ß-tfm-Sp-ap≈ B¿Øn-
bn¬ ssIhn-´p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv hnizm-kn-bpsS bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-am-Wv.
`uXnI Pohn-X-Ønse taml-ßfpw hntZz-j-ßfpw kzm¿∞-X-bp-
sa√mw ss\an-jnIamsW∂v \ΩpsS]cn-k-c-߃ \nc-¥cw t_m[y-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. C¥ym-˛-]mIv AXn¿Øn Kma-߃ `qI-º-Øn¬
NnXn-dn-sØ-dn-®-Xn\v Cu hnip≤ da-km-\n¬ \mw km£n-I-fmbn.
A^vLm-s\bpw ]ucm-Wn-I-amb Cdm-Jn-s\bpw Bbp-[-h¿j-
ß-fm¬ Xcn-∏-W-am-°n, alXvi-‡n-bmbn kzbw Icp-Xnb kmam-
PyXzw Npg-en-sIm-Sp-¶m-‰p-I-fpsS `oXn-bn-em-Wn-∂v. IS¬Ønc-am-e-
Iƒ \ΩpsS Xoc-ßsf hngp-ßn-sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. `qI-º-ß-fn¬
]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\p a\p-jy¿ hkn-°p∂ Kma-߃ aÆn-\-Sn-bn-
te°v ad-bp-∂p. CdmJv P\X Ct∏mgpw t_mw_v h¿j-ß-fn¬ acn-
®p-Xo-cp-I-bm-Wv. ]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂p ]Tn-°m-Ø-h¿ ho≠pw arKo-b-
X-bpsS Bbp-[-ta-¥p-I-bm-Wv. U¬ln-bn¬\S∂ kvt^mS-\-Øn¬
Fgp-]-tXmfw \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fpsS Poh\pw At\IIpSpw-_-ß-fpsS
kz]v\-ß-fp-amWv s]men-™-Xv.
A¬]-sa-¶nepw a\p-jyXzw D≈n-e-h-ti-jn-°p-∂-h¿ Cu hn[w
\njvTq-c-amb \c-l-Xy-Iƒ°v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-√. U¬ln kvt^mS-\-
Øn¬ ae-∏p-dsØ ae-bmfn IpSpw_wXs∂ XpS-®p-\o-°-s∏-´p. Ccp-
]-sØ´v Znh-kw-t]mepw XnI-bpw-apºv Hcp ]n©p-ss]-X-en\v ]nXmhv
\jvS-am-hp-Ibpw Zmº-Xy-Øn-te°p ]th-in® DS≥ Hcp s]¨Ip´n
hn[-h-bm-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-X-√msX a\p-jy-∏-‰n-√mØ AI-an-Iƒ°v
F¥pe£y-amWv t\Sm-\m-b-Xv. ]Xn-\mep \q‰m-≠p-apºv CØcw
IpSn-e-X-I-fp-sS-sb√mw thc-dp-°m-\p≈ Iev]-\-bp-ambn hnip≤ Jp¿-
B≥ a\pjykaq-l-Øn\vssIh-∂p. AXn-\p≈ lrZ-bw-\n-d™
IrX-⁄XIqSn-bmWv CuZp¬^n-Xz¿.
Jp¿-B≥ ImWn-°p∂ Zni-bn-eq-sS, ]c-kv]ckvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw
am\-hnI sFIy-Øns‚bpw kXy-Øns‚bpw \∑-bp-sSbpw AN-©-
e-amb ssZhoI hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw kpK‘w ]cØn kaq-lsØ
ip≤o-I-cn-°m≥ apt∂m-´p-h-c-Ww. temI-saßpw Zpcn-X-°-b-ß-fn¬
apßn-°-gn-bp∂ ktlm-Z-c-߃°mbn ]m¿∞n-°-Ww.
]m]-tam-N-\-Øns‚ kz¿K-hm-Xn¬
temI apkvenwkaqlw hnip≤ da-km-\n-te°p ]th-in-°p-I-
bm-Wv. akvPn-Zp-Ifpw hoSpw ]cn-k-c-hp-sa√mw ipNo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v
]pWy-am-ksØ hc-th-‰-h¿ a\ v ip≤o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Xoh-]-cn-io-
e-\-Øn-em-Wv. hX-amkw hnizm-kn-bpsS Pohn-X-io-e-ß-sf-bmsI
69
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
am‰n-∏-Wn-bp-∂p. Zn\-N-cy-Ifpw `£W Iahpw amX-a√ a\- ns‚
Xmfw-t]mepw Hcp]pXnb Iao-I-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-Ip-I-bm-Wv.
]m¿∞-\-Iƒ h¿[n-°p-∂p. Bcm-[-\-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ IWn-iXhcp-
∂p. hm°p-Iƒ kq£n®p]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. F√m ]tIm-]-\-ß-sfbpw
£a-sIm≠v ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂p. ]]-©-\m-Y-\mb A√m-lp-hns‚
]oXn-°mbn hnizm-kn-Iƒ kZm ]m¿∞-\m-\n-c-X-am-Ip∂ Zn\-cm-X-
ß-fn-te-°mWv Cu ]th-iw.
a\p-jys‚ D]-t`m-Km-k-‡n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ s]s´∂pkw`-hn-°p∂
Cu am‰w Bbpkvapgp-h≥ \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-amWv th≠-
Xv. AXmWv hnip≤ da-km≥ \¬Ip∂ in£-W-Øns‚ ]q¿W-
Xbpw ^e-kn-≤n-bpw.
C°mcyw hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p≠v: ""\nß-fpsS apºp-
≈-h-tcmSv I¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xvt]mse Xs∂ \n߃°pw t\mºv
\n¿_-‘-ambn I¬∏n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. \nßfpsS tZmj-_m-[sb
kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bsX AXv.''
A\p-Kr-lo-X-amb da-km-\ns‚ ktµiw XJvh (kq£vaX-)bm-
Wv. kq£vaX ]men-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h¿°mWv Cl-]chnP-bw. A√m-
lp-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥-I-fm¬ \nd-™ -a-\- p-ambn k©-cn-°p-
∂-h¿ ]ng-hp-Isf sXm´v kq£vam-ep-°-fm-Ipw. a\p-jy\p Poh\pw
Pohn-X-hp-a-S-°-ap≈ A\p-K-l-߃ \¬Inb d∫n-t\mSv IrX-⁄X
sNøm-\p≈ AXn-a-l-Ømb Ah-k-c-am-Wn-Xv.
"P\-߃°v am¿K-Z¿i\am-bn-s°m-≠pw t\¿hgn Im´p-∂Xpw
kXyhpw Ak-Xyhpw th¿Xn-cn-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xp-amb kphy‡
sXfn-hp-I-fm-bn-s°m≠pw hnip≤ Jp¿B≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ amk-
am-Ip∂p' CsX∂v da-km-\ns\Ipdn®v A√mlp hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.
temI-Øns‚ \ne-hn-ep≈ [mc-W-Ifpw Nn¥-Ifpw Xncp-Øn-°p-dn®v
Hcp \htemIIa-Øn\p Aÿn-hm-c-sam-cp-°nb \b-tc-J-bmWv Jp¿-
B≥. AXn¬ ]q¿∆ P\-X-bpsS Ncn-Xhpw kwkvIm-c-hp-ap-≠v.
A√m-lp-hns\ b-s∏´v Pohn-®-h-cpsS ]co-£-W-L-´-ßfpw AXn-
Po-h-\hpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. `qan-bn¬ Al-¶m-cn-I-fmbn k©-
cn-®-h-cp-sSbpw kzbwssZh-ambn Na™ kmam-Py-ß-fp-sSbpw D∞m-
\-]-X-\-ßfpw Jp¿-B≥ hc-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂p.
ssPh-imkvX LS-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\XXz-߃ Adn-hns‚ alm-
k-ap-Z-amb Jp¿-B-\n¬ sXfn™p InS-°p-∂p-≠v. a\p-jys‚
Poh\pw c‡-Øn\pw A`n-am-\-Øn\pw hne-I¬∏n-°mØ tKmX-
ssh-chpw IpSn-∏-I-Ifpw \nd™ Ccp-≠-Im-e-Øn-te-°mWv A¥y-
70
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]-hm-N-I≥ apl-ΩZv \_n(-k)-bn-eqsS P\-߃°v A√mlp Jp¿-
B≥ ktµ-i-߃ ]I¿∂p \¬In-b-Xv.
hnizam\h kaq-l-Øns‚ KXn\n¿Æbw sNbvX hnip-≤-Jp¿-
B≥ Ah-Xo¿Æ-amb amk-Øn¬ Bcv Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂pthm Ah¿
t\mº\pjvTn-®p-sIm≠v k¿∆-i-‡-t\m-Sp≈ \µnbpw IS-∏mSpw ]I-
Sn-∏n-°s´ F∂mWv Ckvemw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
t\mºp-Im-c≥ hni∏pw Zmlhpw kzb-ta-‰p-hm-ßn a\- ns‚
]tem- -\-߃°v ISn-™m-Wn- v £am-]q¿∆w ImØn-cn-°p-∂Xv A√m-
lp-hn-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv.
]hm-NI Xncp-ta\n hnizm-kn-Isf Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: "BZw
k¥-Xn-I-fpsS Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-\hpw Cc-´n-I-fmbn h¿[n-∏n-°-s∏-
Spw. kXvI¿Ω-Øn\v ]Øn-c-´n- ap-X¬ Fgp-∂q-dn-c-´n- h-sc-bp≠v ]Xn-
^-ew. A√mlp Acp-fp∂p: t\mºv A]-Im-c-a-√. AsX-\n-°p-≈-
Xm-Wv. Ah≥ tZtl-—-Ifpw A∂-]m-\o-b-ßfpw Dt]-£n-°p-∂Xv
F\n°v th≠n-bm-Wv. ]m]-tam-N-\-Øn-s‚bpw AXp-hgn \c-I-hn-ap-
‡n-bp-sSbpw kz¿K-hm-Xn-emWv ]cn-ip≤ da-km≥.
"A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Ønse XymK-t]m-cm- -߃°n-S-bn¬ HcpZnhkw
t\mº-\p-jvTn-°p∂ GsXmcp kXy-hn-izm-knbpw AXp-hgn \c-I-
Øn¬\n∂pw Fgp-]Xvh¿jsØ bmXm-Zq-c-tØ°v AI-‰-s∏Spw'
F∂ ]hm-NIhN\w da-km-\ns‚ Hmtcm Zn\hpw t\mºp-Im-c\p
\¬Ip∂ amlm-fly-amWv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
Bbncw amk-ß-sf-°mƒ DØ-a-amb Hcp cmXn hcm-\p≠v da-
km-\n¬. ssee-Øp¬ JZ¿˛ hnip-≤-Jp¿-B≥ a\p-jy-cn-te°v
ssIh∂ [\y-ap-lq¿Øw.
hnizm-kn-Iƒ t\mº-\p-jvTn-°p-∂Xv ]I-en-em-Wv. A∂-]m-\o-b-
߃ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb da-km≥ cmXn°pw ]pWy-ap-s≠∂v Jp¿-
B≥ hnfw-_cwsNøp-∂p. ]I¬ t\mºns‚ Be-ky-Øn¬ cmXn-
Isf tIhew hni-a -th-f-I-fm-°p-I-b-√, Bcm-[-\-IƒsIm≠v \nd-
°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. A\p-K-l-Øns‚ amem-J-am¿ Cd-ßn-h-cn-I-
bm-Wv.
t\mºpw hnip≤Jp¿-B\pw \msf ]c-tem-IØv a\p-jy¿°vth≠n
ip]m¿i-I-fp-am-bn- F-Øp-sa∂v ]hm-N-I-Xn-cp-ta\n apl-ΩZv apkvX-
^(-k) ]d-™n-´p-≠v.
""t\mºv ]d-bpw, "A√m-lp-th, A∂]m\o-b-߃, ssewKn-tI-—-
Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v ]I¬ap-gp-h≥ Rm\-hs\ XS™p. AXp-
sIm≠v Ah-\p-th≠n Fs‚ ip]m¿i kzoI-cn-°pI. hnip≤ Jp¿-
71
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
B≥ ]dbpw Ah≥ cmXn Dd-ßp-∂Xv Rm≥ XS-™p. AXp
sIm≠v Ah\p th≠n Fs‚ ip]m¿i kzoI-cn-°p-I. At∏mƒ
B c≠p ip]m¿i-Ifpw kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Spw.''
Bflob hnip-≤n-s°m∏w Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb KpW-ßfpw Ckvem-
anse hXm-\p-jvTm\w a\p-jy\p kΩm-\n-°p-∂p-≠v. a\ pw ico-
chpw Nn¥bpw ]hr-Øn-bp-sa√mw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ap∏-Xp-Zn-\-ß-
fmWv hnizm-kn°p e`n-°p-∂-Xv. ASn-t®¬∏n-°-s∏´ Hc-\p-jvTm-\-a-
√n-Xv. Imc-W-ap-≈-h¿°v Cf-hp-Ifpw D]m-[n-I-fp-ap≈ Bcm-[-\. A√m-
Ø-h¿°v \n¿_-‘-hpw.
t\mºp-Im-c≥ kzbw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv kap-Zm-b-sØ-b√,
A√m-lp-hn-s\-bm-Wv. A√m-lp-hm-Is´ a\pjylrZ-b-ß-fnse
kq£vaNe-\-߃t]mepw Adn-bp-∂-h-\pw.
""Bcv t\mº-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w NoØ-bmb hm°pw ]hr-
Ønbpw Dt]-£n-°p-∂n-√-tbm, Ah≥ Xs‚ `£-W ]m\o-b-߃
Dt]-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ A√m-lp-hn\p Xmev]-cy-an-s√''∂v A¥y-]-hm-
N-I≥ (k) Xm°oXv sNøp-∂p-≠v.
dkq¬ Xncp-ta\n Bh¿Øn-°p∂p: ""FX-sbX t\mºp-Im¿!
t\mºp-aqew Zml-a-√msX as‰m∂pw Ah¿°p-In-´p-∂n-√. FX-sbX
cmXn \a-kvIm-c-°m¿! cmXn \a-kvIm-cw-sIm≠v Ah¿°v Dd°w
\jvS-am-hp-I-b-√msX as‰m∂pw e`n-°p-∂n-√.''
\∑ Xn∑-I-fpsS th¿Xn-cnhpw Zm\-[¿a-ß-fpsS t]c-Wbpw
t\mºv a\p-jy-cn-ep-f-hm-°p-∂p-≠v. kZm-Nm-c-an-√mØ hy‡nbpw kaq-
lhpw A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-I-fn-√mØ hn[w A]-k-‡-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa-
∂mWv Ncn-X-]m-Tw. Po¿Æ-X-Iƒ s]cp-In-h-cp-∂-XmWv h¿Ø-am-\-
Im-ew. a\p-jy\p hgn-sX-‰m-\p-≈-sX√mw I¨ap-∂n-ep-≠v. `uXnI
hymtam-l-ß-fpsS ]tem-`-\-ßfpw [mcm-fw. Cl-temIPohnXw
ss\an-jn-IamsW∂pw A\-¥-amb Hcp Pohn-X-L´w hcm-\p-s≠∂pw
Ahn-tS°p Icp-Xn-sh-°p∂ kºm-Zy-amWv Cl-Ønse kXvI¿a-
ß-sf-∂p-ap≈ t_m[w a\p-jy-a-\- n¬ A¶p-cn-°-Ww. Xn∑-Iƒs°-
Xn-cmb ]cn-N-b-amWv da-km≥ hXw. t\mºp-Im-c-s‚-bX ]Xn-tcm-
[-hocyw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ ImWn-√. AXv AN-©-e-amb ssZhn-I-Nn-¥-
bmepw If-¶-ta-imØ BZ¿i \njvT-bmepw Icp-Øm¿÷n-®-Xm-Wv.
B¿`m-S-ßfpw Akm-∑m¿KnI PohnX coXn-Ifpw sIm≠v kmwkvIm-
cn-I-ambn A[x-]-Xn® kaq-lsØ hXw-sIm≠v ip≤o-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-
bpw. AtX-k-abw t\mºp-Im-ew- Xs∂ B¿`m-S-ß-fp-sSbpw
[q¿Øns‚bpw s]mß® ]I-S-\-ß-fp-sSbpw thZn-bm°n am‰m≥
72
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]ecpw Xøm-dm-hp-∂Xv A\ym-b-am-Wv. t\mºv k¬°m-c-ßfpw da-
km≥ ImesØ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sa√mw Ft∏mgpw `‡n-sb-°mƒ IqSp-
X¬ [q¿Øn\v ]mapJyw I¬∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-em-hp-∂p-≠v. CXv
kaqlw PmKX ]pe¿tØ≠ hnj-b-am-Wv.
sNdp∏w apX¬ Xs∂ t\mº-\p-jvTn-°m-\p≈ t]cW Ip´n-
Iƒ°v \¬I-Ww. \nkvImcw Pam-A-Ømbn \S-Øm≥ i≤n-°-Ww.
IjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-hsc klm-bn-°-Ww. a\x]bm-k-߃ A\p-`-hn-
°p-∂-h¿°v Bizmkw ]I-c-Ww. ]c-kv]c kvt\lw hf¿Ø-Ww.
Poh-Im-cp-Wy-]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf t]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww. sFIyhpw
kmtlm-Z-cyhpw Du´n-bp-d-∏n-°-Ww. \n›-bw, kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-sf√mw
ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmWv, F∂ XXzw apdpsI ]nSn-°p-I.
Bbp-jv°mew apgp-h≥ \∑ \nd™ PohnXw \bn-°m\pw A√m-
lp-hns\ `b-s∏´v "XJvh' ]pe¿Øm\pw da-km≥ F∂ ]cn-io-e-\-
L´w ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS hnizm-kn-
Iƒ°p km[n-°pw.
hXw-sIm≠v ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂Xv
hX-Øns‚ NcnXw a\p-jy-h¿K-Øns‚ Ncn-X-am-Wv. a\p-jy\p
\∑-tbm-Sp≈ kl-P-amb B`n-ap-Jy-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-amWv hXw.
temIsØ F√m aX-hn- m-K-ßfpw hyXy-kvX-amb A\p-jvTm-\-Xeß-
fn¬ \n-∂p-sIm≠p hXw BN-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. ssZ\w-Zn-\- hy-h-lm-c-
ß-fn¬ Adn™pw Adn-bm-sXbpw aen-\-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip∂ Pohn-X-
sØbpw a\- n-s\bpw ip≤o-I-cn-°m≥ hXw G‰hpw anI® D]m-
[n-bm-Wv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. kXy-hn-izm-
kn-I-tf, \nß-fpsS apºp-≈-h-tcmSp Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-seØs∂
\n߃°pw t\mºv \n¿_‘-am°nbn-cn-°p∂p. temIsØ ssIkvX-
h, apkvenw, lnµp,- PqX, _p≤, ssP\- a-X-߃ XpSßn F√m k-
aq-l-ßfpw hX-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂p. lnµp, apkvenw, ssIkvXh kaq-
l-ß-fnse hXm-\p-jvTm\ coXn-Iƒ ae-bm-fn°p Nnc]cn-Nn-X-am-Wv.
Xn∑sb ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ Ih-N-amWv hXw. tZmj-_m-[-
bn¬\n∂v c£-t\-Sm≥ hXw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-sa-∂mWv Jp¿-B≥
]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. tZtl-—-Iƒs°mØp \oßp-∂-XmWv a\p-jys‚
k¿∆-\m-i-Øn-te°pw hgn-Xp-d-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jys‚ A]Yk©m-c-
Øn\p ISn-™m-Wn-Sm≥t]mepw hXw t]cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ tZtl-—-
Iƒ°p- ]ns∂ CS-an-√.
]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ ]tem-`-\-ß-fn¬ ab-ßn-ho-gp-I-bmWv a\p-
73
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
jy≥. Ie-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Øns‚bpw hm¿Øm-am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS-
bp-sa√mw B[p-\n-IX a\p-jy-\p-ap-∂n¬ ]pXnb taml]]-©-߃
Xo¿°p-∂p. F√mw Xm¬°m-en-I-amb Bizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw kpJ-
t`m-K-Øns‚bpw kt¶-X-߃. kaq-l-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw
A`n-cp-Nn-I-sfbpw XInSwadn-°p-Ibpw ]p\¿\n¿W-bn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ ItºmfXmev]cyw Pohn-X-Zp-c-¥-Øns‚ AKm-[-X-bn-te°v
a\pjys\ hen-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p-. ]c-kv]c hnizm-kw-t]mepw
\jvS-amb kzm¿∞n-Ifpw k¶p-Nn-Xcpw AtX-k-abw ocp-°fpw NIn-
X-cp-amb Hcp "h¿K'-amWv ]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ ][m\ kw`m-h-\.
""PohnXw Hcn-°-te-bp-≈q, AXp ]c-am-h[n Bkz-Zn-°pI'' F∂
Itºmf apZm-hmIyw kzmwio-I-cn-®-h¿ kzPo-hnX-sØ-Øs∂
Itºm-f-Øn\p ssIam-dp-I-bm-Wv. CXns‚ A\-¥-c-^ew s]cp-Ip∂
Iq´ Bfl-l-Xy-Ifpw sIme-]m-X-I-ßfpw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßfpw a\p-
jy\p amc-I-hnjw hn¬°p∂ em`-s°m-Xnbpw el-cn-bpsS A\n-b-
¥n-X-amb hym]-\-hp-am-Wv. CXv \sΩ Fhn-sS-s°m-s≠-Øn-°p-sa∂
Hc-t\z-j-W-Øn\pw kwhm-Z-Øn\pw ka-b-ta-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ssZhn-
I-Nn¥ ]mtS Dt]-£n® Hcp kaqlw G‰p-hm-tß-≠n-h-cp∂ A\n-
hm-cy- Zp-c-¥-am-Wn-Xv.
hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Cßs\ hy‡-am-°p∂p: ""kXy-\n-tj-[n-I-fm-
Is´ (C-l-tem-I-Øv) kpJ-a-\p- -hn-°p-Ibpw \m¬°m-en-Iƒ Xn∂p-∂-
Xp-t]mse Xn∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. \c-I-amWv Ah¿°p≈
hmk-ÿ-ew.'' ]]-©-\m-Ys\ hnkva-cn®v, h©-\-bpsS hn`hw
\nd™ sFln-I-tem-IØv D∑m-Zn-sb-t∏mse Pohn-X-am-tLm-jn-
°p∂h¿°p- ap-∂n¬ HSp-hn¬ `qan-Xs∂ Hcp \c-I-ambn ]cn-W-an-
°p-sa∂p Imew sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.
\ΩpsS kmaq-lym-¥-co£w A\p-\n-anjw `oI-c-am-Ip-I-bm-Wv.
a\p-jy\p XcwXmgm-hp-∂-Xns‚ s\√n-∏-Sn-bn-se-Øn-°-gn-™p. "arKo-
bX' F∂ ]cym-b-]-Z-sØ- t]mepw \njv]-`-am-°p∂ "IqcX-'bmWv
Ac-tß-dp-∂-Xv. arK-߃ Blm-c-Øn\v th≠ntbm X’-abt£m`w
sImt≠m as‰m-∂n-s\ -sIm-√p-tºmƒ, a\p-jy≥ Bh-iyhpw Zmlhpw
Xo¿Ø-ti-jhpw sIm√p-∂p. _em-’w-K-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v, Ih¿®-sb-
Øp-S¿∂v \S-°p∂ sIme-]m-X-I-߃ "hm¿Ø'-t]mepw A√m-Xmbn
hcn-I-bm-Wv. AI-a-ßfpw Iqc-Ir-Xy-ßfpw CX km¿∆-Xn-I-amb
Imew apºp-≠m-bn-´n-√. Kuc-h-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp "Kth-jWw' A¿ln-
°p∂ kwK-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. "F¥p-sIm≠v Cßs\?' F∂ tNmZyw
temI-Øns‚ F√m tImWn¬\n∂pw Dƒ`o-Xn-tbmsS Db-cp-∂p. \nb-
74
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
¥-W-ß-fpsS AXn¿hc-ºp-I-fn-√msX Hgp-Ip∂ a\p-jy\vapºn¬
H∂pw "\njn≤'a√m-Xm-Ip∂p F∂ ]pØ≥ kwkvIm-c-amWv F√m
Zpc-¥-Øn\pw Xpd-sbm-cp-°p-∂-sX∂p hy‡w.
D]-t`mK kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Im‰vhoimØ Hcpƒ\m-S≥ Kmam-¥-
co-£hpw _m°n InS-∏n-s√∂ hkvXp-X "]pXnb kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚'
k¿∆hym]\w shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]ncn-s®-dn-bm-\m-hm-Ø kv-t\-l-
Øns‚ ImWm®c-Sp-I-fn¬ Iq´n-bn-W-°nb a\p-jy-_-‘-߃ hn-kvar-
X-am-Ip-I-bpw ]Icw kzm¿∞-Xbpw Zpc- n-am-\hpw AXns‚ Dev]-∂-
amb Iqc-Xbpw ÿm\w]nSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv ]p-Xnb
Ime-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-im-kvXw. P\-Xbv°pw cmjvS-Øn\pw kpc-£n-
X-Xzhpw t\Xr-Xzhpw \evIm≥ _m[y-ÿ-amb A[n-Im-c-Øns‚bpw
cmjvSo-b-Øns‚bpw ap≥\n-c-bn¬t]mepw Inan-\-ep-Iƒ ÿm\-ap-d-
∏n-°p∂ Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬, aqeym-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp am\-hn-I-X-sb-°p-
dn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-߃°pw bYm¿∞ aXaqey-ß-fn-te-°p≈
Xncn™p \S-Ø-Øn\pw Gsd ]k-‡n-bp-≠v. CXv temI-Øns‚
apgp-h≥ Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kmt¶-XnI hnZyIƒ ]I-cp∂ Bfl
ss[cyhpw a\p-jys‚ Al-¥sb BIm-i-tØmfw ap´n-°p-∂p.
temIsØ Adn-bm\pw kwl-cn-°m\pw Hcp hnc¬Øpºv aXn F∂
i‡nt_m[-Øn¬\n∂v "Rm≥' F∂ `mhw DS-se-Sp-°p-∂p.
`uXnI hf¿®-bpsS GXv D∂XinJ-c-Øn-en-cp-∂mepw kzbwIs≠-
Øp-Ibpw AXp-hgn kjvSm-hmb ssZhsØ Adn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-
∂-Xn-eqsS-bm-Wv -B-flim¥n-sb∂v a\p-jy≥ Hcn-°¬ Adn-bpw.
hnip≤ dakm≥ CXn-\p-≈- t]-c-W-bmWv \evIp-∂-Xv. hnizm-k-
Øns‚ am¿K-Øn-ep≈ kzbwka¿∏-W-am-W-Xv. AN-©-ehpw AKm-
[-hp-amb ssZh- -‡n-bpw GXv ]tIm-]\ kml-N-cy-ß-fnepw ISpØ
\ncm-i-bp-sSbpw Xoh-th-Z\-bp-sSbpw thf-I-fnepw ssIhn-SmØ
k¿hwkl-amb £a-bpw hm°nepw ]hr-Øn-bnepw \n m-c-amb
Ne-\-ß-fn¬t∏m-ep-ap≈ kq£va-Xbpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpw dakm≥
\evIp∂ ]mThpw ]cn-io-e-\-hp-am-Wv. Zm\-[¿a-߃°v ]Xn-hn-t\-
°mƒ At\-I-an-c-´n- ]Xn-^ew e`n-°p∂ Cu amkw Poh-Im-cp-
Wy-Øns‚bpw Zo\m-\p -I-º-bp-sS-bpw kvt\l kmtlm-Z -cy -
Øns‚bpw at\m-`mhw hf¿Øp-Ibpw Du´n-bp-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p.Hcp amkwapgp-h≥ ]I-¬]q¿Æ-ambpw A∂]m\o-b-߃ shSn-
bp-∂-Xn-eqsS B¿°pw hni-∏ns‚ hne kzb-a-dn-bm-\h-k-c-am-Ip-∂p.
CXv krjvSn-°p∂ kaXz-t_m[w Bflm¿∞-am-bn-cn-°pw. tZtl-—-
Iƒ \nb-¥n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv dakm-\n¬. kº-Øn-s‚bpw Btcm-
75
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Ky-Øns‚-bpw- Af-h‰ A\p-K-l-Øn¬ kpJ-t`m-K-ß-fn-te°v Nm©m-
Sp∂ a\- n\v hXw ISn-™m-Wn-Sp-∂p. Ae-k-amb Pohn-X-Øn\v
]pXnb Xmfhpw Nn´-bp-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. £Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xn¬t∏mepw
ka-b-\njvT ]pe¿Øm≥ t\mºp-Im-c≥ apXn-cp-∂p. Aan-Xm-lm-chpw
Ia-c-ln-X-amb t`mP-\hpw \nan-Ø-ap≈ tcmKm-h-ÿ°pw CXv ia-
\-am-Ip-∂p. hX-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS a\- n-s\m∏w ico-c-Øn\pw
BtcmKyw e`n-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp amkw \o≠p \n¬°p∂ hX-Øn-
eqsS hy‡n-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃ Bbp-jv°mew apgp-h≥ XpS-
cm-\p≈ t]c-W-bm-Ip-∂-tXmsS kwkvIr-X-Nn-Ø-\mb hy‡n-bpsS
km∂n[yw kaq-l-Øn\v A\p-K-l-am-Ip-∂p. Aßs\ kwip≤
hy‡n-Xz -ß-fm¬ \nd™p\n¬°p∂ kaqlw temI-Øns‚
C∂p≈ F√m Po¿W kwkvImc alm-hym-[n-Iƒ°pw I\Ø ]Xn-
tcm-[-ambncn°pw. dakm≥ hXw Hcn-°epw ]oU-\-ambn hnizm-kn°v
A\p-`-h-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-s√∂pw Ckvemw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. tcmKn-Iƒ,
bmX-°m¿, ]mbw-sN-∂-h¿, K¿`n-Wn-Iƒ, ape-bq-´p-∂-h¿ F∂n-
h¿s°√mw Cf-hp-Ifpw \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≠v.
kqcym-kvX-a-btijw hXw \o´n-s°m≠pt]mIp-∂Xpw ]pWy-a-
s√-∂mWv ]hm-N-tIm-]-tZ-iw. "sX‰m-b -hm°pw ]hr-Ønbpw Dt]-
£n-°msX Hcmƒ Xs‚ `£W]m\o-b-߃ Dt]-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬
A√m-lp-hn\v Hcp Xmev]-cy-hp-an-√' F∂mWv A¥y ]hm-N-I≥
Acpƒ sNøp-∂-Xv. a\ pw hm°pw ]hr-Ønbpw ip≤o-I-cn-°msX
t\mº-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-h\v ]´n-Wn-amXw _m°n-bm-hp-Ibpw t\mºv
\njv^-e-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]c-Zq-jWw ]d-bp-∂Xvt]mepw
t\mºns‚ bYm¿∞ ^ew \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. temI-Øn\v
am¿K Z¿i\w \¬Ip∂ hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Xo¿W-amb amkw
F∂Xv dakm-\ns‚ al-Xz-am-Wv. hnip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚ hnkva-b-I-c-
amb ]mT-߃°v ap∂n¬ BZ-c-]q¿∆w \n∂-h-cmWv temI-Ønse
hnip-X-cmb Nn¥-Icpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-amb Gsd-t∏¿.
14 \q‰m-≠v apºv a\pjykaq-l-Øns‚ k¶p-Nn-X-amb Nn¥m-[m-
c-I-fn¬ Cf°n]XnjvT \S-Ønb Jp¿B≥ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚
almhnπ-h-amWv krjvSn-®-Xv. Imew FX IS-∂p-t]m-bmepw ]pXpa
\in-°mØ D≈-S-°-amWv Jp¿-B-\n-t‚-Xv. F°m-ehpw imkvX
hf¿®-bpsS alm-a-kvXn-jvIambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Jp¿-B≥ kwkvIm-
c-Øn‚bpw hy‡n, IpSpw-_, kaq-l-Po-hn-X-Øns‚bpw k¿∆ Awi-
ß-fn-te-°p-ap≈ hgn-Im-´n-bm-Ip-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v dakm≥amkw
]ns∂bpw ]pWy-am-Ip-∂p. Bbncw amk-ß-tf-°mƒ \∑-bp‰ cmXn-
76
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
sb∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ "ssee-Øp¬ JZvdpw' dakm-\n-em-Wv.
]pWy-߃°v ta¬ ]pWyw ]qa-g-bmbn s]øp∂ dakm-\ns‚ cm]-
I-ep-Iƒ ]¿∞-\-I-fm¬ \nd-™-Xm-Wv.
]m]-hn-ap-‡n-bp-sSbpw \nXm-¥-amb ssZh-t_m-[Øn-s‚bpw
ktµ-i-amWv hnip≤ dakm≥ \¬Ip-∂Xv.
""Bsc-¶nepw dakm≥ amk-Øn¬ ]Xn-^-te-—-bn-√msX hX-a-
\p-jvTn-®m¬ Ahs‚ ap≥I-gn™ F√m ]m]-ßfpw s]mdp-°-s∏Spw''
F∂v A¥y-]-hm-N-I≥ apl-ΩZv \_n (k) ]d-bp∂p. hm°nepw
I¿a-Ønepw Nn¥-bn¬t]mepw kq£va-Xbpw AKm-[-amb ssZh-`-
‡nbpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpw ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw Zpcm-K-l-ß-fn¬\n∂v a\-
ns\ ap‡-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS Bfl-kw-kvI-cWw t\Sm-
\mWv dakm≥ hXw hnizm-knsb ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. "" a\pjy
kaq-l-Øn-\p-th≠n \nbp-‡-cmb DØ-a-k-apZm-b-amWv \n߃''
F∂ hnip≤ hN-\-Øn-s\mØp Pohn-XsØ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ da-
km≥hXw apkven-an\p t]c-W-bm-Ip-∂p. A∂]m\o-b-߃ Dt]-
£n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Zmcn-Zy-Øns‚ ImTn-\yhpw a\p-jy-sc√mw ka-
∑m-cm-sW∂ t_m[hpw t\mºv DW¿Øp-∂p. imizXPohn-X-Øn-
\p≈ ]cn-ip≤nssIh-cn-°m-\mWv da-km≥hXw. hX-Øn-\n-S-bnepw
tijhpw AXns‚ ]cn-]m-h-\X ImØp-kq-£n-°p-I-bmWv ][m-
\w. k¿∆temI-Øn\pw Ime-Øn\pw k¿∆-P-\-k-aq-l-Øn\pw kwi-
b-te-i-as\y t\¿am¿Kw ImWn-°p∂ hnip-≤ -Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Xo¿Æ-
amb amk-sa∂ _lp-a-Xnbpw da-km-\n-\p-≠v. Cu Hcp amk-°m-
eØv ]m¿∞\m\nc-X-amb Zn\-cm-X-ß-fn-eqsS B¿Pn-s®-SpØ hX-
ip≤n Pohn-X-ap-S-\ofw ]men-°m≥ ]Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-°p-I-bmWv th≠Xv.-
amXr-`qan dwkm≥ kπn-sa‚ v 2000
77
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Jp¿-Bs‚ ktµiw
\£XtImSn-Iƒ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ BIm-i-Øns‚ A\¥
hnim-eX t\m°n hnkva-bn-°p∂ a\p--jy-]-c-º-c-Iƒ°v, ]]-©-
Øns‚ A¤pXcl-ky-߃ Hcp KŸw F√m-bvt∏mgpw sNm√n-
t°ƒ∏n-°p-∂p. temIØv G‰-hp-tasd ]mcm-bWw sNø-s∏-Sp∂
KŸ-sa∂v tcJ-s∏´ hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥, a\pjy Nn¥bv°pw ZrjvSn°pw
AXo-X-amb almc-l-ky-ß-fpsS Ie-hd Xpd-∂n- n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]Xn-
\mep iX-I-Øn-te-sd-bmbn a\pjykaq-l-Øn\v t\cns‚ hgnNq≠n
Jp¿-B≥ \n¬°p-∂p. At\-I-tImSn P\-ß-fn¬ GI-Xm-t_m-[hpw
Poh-ssN-X-\yhpw IpØn-sh-®p-sIm≠v Jp¿B≥ Pzen-®p-\n¬°p-I-
bm-Wv.
Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-X-cWw kw_-‘n®v A√mlp ]d-bp∂p:
""a\pjy kaq-l-Øn-\m-I-am\w \∑-bdnbn-°p∂ kt¥m-j-hm¿Øbpw
Xn∑-sb-∏‰n Xm°oXpw \evIp-∂-Xn-\mWv Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-cn-®n-´p-
≈-Xv. hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v am¿K-Z¿i\w \evIp-∂-Xm-Wn-Xv. Ahn-izm-kn-
Iƒ°v Xm°oXpw CXn-ep-≠v. k¬°¿Ω-߃ sNøp∂ kXy-hn-
izm-kn-Iƒ°v hep-Xmb ]Xn-^-e-ap-s≠∂ kt¥m-j-hm¿Ø-
bpamWn-Xv.''
]hm-N-I-t\m-Smbn ssZhw ]d-bp∂p:
""a\p-jy-cpsS c£n-Xm-hns‚ A\p-hm-Z-]-Imcw P\-ßsf Ccp-
´n¬\n∂p shfn-®-Øn-te°pw ]Xm-]-im-enbpw kvXpXy¿l\p-amb
A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Øn-te°pw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\v \mw Cd-°nb thZ-
K-Ÿ-am-Wn-Xv.''
a\p-jy-tcmSv ssZhw Acpƒ sNbvXp :
78
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
""\n߃ _p≤n-sIm-SpØv Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv Ad-_n-
`m-j-bn-ep≈ Jp¿-B≥ \mw Cd-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.''
Cßs\ Nn¥-bn-te°pw Adn-hns‚ Bg-ß-fn-te°pw IS∂p
sN√m\pw ]]-©-Øns‚ A¤p-X-I-c-amb krjvSn-∏n\p ]n∂n¬ Hcp
alm-i-‡n-bp-s≠∂ t_m[yw hf¿Øm\pw Jp¿-B≥ \nc-¥cw
Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p. hmbn-°m\pw ]Tn-°m-\p-ap≈ Iev]\ Jp¿-B≥ am\-
hn-I-Xbv°p \evIp-∂p. [ph-߃ IS-∂p-sN-∂p-t]mepw Adnhv
B¿Pn-°m-\p≈t]cW \evIp-∂-Xn-eqsS Hcp P\-X-bn¬ kwkvIm-
c-Øns‚ Xncn-sIm-fp-Øn-Im-´p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.
Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-X-c-W-L-´w-Xs∂ ]tXy-IX \nd-™-Xm-Wv.
[m¿anIaqey-߃ am\n-°msX PohnX kpJ-t`m-K-ß-fn¬ apgp-In-
°-gn-bp-∂-h¿ Hcp hi-Øv. Ihn-Xbpw kmln-Xyhpw XpSn-sIm-´p∂
A¥-co£w thsdm-cn-S-Øv. \nc-£-c-Xbpw PohnX]bm-k-ßfpw adp-
h-i-Øv. Cßs\ hyXy-kvX- ap-J-߃°n-S-bn-emWv A¥y-]-hm-N-
I-\mb apl-ΩZv \_n(-k) ssZhnIktµ-i-amb Jp¿-B≥ kaq-l-
Øn\p ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
A°m-eØv Hmtcm Ad_ntKmX-Øn\pw Ihn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
XmC-^ns‚ kao-]-]-tZ-i-amb D°m-fn¬ h¿jw-tXmdpw Ihn-b-cßv
\S-°pw. AhnsS Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ G‰hpw \√ IhnX hnip≤
IAv-_-bn¬ ASpØ Ihnb-c-ß-phsc Xq°n-bn-Spw. kmln-Xy-Øn¬
ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n∂ Hcp kaqlw AhnsSbps≠-∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hm-
Wn-Xv. ]t£, \nc-£-c-\mb ]hm-N-I\v Cd-°nb Jp¿-B≥
A∂sØ kmln-XyIm-c-∑msc sh√p-hn-fn-®p: ""Jp¿-B-\nse A[ym-
b-Øn\p Xpey-amb Hc-[ym-bw, As√-¶n¬ kZr-iamb Hcp kq‡-
sa-¶nepw sIm≠p-h-c-s´.''
Jp¿-Bs‚ alXzw kwi-bn-®-h¿°v Cu sh√p-hn-fn-bm-bn-cp∂p
DØ-cw.
Bbn-c-Øn-\m-\qdv sIm√-Øn-\-∏p-d-ap≈ Hcp KŸ-Ønse hcn-
Iƒ°v C∂pw mjm-aqeyw t]mepw tNm¿∂n-´n-s√-∂p-h-cn-I, AXnse
]tbm-K-߃°v Ime-]-hm-l-Ønepw A¿∞w \jvS-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-
I, F°m-ehpw B[p-\nI kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Cf°wX´mØ Cta-
Pn¬ ÿnXnsNøp-I, CXn-s\m∏w KŸw Ah-X-cn-® `mj IqSp-X¬
IqSp-X¬ temI-hym-]-I-am-hp-I˛ Cu A¤pXw hnip-≤-Jp¿-Bs\
kw_-‘n-°p∂ BZy-]-cn-N-b-Øn¬Øs∂ B¿°pw t_m[y-s∏-Spw.
a\p-jy-a-l-Xz-Øns‚ [z\n-bmWv Jp¿-B≥ apg-°p-∂-Xv. A√mlp
a\p-jys\ qan-bn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-
79
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
\sX ]]-©-Po-hn-I-fn¬ D∂-X-amb krjvSn. a\p-jy-\n¬ hy‡n-
am-lmflyw krjvSn-s®-Sp-°m\pw Aßs\ kzbw]cn-ip≤n t\Sm\pw
B hnip-≤n-bn¬\n∂v kwip-≤-amb Hcp kaqlkrjvSn km[y-am-
°m\pw Jp¿B≥ hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p. a\p-jys\ Hscm‰hwiw F∂
ho£-W-Øn¬ Jp¿-B≥ ImWp-∂p. h¿Whpw tZihpw `mjbpw
a\p-jy-\nse al-Xz-\n¿Æ-b-Øn-\p≈ Af-hp-tIm-e-s√-∂pw ]Tn-∏n-
°p-∂p.
""a\pjytc, \nßsf Hcp ]pcp-j-\n¬\n∂pw kvXobn¬ \n∂pw
\mw krjvSn-®p. \nßsf ]e tKmX-ß-fm-°n-bXv ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-
dn-bm≥ th≠n-bm-Wv. A√m-lp-hns‚ ASp-°¬ tijvT-X-bp-≈-h≥
IqSp-X¬ `b-`-‡n-bp-≈-h-\m-Wv.''
amem-J-am-tc-°mƒ D∂-X-amb ÿm\-amWv ssZhw a\p-jy\p\¬Ip-
∂-Xv. Cu t_m[w tIƒ∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n kaq-l-Øn¬
[¿a-aq-ey-ß-fpsS ]Nm-cWw \n¿∆-ln-®-Xv. _lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-
bn¬\n-∂v, A\m-Nm-c-ß-fn¬\n∂v, A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬\n-∂v,
k¿t∆m-]cn Xn∑-bpsS Np‰p-h-´-Øn¬\n∂v a\p-jysc tamNn-∏n-°p-
I-sb∂ alm-hn-π-h-amWv Atd-_y-bnse Ccp-´p-\n-d™ acp-∏-d-ºn¬
Jp¿-Bs‚ shfn-®-hp-ambn ]hm-N-I≥ km[n-®-Xv.
hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ap∂n¬sh®v a\p-jy-cn¬ ka-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-
Ø-d-]m-In-bXpw ]hm-N-I-\m-Wv. ""a\p-jy¿ Hcp No¿∏ns‚ ]√p-
t]msebmWv, Ad-_n°v A\-d-_n-tb-°mƒ, shfp-Ø-h\v Idp-Ø-
h-t\-°mƒ Hcp Xcnºpw tijvT-X-bn-√. a\p-jy¿ H∂m-Wv''. ]hm-
N-I≥ Bh¿Øn®p hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
]t£, ssZh-Øns‚ `qan-bnse ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ F∂ \nebv°v
B alXzw kq£n-°p-hm≥ Iptd hy‡n-Po-hnX \njvT Iƒ
Jp¿B≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. k¬°¿a-߃ A\p-jvTn®v tam£wt\SpI
F∂ PohnX e£y-amWv ][m-\-sa∂v D≈-S-°w ]d-™p-sIm-≠v.
thZ-\n-°p-∂-h-s‚bpw IjvS-X-b-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-s‚bpw Bizm-k-
am-Im≥ a‰p-≈-h¿°v Ign-b-W-sa∂v Jp¿-B≥ \n¿_-‘-]q¿∆w Hm¿an-
∏n-°p-∂p. ""]oUn-Xcpw ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-´-h-cp-amb kvXo ]p-cp-j-
∑m¿°pw Ip´n-Iƒ°pw th≠n ssZh-am¿K-Øn¬ \nßsf-¥p-sIm≠v
kacw sNøp-∂n-√?'' F∂ tNmZyw a¿±-I-cpsS Dd°w sISp-Øm\pw
a¿±n-X¿s°m∏w tNcm-\p≈ A`n-hmRvO hf¿Øm\pw t]m∂-Xm-Wv.
""`qan-bn¬ ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ hn`m-K-tØmSv HuZmcyw ImWn-°m\pw
Ahsc \mb-I-∑m-cm-°m\pw Ah-sc-Øs∂ A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-I-fm-
°m-\p-amWv \mw Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv'' F∂ kq‡-Øn\v Hcp ka-hmIyw
80
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
cNn-°m≥ a\p-jy-c-nem¿°p-I-gnbpw? As√-¶n¬ Cu hnπ-h-[z-\n°v
kawtN¿Øv hmbn-°m≥ temINcn-X-Øn¬ as‰m-c-[ymbw ImWptam?
a¿±-\-ß-fn¬ ]pf-bp∂ a\p-jy-a-°ƒ°v Hcp shfn®w \nd-™-Imew
hmKvZm\w sNøp-I-bmWo hcn-Iƒ. A`-bm¿∞nkwL-߃ AP-ø-
cm-bp-b-cp-sa∂v Jp¿-B≥ a¿±-I-tcmSv Hcp Xm°o-Xns‚ Dd® i_vZ-
Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. Cßs\ a\pjy Ncn-X-Øns‚ KXn-am-‰nb alm-
hn-π-h-amWv Jp¿B≥ Ah-X-cn-®-Xp-h-gn-bp-≠m-b-Xv. "" Nn¥n-°p-∂-
h¿°v ZrjvSm-¥-ap≠v,'' ""\n߃ Nn¥n-°p-∂nt√'' F∂n-ßs\ Hcp-
]m-Sn-S-ß-fn¬ i≤ £Wn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Jp¿B≥ ]mcm-bWw
\oßp-∂-Xv. a\p-j-y-_p-≤n-sb-s°m≠v Kth-jWw sNøp-I-sb∂
\n¿_‘w Jp¿-B≥ kq‡-ß-fpsS Hmtcm Awi-Øn-ep-ap-≠v. imkvX-
Øns‚ hf¿®-bn-te°v PmeIw Xpd-∂n-´p- sIm-Sp-°p∂ Ht´sdkqN-
\-Iƒ Jp¿-B-\n¬ ImWmw. c‡-_-‘-߃ XΩn-ep≈ hnhm-l-
Øn-eqsS ]nd-hn-sIm-≈p∂ Ip™n\v kw`-hn-°p∂ sshI-ey-߃
C∂p imkvXw Is≠-Øp-tºmƒ kl-km-_vZ-Øn-\-∏pdw Jp¿-B≥
AXv kqNn-∏n-®n- p-s≠-∂Xv imkvXimJ-bpsS hf¿®°v Cu KŸw
hgn-Im-´n-bm-sW-∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv.
Nn¥n-°p∂ a\p-jysc Adn-hns‚ A¤pX Xoc-ß-fn-te°p \bn-
°m≥ Jp¿-B\p Ign-bpw. Jp¿-B-\nse Hmtcm hcn--Ifp-sSbpw kqN\
Hcm-bncw alm-K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬t]mepw HXp-°m-\m-hmØ Bi-b-ß-
fpƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv. a\p-jys\ hn⁄m\aWvU-e-ß-fn-te°v
sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂ GI ssZhnI KŸ-am-Wn-Xv. ]Ir-Xnsb t\m°n
Nn¥n-°m≥, Kth-jWw sNøm≥, At\z-jn-°m≥, Is≠-Øm≥ Jp¿-
B≥ \nc-¥cw t]cW sNep-Øp-∂p. \Ωn¬Øs∂ t\m°p-I,
\ap°pwNp‰pw ItÆm-Sn-°p-I˛ A¤pXwamXw Hfn-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn
Hmtcm ImgvN-∏m-Snepw ]Xn-bpw. ]cn-k-c-t_m-[w- sIm-≠vamXw Jp¿-
Bs‚ Nne kqN-\-Iƒ \ap°v Ipcp-°-gn-°m-\m-Ipw.
""BImi `qan-I-fpsS krjvSn-∏n¬, cm∏-I-ep-Iƒ amdn amdn hcp-
∂-Xn¬, IS-en¬, ag-bn¬, Pohn-hym-]-\-Øn¬, Im‰ns‚ KXn-bn¬,
taL-ß-fpsS LS-\-bn¬ Nn¥n-°p-∂-h¿°v ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fp-≠v.''
temI-Ønse kap-Z-Pew apgp-h≥ ajn-bm-°n, hr£-e-Xm-Zn-Iƒ
apgp-h≥ Xqen-I-bp-am°n tImSm-\p-tImSn hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-
bmepw XocmØ hymJym-\-Øn\v Cu Hcp hmIyw amXw aXn-sb∂
kXyw, _p≤nsb hni-an-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°msX Kth-j-W-hr-Ø-Øn¬
Xf-®n-Sm≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂nt√? Jp¿-B≥ a\p-jy-_p-≤n-tbmSv tNmZy-
߃ \nc-Øp-I-bm-Wv:
81
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
""]I-en¬ cmXn-sbbpw cmXn-bn¬ ]I-en-s\bpw ]th-in-∏n-°p-
∂Xv \o I≠n-√tbm?''
""\ng-ens\ Fßs\ A√mlp \o´p-∂p-sh∂v \o t\m°n-bn-´nt√?
Ah-\p-t±-in-®m¬ AXv A\-ßmsX \n¿Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p.''
""A√mlp BIm-i-Øp-\n∂v sh≈-an-d-°n. At∏mƒ `qan ]®-]n-
Sn-®Xv \o I≠nt√?''
A⁄-X-tbm-Sp≈ shdp∏pw Adn-hn-t\m-Sp≈ B`n-ap-Jyhpw Im´n
Jp¿-B≥ a\p-jys\ DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p∂p:
""Adn-hp-≈-hcpw Adn-hn-√m-Ø-hcpw ka-∑m-cmtWm?''
""A‘\pw ImgvN-bp-≈-h\pw Xpey-cmtWm? \n߃ Nn¥n-°p-
∂nt√?''
""A√m-lp-hns‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬ G‰hpw \nIr-jvS-cm-b-h¿ _p≤n D]-
tbm-Kn-°mØ CØcw _[n-c-˛-aq-I-cm-Wv.''
""\nß-fn¬ kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-sSbpw Adnhv \¬I-s∏- -h-cp-sSbpw
]Z-hn-Iƒ Db¿Øpw.''
]]©Zriy-ßfpw ]Ir-Xn-bnse ]Xn-`m-k-ßfpw ImWn-®p-
sIm≠v ]]©\mY-\mb A√m-lp-hns‚ D∂-X-amb Ign-hp-Isf
kw_-‘n®v a\p-jysc t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-°p∂p: ""Ah-\sX kqcys\
(Pz-en-°p-∂) Hcp tXP- mbpw Nµs\ Hcp ]Im-i-ambpw cq]-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bXpw Ah°p `aW]Y-߃ \n¿W-bn®p \¬Ip-Ibpw
sNbvX-h≥. h¿j-ß-fpsS FÆhpw IW°pw \n߃ Adn-bp-∂-Xn-
\p- th≠n. kXy-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-√msX A√mlp AXp krjvSn-®n-´n-
√. Adn-bp∂ P\-X°v Ah≥ ZrjvSm-¥-߃ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.''
Jp¿-B≥ kXy-a-X-Øn-te°p a\p-jys\ £Wn-°p-tºmƒ a‰p≈
ZrjvSm-¥-ß-tf-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ]Ir-Xn-bnse ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fmWv
A√mlp ap∂n¬ sh°p-∂-Xv. ImcWw Cu sXfn-hp-I-fmWv a\p-
jys\ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-b-Xv.
""BImi `qan-I-fpsS krjvSn°¬ a\p-jys\ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-
t\-°mƒ FXtbm hep-XmWv; ]t£, A[n-I-amcpw AX-dn-bp-∂n√''
""A√m-lp-hn-s‚ ASn-a-I-fn¬ hn⁄m-\n-Iƒ amX-amWv Ahs\
Adn-b-p-∂-Xv. Ah¿ A√m-lp-hns‚ krjvSn-Isf kw_-‘n®v ]cn-
Nn-¥\w \SØn kXyw Is≠-Øp-∂p. A√m-lp-hns‚ krjvSnssh`-
hsØ kw_-‘n®v Ah¿ Nn¥n-°p-∂p.''
Jp¿-Bs‚ `mh-\-bn¬ aXw hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ Xmt°m-em-Wv.
hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ AKm-[-X-bn-te°v Cd-ßn-s®-√m≥ aX-hn-izmkw
]tNm-Z-\-am-Ip-∂p. A£-c-⁄m-\-Øns‚ alXzw a-\p-jy-]-c-º-csb
82
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
\nc-¥cw tIƒ∏n-°p-I-bmWv Jp¿-B≥. [¿a-Øn-s‚bpw kvt\l-
Øn-s‚bpw GI-X-bp-sSbpw ktµ-i-a-Xn-ep-≠v. `qX-Øns‚bpw h¿Ø-
am-\-Øns‚bpw `mhn-bp-sSbpw A¤p-Xcl-ky-ß-fpsS APvRm-X-
amb AXn-cn-te°p \o≠p-t]m-Ip∂ ssZh-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ZrV-X-
bpw A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw Jp¿-B≥ temI-tØmSp ]dbp∂p. \√Xp
sNøm\pw ]d-bm\pw \∑ D]-tZ-in-°m\pw Xn∑ hne-°m\pw
Iev]\sNøp∂ Cu alm KŸw Ah-Xo¿Æ-amb hnip≤ dakm≥
A\p-K-l-Øns‚ amk-am-Wv. ]Iepw cmXnbpw ssZh-kvtXm-X-߃
sIm≠v kmµ-am-°p∂ Hcp amk-°m-e-b-fhv hnizm-kn-I-fpsS ]q°m-
e-am-Wv. Xfn¿°pIbpw ]q°p-Ibpw kZv^-e-߃ amX-ta-Ip-Ibpw
sNøp∂ ap∏Xp Zn\-cm-X-߃. dakm≥ hX-Øn-eqsS t\Snb
BflkwkvI-cWw hnip-≤n-amXw \nd™ Hcp \hyPohn-X-Øn\p
hgn-sbm-cp-°s´ F∂v Biw-kn-°p-Ibpw ]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. H∏w hnip≤ Jp¿B≥ F∂ alm-KŸw temI-P-\-X°p apgp-
h≥ A\p-`-h-th-Zy-amIpwhn[-ap≈ Kth-j-W- kw-c-`-߃ hnP-b-
]q¿∆w \S-°s´ F∂pamiw-kn-°p-∂p.
amXr-`qan dwkm≥ kπn-sa‚ v
83
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
temI-t\-XrXzw
a\p-jyXzw am\n-°pI
a\pjy\∑-bpsS kakvXLS-I-ß-sfbpw D±o-]n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw
AXp-hgn ]mc-XnIhnP-b-Øns‚ kºq¿W-am¿Kw sXfn-bn-°p-∂-
Xp-am-Wv hnip≤ da-km≥. hXm-\p-jvTm\w Hcp \h-Pm-X-in-ip-hns‚
ss\¿a-ey-am-Wv hnizm-kn-bn¬ Df-hm-°p-∂-Xv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\n¬
]cm-a¿in-®Xpw Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-c-Ww-sIm≠v al-Xz-am¿Pn-®-Xp-amb
amkw F∂ khn-ti-j-Xbpw da-km-\n-\p-≠v. Jp¿B-\nI ap∂-
dnbn∏p-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \ΩpsS PohnX]cn-k-c-ßsf hne-
bn-cp-Øm≥IqSn da-km≥ t]c-W-bm-Ip-∂p.
kaq-l-Øn\v A\p-I-c-Wo-b-amb amXr-I-bm-Im≥ t]m∂ "DØ-
a-a-\pjys‚ cq]o-I-c-W-amWv da-km≥ km[y-am-°p-∂-Xv. "am\h Ipe-
Øn-\p-th≠n \nbp-‡-amb DØa kap-Zm-b-amWv \n߃' F∂ Jp¿-
B≥ hnti-jWw hnizm-kn-bn¬ G¬∏n-°p∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw hfsc
hn]p-e-am-Wv. ""\∑ sNøp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw ssZh-`-‡n-bp-sSbpw am¿K-
ßfn¬ \n߃ ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-°pI; ]m]-Øn-s‚bpw AXn-
I-a-Øns‚bpw -Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \n߃ ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-°-cp-Xv''
F∂v hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂Xv k¿∆-Im-e-sØbpw
k¿∆P\-X-sbbpw apgp-h≥ temI-sØ-bp-am-Wv.
temI-an-t∏mƒ ssItIm¿°p-∂Xv ]t£, \∑-bpsS kwÿm-]-
\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-b-√. P\-߃°v t\Xr-Xzhpw kwc-£-Whpw \¬tI≠
`c-W-Iq-S-߃t]mepw kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv AI-a-Øns‚ `mj-bnem-
Wv. "`oI-cX's°Xn-cmb bp≤hpw "kmam-PyXz' Øns\-Xn-cmb
84
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]Xym-I-a-Whpw \nc-]-cm-[nI-fpsS c‡hpw Poh\pw X´n-sb-Sp-
ØmWv hnP-b-t`cn apg-°p-∂-Xv. F√m bp≤-ß-fp-sSbpw hnP-b-s°m-
Sn°v \ndw]I-cp-∂Xv ]Ibpw hntZz-j-hp-a-dn-bmØ ]mhw a\p-jy-
cpsS lrZ-b-c-‡-am-Wv.
CdmJpw ^e-kvXo\pw apX¬ KpP-dmØvhscbpw \ΩpsS ImgvN-
I-f-Xbpw a\p-jy-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ F√m k¶-ev]-ßfpw XI¿°p-
∂-Xm-Wv. "\h-tem-I-Ia'Øns‚bpw BtKm-f--h-Xv°-c-W-Øns‚bpw
"GI-temI' k¶-ev]-ß-fp-sS-bp-sa√mw A¥n-a-L´w Hcp GI-—Xm-
[n-]-Xn°p Iogn¬ temIsØ apgp-h-\mbn sIm≠p-h∂v\n¿ØpI
F∂-XmWv. cmjvS-ß-fpsS Zu¿_-ey-ß-fn¬\n∂pw a\p-jys‚
B¿Øn-I-fn¬\n∂pw Al-¥-I-fn¬\n∂pw DS-se-SpØ as‰mcp
cmjvS-cq-]-amWv Cu "OXm-[n-]Xn'. k¿∆cmPy-߃°pw aosX
A[o-i-i-‡n-bm-Im-\p≈ Cu H‰ i‡nbpsS shº-emWv bp≤-
ta-L-ß-fmbn temI-sØßpw L\o-`-hn®p \n¬°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm
cmPy-Øns‚bpw hn]-Wn-bnepw kº-Zv\-b-Ønepw amX-a√ B`y-
¥c cmjvSo-b-Øn¬t]mepw CS-s]-Sm≥ ss[cyw ImWn-°p∂ Cu
"_mly i‡n', hcp-Xn-bn¬ \n¬°mØ P\-k-aq-l-ßsf B
cmjvS-Øn-\-IØv Ib-dn-Øs∂ Bbp-[-_-e-Øm¬ D∑q-e\w sNøp-
∂p. XmXvIm-en-I-amb Hcm-I-a-W-a√; Zo¿L-Im-e- ^-e-ap-f-hm-°p∂
\io-I-c-W-X-¥-amWv Hmtcm bp≤-Ønepw hnP-b-I-c-ambn ]tbm-
Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
cmjvS-ßsf Iog-S-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ am\-h-hn- -h-ti-jn-b-√ Cu
H‰i‡n°mh-iyw. ]Icw aÆpw J\n-P-ßfpw amXamWv. a\p-jy¿
Ah-ti-jn-°p-tºmƒ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°v tij-sa-¶nepw kz¥w aÆns\
Hm¿Øv sNdp-Øp-\n-ev]ns‚ ]pXn-b-s]m-cn-Iƒ It≠-°p-sa∂ Bi-
¶-bmWv "hwi-lXy'bpsS cmjvSo-bw-Xs∂ ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Cu
i‡nsb t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
"`oI-c-hn-cp-≤-bp-≤-'sa∂v t]cn´v A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n-te°p t]mb
Ata-cn-°≥ ssk\n-I-hyq-lw `c-W-Iq-SsØ A´n-a-dn®v ]pXnb
k¿°m-dns\ Ah-tcm-[n®v h¿jsam∂m-bn´pw, bp≤-Im-eØv AhnsS
\nt£-]n® "¢Ã¿ t_mw_p-'Iƒ Ct∏mgpw s]m´n-sØ-dn-°p-∂p.
kvXoIfpw Ip™p-ßfpw hr≤-cp-a-S°w At\Iw \nc-]-cm-[n-Iƒ
ZmcpW ac-W-Øn-\n-c-bm-Ip-∂p. e-kvXo≥ P\X P∑- q-an-bn¬ shSn-
bp-≠-tb‰pw s]m´n-sØ-dn®pw Xocm≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v At\Iw Zi-I-
ß-fm-bn. X߃°v A\ym-[o-\-s∏´ kz¥w aÆn¬ Pohn-°m-\p≈
Ah-Im-i-Øn-\p-th≠n \S-Øp∂ Cu kzmX¥y t]mcm-´-sØ-
85
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
t]mepw "`oI--cX' sb∂v hnfn-°m≥ A¥mcmjvS -ao-Un-b-Iƒ Xøm-
dm-hp-∂p-sh-∂Xv ]pXnb "GI-tem-I- Iaw' \¬Ip∂ Aip-`-I-c-
amb ktµ-i-am-Wv.
Ck-tben `oI-c-X°p Icp-Øp-]-I-cp∂ i‡nXs∂-bmWv Cdm-
Jn-\p-ta¬ bp≤-hm-in-bn¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. A™q-dp-sIm-√-sØ
Ncn-X-Øns‚ ]n≥_-e-hp-ambn temI-Øn\v apI-fn¬ \n¬°p∂
Ata-cn-° Cdm-Jns\ XI¿Øm¬ temI-Øn\v \jvS-am-hp-∂Xv am\-
h-N-cn-X-tØmfw ]g-°-ap≈ Hcp \mK-cn-I-X-bm-bn-cn-°pw. sFIy-
cmjvS kwL-S\ F¥p-]d™mepw "X߃ sNtø-≠Xv sNbvXn-
cn°pw' F∂ Ata-cn-°≥ ]Jym-]\w temI-hym-]-I-ambn t\cn-tS-
≠n-h-cp∂ bp≤-s°-Sp-Xn-bpsS A]m-b-kq-N-\-bm-Wv. A¥m-cmjvSItºm-
f-ß-fnepw Zcn-Z-cm-Py-ß-fpsS Kma-°p-Sn-ep-I-fn¬t]mepw Cu bp≤w
`oXn-bmbn ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂p. A^vKm≥, CdmJv qan-Iƒ \¬Ip∂
C‘-\-i‡n `mhn-bnepw FXn¿∏n-√msX ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
knhn-en-b≥ \K-c-ß-fn¬ t_mw_p-h¿jw \S-tØ-≠Xv Hcp
cmjvSob Bh-iy-am-Wv. "hwi--lXy'b√msX Cu hmWnPy A[n-
Imc e£y-߃°p-ap-∂n¬ a‰pam¿K-an-√.
KpP-dm-Øn¬ At\-Im-bncw a\p-jysc Np´p-sIm∂ " IdpØ
NcnX'ap≠m-bXv ]mIr-X-bp-K-Øn-e√; imkvXw kºq¿Æ hf¿®-
sb-Øn-\n¬°p∂ Cu h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ apºn-em-Wv. ]Xn-tcm-[-an-
√mØ cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-chpw kmº-ØnI Xmev]-cy-ß-fp-amWv KpP-
dm-Ønse Iq -s°m-e-Iƒ°v \nZm-\w. KpP-dm-Øn¬ Hcp "GI—Xm[n-
]Xn'sb krjvSn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ]Xy-b-im-kvXs∏mcpØ-an-√mØ P\-
X-bpsS hwi-lXy A\n-hm-cy-amWv F∂v Xncn-®-dn-™-h¿ kmº-
Øn-I-tam-l-ß-fp-≈-hsc CXn-\mbn Bbp-[-a-Wn-bn-®p. im¥n-Zq-Xp-
ambn temI-sa-ßpsaØnb Km‘nPn ]nd∂ aÆn¬ Iqc-X-bpsS
temIamXr-I-bmb ln‰ve-dpsS Ime-Øp-t]mepw ImWmØ sImSpw-
Iq-c-X-Iƒ Ac-tß-dn. Cu hwi-lXym cmjvSobw A¥m-cmjvSo-
b- am\-ß-fp-≈-Xm-Wv. ]c-kv]c_‘n-X-amb Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw
Bi-I-fp-sSbpw ]¶p-sh-∏mWv Al-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn¬\n∂p Zn√n-hgn Ata-
cn-°-bn-te°pw Xncn-®n-tßm´pw Hgp-In-∏c°p-∂-Xv.
atX-X-c-Xz-hpw -P-\m-[n-]-Xyhpw hntizm-Øc _lp-am\w \¬Inb
Hcp cmjvS-Øns‚ Bflm-hn-s\-bmWv C¥y-bnse ]pXnb A[n-
Imc cmjvSobw XI¿°p-∂-Xv. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnepw NcnX KŸ-
ß-fnepw h¿Kob hntZz-j-Øns‚ A[ym-b-߃amXw \nd-bv°p-∂-
Xpw CXc aX-ÿ-cpsS thZ-K-Ÿ-߃ C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-Øn-
86
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
s\mØv t`Z-KXn sNø-W-sa∂v iTn-°p-∂-Xpw c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip∂
kzmX-¥y-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v CjvS-ap≈ aX-hpw Bi-bhpw kzoI-cn-°m-
\p≈ Ah-Im-isØ XS-bp-∂-Xp-sa√mw ]tIm-]-\-߃ krjvSn®v
kwL¿j-ap-≠m-°pI F∂ A¥m-cm-jvSIp-X¥w Xs∂-bm-Wv.
"]pØ≥ temIIaØn' s‚ Po¿Æ-X-Isf sNdp-°p∂ kaq-l-ßsf
\in-∏n-t°-≠Xpw Cu A¥mcmjvSob Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXns‚ Dt]m-
ev]-∂-amb a\p-jyXzcmln-Xy-Øns‚bpw Iqc-X-bp-sS-bpw Iøq-
°ns‚bpw Akm≥am¿Kn-I-X-bpsS lo\-ssi-en h≥cmjvS-߃
apX¬ \ΩpsS Kma-߃hsc hym]n-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu L´-Øn-emWv
""]m]-Øn‚bpw AXn-I-a-Øn‚bpw Imcy-ß-fn¬ \n߃ ]c-kv]cw
kl-I-cn-°-cp-Xv; KpWwsNøp-∂-Xns‚bpw ssZh`‡n-bp-sSbpw am¿K-
Øn¬ tN¿∂p \n¬°pI'' F∂ Ckvem-an-Im-[ym-]\w ]k-‡-am-
Ip-∂-Xv.
kaql\∑-bpsS ]mX-bn¬ H∂n®p \n¬°m-\p≈ Blzm-\-amWv
Ckvem-an-t‚Xv. F√m aX-ßfpw \¬-Ip∂ ktµ-ihpw im¥n-bpsSbpw
kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpamWv. aX-ß-fpsS bYm¿∞-h-gn-bn-te°v hnizm-
kn-Iƒ Xncn-®p-h-cp-tºmƒ temIØv kam-[m\w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-
s∏Spw. aXw a\p-jy-Xz-sØ-bmWv Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-Xv. temI-cm-
jvS-t\-XrXzw a\p-jy-Xz-Øn\v hne-I-ev]n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ h≥I-
c-I-fn¬ bp≤-`o-Xn-bn-√msX P\-߃°p- I-gn-bmw.
`uXn-I-amb A[o-i-Xz-a√ ]c-tem-I-tam-£-amWv aX-߃ e£y-
am-°p-∂-Xv. aX-ß-sfbpw kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ N¿®-Iƒ
A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-ambn amXw _‘-s∏´p Npcp-°msX F√m Xe-ß-
fn-te°pw Bibhn\n-abw km[y-am-°-Ww. hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\n-s\bpw
hnizm-kn-bpsS PohnXe£y-sØbpw kw_-‘n® ]T-\-Øns‚bpw
]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚bpw L´-amWv da-km≥. A¥y-]-hm-N-I≥ apl-
ΩZv \_n(-k)]d-bp∂p: ""hXw ]cn-N-b-m-Wv. \c-I-sØ- X-Sp-°p∂
]cnN'' hm°nepw I¿a-Ønepw Nn¥-bnepw ssZh-kva-c-Wbpw kq£va-
X-bpw ]men-®-h¿°mWv hX-Øns‚ ]Xn-^-ew. Pohn-X-sa∂
ku`mKyw X∂-Xn\v Xs∂ \mw ssZh-tØmSv FX \µn sNbvXmepw
aXn-bm-In-√. ]]-©-Ønse Hmtcm ]c-am-Wp-hnepw kv]µn-°p-∂Xv
ssZhnI-i-‡n-bm-Wv. Jp¿-B≥ Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p≠v: ""A√tbm hniz-
kn-®-h-tc, \nß-fpsS kºØpw k¥m-\-ßfpw \nß-sf A√m-lp-
hns\ kvacn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v Ai-≤-cm-°n-°q-Sm. h√-h-cpw -A-ßs\
sNøp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah¿ \jvSw kw -hn-®-h¿ Xs∂-bm-Ip∂p-. ssZhnI
Nn¥-bm¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ a\p-jy-a-\- n¬ Imep-jy-Øn\pw
87
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Xn∑°pw CS-ap-≠m-In-√.''
kºZv ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS hgn-tXSn BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\p ]nd-
sI-bmWv temI-k-aqlw. Db¿∂ PohnX Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw kº-
Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ _‘-߃ \n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ a\p-
jym-hÿ i‡n-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jys‚ kzX¥k©m-c-߃°pw
PohnXel-cn°pw XS- -ambn \n¬°p-I-bmWv [¿Ω aqey-߃ F∂v
h∂-t∏mƒ hnizm-khpw ss]Xr-I-hp-sa√mw s]cp-h-gn-bn-ep-t]-£n®v
D∑m-Zn-I-fpsS BtLm-j-ß-fn-te°v t]mIp-I-bmWv ]pXnb Xe-ap-
d. Pohn-Xm-Uw-_-c-Øn\pw [\kºm-Z-\-Øn\pw GXv am¿Khpw kzoI-
cn-°m-sa-∂Xv ]mb-t -Z-as\y \n¿e÷w AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]pXnb
]XybimkvX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jys‚ AXncvhn´ D]-t`m-Km-k-
‡nbpw Bflo-b-amb ss]Xr-Ihpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥x-kw-L¿j-ß-
fn-eq-sS-bmWv ]pXnb\q‰m-≠n-te°v NphSvsh°p-∂-Xv.
Ak-ln-jvWp-X-bpsS \q‰m-≠mWn-sX∂ \nK-a-\-߃°v _e-
ta-Inb AkwJyw kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv temIw IS-∂p-
t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. A\y-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-fn-te°v Nqgv∂n-d-ßp-∂Xpw
Zp¿_-e¿°v apI-fn¬ Imbn-I-_-e-Øn¬ A[o-iXzw ÿm]n-°p-
∂Xpw H∂v as‰m-∂ns\ sIm∂p-Xn-∂p-∂Xpw \oXn-h-Xv°-cn-°p-∂Xv
I≠p ]cn-N-bn® Imew. \q‰m≠n-s‚bpw kl-km-_vZ-Øns‚bpw
BK-a\w tIh-e-amb Ie≠¿ am‰-a-s√∂pw a\p-jy- m-h-ßsf Xs∂
AXv kzm[o\n-°ptam F∂pw Bi-¶-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv temIw. P\-X-
bpsS uXnI Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf \nb-¥n-°p∂ apJyLS-I-ß-fn¬s∏´
cmjvSob, kmaq-ly, kmº-ØnI aWvU-e-amsI InS-a-’-c-ß-
fpsSbpw G‰p-ap-´-ens‚bpw hgnamXw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ AXn-
\p-≈n¬\n∂v kam-[m-\-am-K-ln-°p∂ a\p-jys\ c£-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
aX, [¿Ω aqey-߃t° Ignbq F∂ ktµ-i-amWv ]cn-ip≤ da-
km≥ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. AXvsIm≠v Bfl-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ amk-sa∂v
da-km≥ hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]]-©-sØbpw kIeNcm-Nm-c-
ß-sfbpw krjvSn-®p-]-cn-]m-en-°p∂ PK-∂n-b-¥mhv krjvSn-I-fn¬
Hu∂nXyw \¬In-bXv a\p-jy-\m-Wv. Bhiy \n¿hlWØn-\mbn
`qansb a\p-jy\v hi-s∏-SpØns°mSpØ k¿∆-i-‡≥ ""sFlnI
PohnXw h©-\-bpsS hn`-h-am-sW∂pw kXy-\n-tj-[n-I-fpsS sskzc-
hn-lm-c-Øn¬ h©n-X-cm-I-cp-sX∂pw''(hn.-Jp¿-B≥) ap∂-dn-bn∏p
\¬In. ]t£, kpJm-Uw-_-c-ß-fpsS ]tem-`-\-Øn¬ abßnhoW-
h¿ A√m-lp-hns\ ad∂v, PohnX ZuXyw ad-∂v, Xs∂-Øs∂ ad∂v
Ae-£y-ambn Hgp-Ip-∂p. CXv XS-bm≥ hnizmk Zm¿Vy-Xbp≈h¿t°
88
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Ign-bq. `m¥-amb Bk-‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂v a\p-jys\ ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥
Bfl \nb-¥Ww A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. a\ v ip≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS
hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw kwip-≤-am-Ipw. CXmWv da-km≥ hX-Øn-
eqsS e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
h¿Ø-am\kaqlw t\cn-Sp∂ F√m ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ°pw Ckvem-
an¬ ]Xn-hn-[n-bp-s≠∂v da-km≥ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. am\-hn-I-X-
bpsS am¿§Z¿i-\-amb hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-cn®Xv da-km-\n-em-
Wv. ssZh-a-l-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ aln-a-bp-amWv Jp¿Bs‚
ImX¬. h¿Æ, h¿K, tZi, mj hnth-N-\-an-√mØ Hcp kaqlkrjvSn-
bm-Wv Jp¿-B≥ ap∂n¬ sh°p-∂-Xv. "P\-ßtf' F∂ Jp¿-B-\nI
kwt_m-[\ Ckvem-ans‚ km¿h-P-\o-\-Xbpw km¿h-eu-In-I-Xbpw
hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw ktµ-i-
amWv Jp¿-B≥. h¿W hnth-N-\-Øns‚ IpSn-∏-I-bn¬ apßnb
temIcmjvS thZn -Iƒ°pw PmXnNn¥b-psS Xo≠m-∏m -Spw
ZcnZ˛kº∂ th¿Xn-cn-hp≈ \ΩpsS ]cn-k-c-߃°p-an-S-bn¬ ""a\p-
jys\ Hcm-Wn¬\n∂pw s]Æn¬\n-∂p-amWv krjvSn®-Xv, h¿K
sshhn[yw ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v th≠n amX-am-Wv'' F∂
Ckvem-anI ktµ-i-Øn\v aqey-ta-sd-bp-≠v. kml-Ncy Iev]n-X-amb
F√m-Xcw ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬\n∂pw a\p-jy≥ hntam-Nn-X-\mbn kjvSm-
hp-ambn IqSp-X¬ ASp-°-Ww. kXyw, ka-Xzw, \oXn, kzmX¥yw,
P\m-[n-]-Xyw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂n-h-sb√mw temI-Øn\v apºn¬ D®-
Øn¬ apg-°nb Ckvem-ans‚ ]XybimkvX ]cn-io-e\ L´-ambn
da-km-\ns\ ImWm-\m-Ipw. t\mºv Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xnepw Ah-km-\n-
∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw IrXy-amb Bcm-[-\-bn-ep-ap≈ ka-b-\n-jvT, ]hr-
Øn-bpw hm°pw Nn¥bpw kwkvI-cn-°p∂ PohnX hnip-≤n, hni∏pw
Zmlhpw tamlhpw PohnX ]bm-k-ßfpw Bfl-_-e-Øn¬ \nb-
¥n -°p∂ £abpw kl-\-hpw, A∂]m\o-b-ß-fp --t]-£n®v
kzbwA\p-`-hn-°p∂ ]´n-Wn, h¿Æhpw h¿§hpw thjhpw mjbpw
]mbhpw kºØpw t\m°msX Npa-semØv \n∂p≈ \a-kvIm-
chpw Zm\-[¿Ω-ßfpw PohnX kq£va-Xbpw PohImcp-Wyhpw hn\-
bhpw Bfl-t_m-[-hp-sa√mw da-km≥ hXw a\p-jy-\n¬ D±o-]n-∏n-
°p-∂p. a\p-jy≥ a\p-jys\ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw kvt\ln-°m\pw AXp-
hgn am\-hnI GI-Xsb Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m\pw hnip≤ da-km≥ t]cn-
∏n-°p-∂p.
amXr-`qan da-km≥ kπn-sa‚ v 1999
89
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Bfl-k-Ø-bpsS
\ndhpw mhhpw
hnip≤ da-km≥˛ Ckvem-ans‚ Bfl-k-Ø-bpsS \ndhpw `mh-
hp-am-Wv. £abpw ka¿∏-Whpw a\- n-s‚bpw ico-c-Øn-s‚bpw
sNdp-N-e-\-ß-fn¬ t]mep-ap≈ kq£va-Xbpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpw AKm-
[-amb ssZh`‡nbpw kvt\l-k-a-Xz-t_m[hpw hXm-\p-jvT-\mb
apkven-an-s\ -B-]m-Z-tIiw Nqgv∂p\n¬°p-∂p. ChnsS I¿a-ßfpw
hm°p-Iƒt]mepw hnip-≤-am-Ip-∂p. a\- ns‚ taml-ß-fn¬t]mepw
Zpcm-K-l-߃°n-S-an-√. Bfl\nb-¥Ww AXp-hgn BflkwkvI-
cWw; Aßs\ kwip-≤-amb hy‡n-Po-hn-Xhpw hy‡n-hn-ip-≤n-bn¬
\nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ kaq-lhpw Ckvemw e£y-am-°p-∂p. AXn-\p≈
Bfl ]cn-tim-[-\-bp-sSbpw \yq\Xm ]cn-lm-c-Øns‚bpw ]co-
£WL´wIqSn-bmWv Cu Hcp amk-°m-e-b-f-hv.
a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-˛-km-aqly Pohn-X-Øns‚ \nJne taJ-e-I-
sfbpw kv]¿in-°p-∂-XmWv Ckvemw. PohnX bmX-bpsS Hcp k‘n-
bnepw i¶n-®p -\n¬t°-≠-Xn-√m-Ø-hn[w Ckvemw F∂ kaK]≤Xn
hnizm-kn°v hgn-Im- p-∂p. Bcm-[-\-bnepw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw
hy‡n-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Ønepw Zmº-Xy-Øns‚ kzIm-cy-X-
bnepw IpSpw-_-˛-km-aqly_‘-ß-fnepw hn\n-a-b-ß-fnepw kº-
Øns‚ tiJ-c-W-Ønepw hyb-Ønepw XpSßn cmjvSo-b-Ønepw
`c-W-Øn-epw-hsc ]men-t°≠ \oXn-im-kvXhpw coXnacym-Z-Ifpw
hyhÿ sNbvXn -cn -°p∂ Ckvem-ans\ Hmtcm I¿a-Ønepw
ap≥\n¿Øn-bm¬ PohnX hnip-≤nbpw hnP-bhpw ssIh-cn-°m-\m-Ipw.
90
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Ckvemw F∂ kºq¿Æ XXz-kw-ln-X kakvXIme-Øn\pw
kakvX kaq-l-Øn-\p-ap≈ ktµ-ihpw Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ°pw Iq´n-
t®¿°-en-\p-a-Xo-X-hp-am-Wv. `uXn-I, ]mc-XnI hnP-b-Øns‚ kn≤m-
¥hpw ]tbm-K-hp-amb Ckvemw a\pjy\∑-sb∂ alm-e-£y-hp-
ambn temI-Øn\p shfn®w ]Icp∂p. -
A[¿aw \n¿am¿P\w sNøm\pw [¿aw kwÿm-]n-°m\pw \ntbm-
Kn-°-s∏´ BZw-\_n apX¬ apl-ΩZv \_n hsc-bp≈ ]hm-N-I-∑m-
cpsS ZuXyw ssZhnI ktµiw a\p-jy-Ip-e-Øn\p ]I-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. Hmtcm ImeØn\pw P\-X-°p-ambn ]hm-N-I∑m¿ h∂p-sh-¶nepw
A¥y-]-hm-N-I≥ apl-ΩZv \_n(-k) bpsS \ntbmKw Ime-tZ-im-Xn-
h¿Øn-bmb kaq-l-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-Whpw k∑m¿K-Z¿i-\-hp-am-Wv.
InS-a-’-cØns‚bpw c‡-s®m-cn-®n-en-s‚bpw Imep-jyhpw aZyhpw
NqXm- hpw ASn-a-hr-Ønbpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw \nd™ Hcp IdpØIme-
Øns‚ \Sp-hn-te-°mWv Jp¿-Bs‚ shfn-®-hp-ambn ]hm-N-I≥ IS-
∂p-h-∂-Xv. `uXnIel-cn-bn¬ Ipg-™m-Sp∂ Pohn-X-Øn-\-∏pdw
e£y-ta-Xp-an-√mØ B kaq-l-Øn¬ Jp¿-Bs‚ Pzme-Iƒ an∂n-b-
t∏mƒ ssZh-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ alXzw a\- n¬X´n-b-h¿ \∑-bpsS
hnfn-tI-´p-W¿∂p. Atd-_y-bpsS IdpØbpK-Øn\paosX Ckvemw
I\n-hns‚ kqcy-tim` sNmcn-™p. kvt\l-Ønepw kmtlm-Z-cy-
Ønepw hm¿sØ-SpØ kmaq-ly-`-Z-X-bn¬ \∑-bpsS ]q°ƒhncn-
™p. Ncn-X-Ønse Cu almhnπhw Ckvem-an-te°v k¿∆-tem-I-
Øn-s‚bpw IÆp-Xp-d-∏n-®p. Cßs\ temI-L-S-\-bn¬ ]cn-h¿Ø\w
\S-Ønb AXn-hn-injvShpw Aam-\p-jn-I-hp-amb hnip≤ KŸ-
Øns‚ Ah-Xo¿W-L-´-sa∂ al-Xz-am¿Pn® amk-amWv da-km≥.
Ckvem-ans‚ ]q¿Æ-amb apJ-ap≠v da-km-\n\v. AKm-[-amb
`‡nbpw £abpw kl-\hpw ka¿∏-Whpw kvt\l-k-a-Xz-`m-hhpw
k¬°¿a-ßfpw kq£va-Xbpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpw kab\njvTbpw
PohImcpWy ]h¿Ø-\hpw \nc-¥-c-amb ]m¿∞-\bpw \nd-™p-
\n¬°p∂ hnip-≤n-bpsS ]q°m-ew. da-km≥ hX-Øns‚ A\p-
jvTm-\-Øn¬ ssZh]oXn Imw£n-®p≈ Cu I¿a-ß-fn-√msX AXns‚
Bflmhv ]q¿WX t\Sp-∂n-√.
]nimNv _‘n-X-\m-hp-Ibpw \c-I-I-hm-S-߃ AS-®p-]q-´p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ amk-am-Wv da-km≥ F∂ hnti-jWw Xs∂ Cu Ime-
Øns‚ hnip-≤n-bpsS hnfw-_-c-am-Wv. tZtl-—-Isf \nb-¥n®v k¿hw
kjvSm-hn¬ ka¿∏n-°m-\p≈ k∂-≤-X-bpsS ]cn-io-e\w ChnsS
kn≤n-°p-∂p. Zm\-[¿a-߃ hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Poh-Im-cp-
91
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Wy-Øns‚ a\ v krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. A∂-]m-\obw h¿Pn-°p-tºmƒ
hni-∏ns‚ kl\w amX-a-√, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hni-∏ns‚ ImTn\yhpw
kzbw A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-Ip-∂p.
amXr-`qan da-km≥ kπn-sa‚ v 1995
tZtl—-Iƒ°-∏pdw ssZhnIXr]vXn Imw£n-°p∂ I¿a-ß-fp-≠m-
bmte CXv km[y-am-Iq. GXv ]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-Ønepw Du\w
X´msX AN-©-e-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ ssZh-hn-izm-kw ico-c-Øns‚
BK-l-߃°v ISn-™m-Wn-Sm-\p≈ AXn-i-‡-amb Dƒt]-
cW\¬Ipw. Bflm-hns\ kwkvI-cn-®-h≥ hnPbw hcn-®p-sh∂pw
A√m-Ø-h≥ ]cm-Pn-X-\m-sW∂pw hnip≤ Jp¿B≥ \¬Ip∂kqN\
Np‰p-]m-Sns‚ Id-Iƒ hogmsX a\ pw ico-chpw kq£n-°m-\p≈
Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-Ø-em-Wv.
ac-W-tØmsS F√mw ]cy-h-km-\n-®p-sh∂ ImgvN-∏mSv apkven-an-
\n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Pohn-X-bmX apgps° kq£vaX ]pe¿tØ-
≠-Xp-≠v. Hcp \mƒ Xm≥ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw c£bpw
in£bpw \¬Im≥ A¿l\mb Hcp alm-i‡n F√m-‰n\pw aosX
Ds≠-∂p≈ Kuc-h-amb Nn¥ a\p-jys\ \bn-®m¬ ]m]-ap-‡-amb
Pohn -X -Ncy ]pe¿Øm≥ kzbwk∂-≤-amIpw. ]q¿Æ-amb
PohnXhnip≤n ssIh-cn-°m≥ kZm a\ v\nd-bp∂ ssZhn-I-t_m[w
sIm≠p-am-Xta Ign-bq.
hnip-≤n-bpsS Zn\-cm-X-ß-fmWv da-km≥. Ckvem-anse as‰√m
Bcm-[\mI¿a-ß-sfbpw At]-£n®v hXØn\v Gsd]tXy-I-X-
I-fp-≠v. ssZhhpw Zmk\pw XΩn¬ amX-a-dn-bp-∂-Xm-Wv hXm-\p-
jvTm-\w. Cu clky kz`mhw CXns‚ Xnf°w H∂p-IqSn h¿[n-∏n-
°p-∂p. ]t£, th\¬Nq-Sns‚ hni∏pw Zmlhpw a‰-h-i-X-Ifpw
kln®v hX-a-\p-jvTn-®-Xp-sIm≠p amXw ^ewe`n-°p-∂n-√. kpJ-
t`m-K-ß-fp-t]-£n®v t\mº-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-h≥ ]c-Zq-jWw ]d-™m¬
t]mepw B Znhkw shdpsX ]´n-Wn-bm-b-X-√msX t\mºns‚
bYm¿∞ ^ew e`y-am-ImsX t]mIp-∂p-sh∂hkvXpX hX-a-\p-
jvTn-°p-∂-h≥ ]pe¿tØ≠ kq£va-X°v sXfn-hm-Wv. PohnX ZpxJ-
ßfpw ]bm-k-ß-fp-sa√mw kln-°m\pw £an-°m-\p-ap≈ am\-kn-
Im-hÿ apk¬am≥ ssIh-cn-°-Ww.
""£a, hnizm-k-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xn-bmWv; \n›bw A√mlp £am-
io-e-cpsS IqsS-bmWv'' F∂o hnip≤ hmIy-߃ "£a'-°p≈
ÿm\w D∂-X-am-sW∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. £abpw kl-\hpw da-
92
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
km≥ hX-Øn-eqsS ]cn-io-en®v B¿Pn-t°≠ KpW-ß-fm-Wv. ]I¬ap-
gp-h≥ A∂-]m-\o-b-ß-fp-t]-£n-°p-∂-h≥ hni-∏ns‚ ImTn-\y-a-dn-bp-
∂p. kaq-l-Ønse Zcn-Z-hn-`m-K-sØ-°p-dn®v kº-∂-cn¬t]mepw
t_m[y-ap-≠m-°m\pw ]´nWn kzbwA-\p-`-hn-®-dn-bm\pw hXw hgn-
sbm-cp-°p-∂p. ]e-t\-c-ß-fn-embn kº∂˛]mb-t`-Z-as\y Npa-
semØp \n∂p≈ \a-kvIm-chpw ]mh-s∏-´-hs\ t\mºp-Xp-d-∏n-°m≥
IqSp-X¬ Xmev]-cy-sa-Sp-°-W-sa-∂p≈ A`y¿∞-\bpw hni∏pw Zml-
hp-sa-√mw Xpey-ambn A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xpw kmaqlyka-Xz-
Øns‚ G‰hpw efn-Xamb \nZ¿i-\-ß-fm-Wv.
`£Ww Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw t\mºp-Xp-d-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xn¬
]men-°p∂ ka-b-\njvT Pohn-X-Øn¬ XpS-tc≠ IrXy\njvT-bmWv.
Zm\-[¿a-߃ h¿[n-∏n®v IjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-hs\ klm-bn-°m-\p≈
Blzm-\w, kvt\l-Øns‚bpw kmtlm-Z-cy-Øns‚bpw klm-\p-`q-
Xn-bp-sSbpw ktµ-i-ambn da-km≥ \¬Ip-∂p.
a¿±nX P\-X-bpsS sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏ns‚ BZy NcnXambn tcJ-
s∏´ _Z¿ bp≤w da-km≥ 17-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw kpK‘w ]c-Ønbpw kZv^-e-߃ h¿jn®pw
hnizm-kn-bpsS a\ pw Pohn-Xhpw ssZh`‡n-bn¬ Ipfn¿°p∂
da-km-\n¬ ssZh-Øns‚ amem-J-am¿ A\p-K-l-߃sNmcn-™v ]d-
∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. hnizm-kn-bpsS ]m¿∞-\°v h¿[n®]Xn-^ew
kn≤n-°p∂amk-am-Wn-Xv.
]m¿∞-\-bn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ Bfl-ss[cyhpw ip`]Xo-£bpw
GXpL´-Ønepw \ncm-i-cmbn ]n¥n-cn-bmsX ]Xn-_-‘-ßsf
AXnPohn®v apt∂-dm-\p≈ IcpØpw t]c-Wbpw \¬Ip-∂p.
Hcp amkw-sIm≠v t\Snb hX-ip≤n Pohn-X-ap-S-\ofw ]pe¿Øm≥
ian-°-Ww. lrZ-b-hn-ip-≤n-bp-am-bn kq£vam-ep-hmbn ]m¿∞\m \nc-
X-amb PohnXw\bn-°p-I. \√ ico-chpw \√ a\ pw \¬Inb
k¿∆i‡-\mb A√m-lp-hns\ kZmka-bhpw \µn-]q¿∆w kvacn-
°p-I. F√m kmaqly Po¿W-X-Iƒ°p-sa-Xnsc s]mcp-Xm\pw Xn∑-
bpsS D∑q-e-\-Øn\v hnip-≤-am-\-ß-fpsS sFIy-\nc sI´n-∏-Sp-°m\pw
da-km≥ \¬Inb Bfl-kw-kvI-cWw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
kaq-l-Øns‚ kmkvIm-cnI hnImk ]In-b-bnepw cmjvS-t£-
a-Ønepw kPoh ]¶p-h-ln-°p-I. Hcp-a-bp-sSbpw ka-Xz-Øns‚bpw
a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øn-s‚bpw am\-hnI GI-Xm-t_m-[-Øns‚bpw
kwKoXw Np‰nepw hym]n-∏n-°m≥ da-km≥ t]c-W-bm-Ip-∂p.
amXr-`qan dwkm≥ kπn-sa‚ v 1994
93
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Bfl kwkvI-c-W-Øns‚
]pWy-Imew
Bfl kwkvI-c-W-Øns‚ amk-sa∂v hnip≤ dakm≥Imew
hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. a\- n\pw ico-c-Øn\pw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn-
\p-ta‰ ]m]-°d Igp-In-°-f-bm\pw Hcp \h-PmXinip hnizm-kn°v
e`n-°p∂ ]pWy-Im-ew. PohnX hnip-≤n-bpsS ]cn-io-e-\-L´w.
PohnXw F¥m-sW∂v Cu Imew \tΩmSp tNmZn-°p-∂p. PohnXw
F¥m-I-W-sa∂pw F¥√ F∂pw dakm≥ \¬Ip∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv.
ssZhn-I-\n¿t±-i-Øns‚ hgn-I-fn¬\n∂v FX-hn-Zq-c-am-bn-cp∂p Hmtcm-
cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw k©m-c-sa∂v dakm≥ F∂ Pme-I-∏-gp-Xn-eqsS
\ap°v ImWm-\m-hp-∂p. ""Fs‚ Pohn-Xhpw Fs‚ ac-Whpw Fs‚
k¿h-kzhpw ssZh-Øn-\m-Ip-∂p'' F∂ ka¿∏-W-Øns‚ ]Xn-⁄m-
hm-N-I-߃ Dcp-hn-Sp-Ibpw H∏w `uXnI t\´-ß-fpsS amkva-c-]-`-
bn¬ IÆ©n \n¬°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ sshcp-≤y-Øns‚ temIØv
hnizm-k-Øns‚ aqeyhpw IcpØpw dakm-\n-eqsS ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-
Sp-∂p.
kaq-l-\-∑-°m-bp≈ ]h¿Ø\w apkven-ans‚ hnizm-k-Øns‚
`mK-am-Wv. A]-cn-ta-b-amb Bfl-hn-ip-≤nbpw £abpw ka¿∏-W-
k-∂-≤-Xbpw dakm≥ hnizm-kn-bn¬ \nt£-]n-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-Ip-
e-Øn\v am¿K-Z¿i-Iamb hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Xo¿Æ-amb amkw
F∂ _lp-aXn dakm-\n-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. \∑sb hncn-bn-s®-Sp-°m\pw
Xn∑-bpsS Iqºv Icn-®p-I-f-bm\pw a\p-jys\ ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Cu
Imew kaql \∑-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-L-´-ambn Xoc-Ww.
94
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
(\√-Xn-te°v £Wn-°pIbpw \∑ Iev]n-°p-Ibpw Xn∑sb hne-
°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp kaqlw \nß-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-I-s´, Ah¿
hnP-bn-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw F∂ hnip≤ hN-\-Øns‚ Bflmhv Dƒs°m≠v
\ap-°p-Np‰pw \∑-bpsS Hcp ]]©w Xo¿°m≥ dakm≥ ]cn-ip≤n
]tN-mZ-\-am-I-Ww.)
ssZhw A\p-K-ln®p \¬Inb _p≤n-bpsS Bgw imkvX-˛-km-
t¶-XnIcwKsØ alm-¤p-X-ß-fmbn a\p-jy≥ am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-
Wv. sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bn¬h∂ hnImkw \ΩpsS Pohn-X-Np-‰p-]m-Sn¬Øs∂
AXn-i-b-I-c-amb am‰-ß-fmWv D≠m-°p-∂-Xv. Iºyq-´dpw Ce-IvtSm-
WnIvkpw ssk_¿s\-‰pIfpw F√mw tN¿∂v Hcp kz]v\-tem-I-Øn-
te°v \sΩ Iq´n-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. temIw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw
hnc¬Øp-ºn-te°v ASp-Øp-h-cp-∂p F∂ Is≠-ج a\p-jys\
kzbwad-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. ssZh-Øns‚ HuZm-cy-amWv
_p≤n-i-‡n-bm¬ Is≠-Øn-bXpw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ kuI-cy-ß-fp-
sa√mw F∂ t_m[w \jvS-am-hp-Ibpw ]Icw Rm≥ F∂`mhw ˛
Rm≥ F∂ kzm¿∞w˛a-\p-jys\ ]nSn-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-I-gn-™p.
ssZhnI Nn¥ AI-∂-t∏mƒ D¬°¿tj-—°v ]Icw A[-a-t_m-[-
amWv a\p-jy-a-\- n-enSw t\Sp-∂-Xv. kaq-l-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-]-I-cn-
t°≠ Ce-IvtSm-WnIvkv hf¿®sb Hcp P\-X-bpsS kmwkvIm-
cnI XI¿®-bn-te°v t_m[-]q¿∆w Xncn-®p-hn-Sp-Ibpw AXn-eqsS
kmº-ØnIt\´w ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ am\-kn-Im-hÿ FX
ss]im-Nn-I-am-Wv. Ce-IvtSm-WnIvam[y-a-߃ kmaqlyhnIm-k-
Øns‚ PmeIwXpd-∂n-Sp-Ibpw ]pXn-b Adn-hp-Ifpw ]pXnbtemI-
ßfpw \ap-°mbn Nq≠n-Ø-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-sh∂ henbImcysØ
AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒØs∂ Nnc-]p-cm-X-\-ambn XpS¿∂p-t]m∂ Hcp
kwkvIm-c-[mc IpSn-sbm-gn-™p- t]m-Ip-∂p-sh∂ tJZhpw \mw Adn-
bp-∂p.
]Sn-™m-d≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v \njn-≤-a-√mØ ]eXpw \ΩpsS
\mSn\v ANn-¥yhpw ]Sn-°p-]p-dØv \n¿tØ-≠-h-bp-am-Wv. Ch-b-
Xbpw \ΩpsS kaq-l-a-\- n-te°v hnj-b-ambn ]S¿∂p-I-b-dp-∂p.
Akm-∑m¿Kn-I-Xbpw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßfpw s]cp-Ip-∂p. a\p-jy¿ Iq´-
s°m-e-°n-c-bm-Ip∂ h¿Ø-am-\-߃ Hcp sR´¬ t]m-ep-ap-f-hm-
°mØ ]Xnhvkw`-h-ambn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-I-bm-Wv. ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Ifpw
a‰p el-cn-Ifpw ae-bmfn bu∆-\sØ ab-°n-In-S-Øp-∂p. kz¥wamXm-
]n-Xm-°-sfbpw ktlm-Z-c-ß-sfbpw sIme-°-Øn-°n-c-bm-°m≥ aSn-
°m-Ø-h-cmbn \ΩpsS bphm-°ƒ amdp-∂p. kz¥w hoSp-I-fn¬t]mepw
95
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
a\p-jy¿ b-NInXcmbn Ign-bp-I-bm-Wv. kam-[m\w \in-°p-∂p. kaq-
l-Ønse sFIyw XI-cp-∂p. cmjvS-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-߃
inYn-e-am-Ip-∂p. uXnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-amXw D∂w sh®p≈ IpXn-∏mWv
Cu Zpc-¥-Øn\v Ac-sßm-cp-°p-∂-sX∂p hy‡w. Bflob t_m[-
an-√msX `uXn-I-h-f¿®-am-Xw -e-£y-am-°n-bm¬ a\p-jy≥ F∂]Zw
A¿∞-c-ln-X-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂v h¿Ø-am-\-Imew \sΩ tIƒ∏n-°p-
∂p. Cu Zpc-h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v \mw kaq-lsØ Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-c-
Ww. a\p-jy≥ a\p-jy-\p-ta¬ arK-Xp-ey-amb B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øp∂,
\oXn \ntj-[n-°p-∂, ]ucm-h-Im-i-߃ l\n-°p-∂, a\p-jy≥ F∂
]cn-K-W-\-t]mepw Iev∏n-°mØ kmaq-lym-h-ÿ-bn¬ am‰w hc-Ww.
AXn\v "am\p-jn-IX' Xncn-®p-In-´-Ww. aqeym-[n-jvTn-X-amb s]mXp-
Po-hnXw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-Ww. kaql \∑-bm-bn-cn-°Ww e£yw.
AN-©-e-amb ssZhn-I-t_m[w D≈n¬ ]qØncn IØn-®mte "a\p-
jyXzw' Xncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bq. Cuizc Nn¥-bn-te°v, ssZh-kw-
Xr-]vXn-bn-te°v a\ pw ico-chpw Xncn-®p-sh-°p-I. Aßs\ kaq-
l-am-‰-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fm-IpI \mw. hnip≤ dakm≥ AXn-\p≈
t]cW IqSn-bm-Wv.
amXr-`qan dwkm≥ kπn-sa‚ v 1996
96
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
kaq-l-Øns‚ im¥n
a\pjyIpe-Øn-\p-th≠n \nbp-‡-amb DØakap-Zm-b-amWv \n-
߃ F∂p hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ kwt_m-[\sNbvX apkvenwkaq-lw
B al-Xzhpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-t_m-[-hp-am¿÷n-°m-\p≈ \nXy-]-cn-
io-e-\-Øn-te°v ]th-in-°p-I-bmWv. hnip≤ dakm-\n-eqsS temI
apkvenwkaqlw H∂-S¶w Htc hnNm-c-[m-c-bn-eqsS, t`Z-an-√mØ Bcm-
[\m coXn-I-fn-eq-sS, Htc a¥-ß-fp-cp-hn´v ]m¿∞\m \nc-X-am-Ip-I-
bm-Wv. hnizm-kn-bpsS hm°nepw ]hr-Øn-bnepw Nn¥-bn¬t]mepw
amen\yw Ie-cmØ hnip-≤n-bpsS cm]-I-ep-I-fm-Wn-Xv. ]]© \mY-
\n¬ hniz-kn-®-hcpw k¬°¿Ω-ß-f-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-hcpw £a-sIm≠pw
kXyw-sIm≠pw ]c-kv]cw D]-tZ-in-°p∂hcp-sam-gnsI a\p-jy¿
\„-Øn-em-sW∂v Imew km£n-bm°n Jp¿-B≥ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p. Cu Jp¿B\nI ktµ-i-Øns‚ Xe-Øn-te°v kaql a\- ns\
]mI-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ da-km≥ ]tNm-Z-\-am-Ip-∂p.
ico-c-Øns‚bpw a\- ns‚bpw C—-Isf \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
]cn-io-e-\-amWv hXw. hni∏pw Zmlhpw Bk-‡n-I-fpw at\m-hym-
]m-chpw \nb-¥n-°-pIbmsW--¶n¬ a\p-jy≥ kwkvIr-X-\mbnØocpw.
a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ ewLn-°p∂ Imahpw tIm[hpw
tamlhpw k¿h-Ip-g-∏-߃°pw \nan-Ø-amWv. A[n-Im-c-tØmSpw
kº-Øn-t\m-Sp-ap≈ Bk‡n At\Iw cmjvS-ß-sfbpw P\-k-aq-
l-ß-sfbpw XI¿Ø-Xm-Wv. Cu ZpjvS-e£yw t\Sm-\p≈ t]mcm-´-
ß-fn¬ F‰-hp-a-[nIw Ipcp-Xn-sIm-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fpw.
hy‡n-bp-sSbpw kaq-l-Øns‚bpw cmjvS-Øn-s‚bpw A¥--kw-
L¿j-߃ C√m-Xm-°m\pw AXp-hgn Hcp t£a cmjvSw ÿm]n-
97
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
°m\pw C—-Isf \nb-¥n-°m-\m-Im-hp∂ hX-]-cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p -I-
gn-bpw. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sSbpw temI-\-∑-bp-sSbpw ]]-©-Ønse
k¿∆-⁄m-\-Øns‚bpw alm-K-Ÿ-am-bn, hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v ktµ-l-
te-ias\y t\¿am¿§w ImWn-°p∂ hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\ns‚ Ah-X-
cWwsIm≠v A\p-Kr-lo-X-amWv da-km≥. Bbncw amk-ß-sf-°mƒ
]pWy-ta-dnb Hcp cmhns‚ D]-lm-c-am-W-Xv.
k¿h-Im-e-Øn\pw kakvXP\-Xbv°pw th≠n hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥
\¬In-b-Xn\v hnizmknkaqlsam∂-S¶w temIc£n-Xm-hn-t\mSv Hcp
amkw\ofp∂ hX-\n-jvT-bn-eqsS \µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. ]I¬
apgp-h≥ t\mº-\p-jvTn®pw cm]-I-en-√msX Bcm-[-\m-\n-c-X-cmbpw
A√m-lp-hns‚ alXzw ]Io¿Øn-°p∂ hnizm-kn-I-fn¬ hXw ka-
Xz-t_m[w hf¿Øp-∂p. hni-∏ns‚ cq£X kzPo-hn-X-Øn-eqsS sXm -
dn-bp-tºmƒ Zcn-Z-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥ hcm-Xn-cn-°n-√. AK-Xn-Iƒ°pw
A\m-Y-Iƒ°pw Bizm-k-taIn Zm\-[¿a-߃ h¿≤n-∏n®pw ssZh
]Io¿Ø-\-ß-fmepw kº-∂-am-Ip∂ da-km≥ Zn\-߃ £a-sbbpw
kl-\-sØbpw D±o-]n-∏n-°p-∂p.
BtKmf apkvenw kaqlw hX-\n-jvT-amb cm]-I-ep-I-fn-eqsS IS-
∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ hX-a-\p-jvTn-°m\pw Bcm-[-\-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°m-
\p-ap≈ Ah-k-cw-t]mepw \ntj-[n-°-s∏´v acWw ImØp-In-S-°p∂
apkvenw P\-e-£-߃ temI-Øns‚ thZ-\-bm-Wv. Bcm-[-\m-e-b-
߃°p apI-fn¬t]mepw t_mw_p-Iƒ s]bvXn-d-ßp-I-bmWv A-^v-
Km-\n¬. A -bm¿∞n Iymºp-I-fnepw Hgn-™p-t]m-Im≥ ]‰m-Ø-hn[w
IpSp-ßn-°n-S-°p∂ bp≤-`q-an-I-fnepw `£WwIn´nb \mƒt]mepw
ad∂v ]n©p-Ip-™p-ß-f-S°w a\p-jy¿ ac-W-Øn-te°p hoWp-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Dkma _n≥em-Z≥ F∂ GIiXp-hn\p th≠n-bmWv
Ata-cn-°≥ ssk\nIi‡n A^vKm-\nse \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fmb ]´n-
Wn-∏m-h-ßsf Xot_mw-_p-IƒsIm≠v Icn-®p-I-f-bp-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-
Xz-Øns‚ Xcn-ºp-t]m-ep-an-√mØ Im´p-\o-Xn-bmWv A^vKm-\n-e-c-tß-
dp-∂-Xv. amf-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]mW-\p-th≠n Hfn-®n-cn-°p∂ a\p-jysc
Ccsb BI¿jn°pwt]mse ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ ¢Ã¿ t_mw-
_n\pw `£-W-s∏m-Xn°pw Htc\ndw sImSp-°p-I-bmWv. a\p-jy¿
CXbpw Iqc-cm-bn-°q-Sm. `oI-cX GXp `mK-Øp-\n-∂m-bmepw F-
Xn¿°-s∏-S-Ww. Ata-cn-°-bn-em-bmepw A^vKm-\n-em-bmepw temI-
sØ-hn-sSbpw a\p-jy\pw am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-ßfpw hne-a-Xn-°-s∏-S-Ww.
Ata-cn-°-bnse thƒUv tSUvsk‚¿ BI-a-Whpw a\p-jy-°p-
cp-Xnbpw Iqchpw \ymbo-I-c-W-a¿ln-°m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv. CXn\p ]Xn-
98
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Im-c-ambn ]´n-Wn-∏m-h-ßsf sIms∂m-Sp-°p-∂Xpw Zp¿_-e- cmjvS-
ß-tfmSv bp≤w ]Jym-]n-°p-∂Xpw kwkvImckº-∂-cmb B[p-\n-
Ikaq-l-Øn\p tN¿∂-X-√. Ata-cn-°≥ BI-a-W-Øn\p ]n-∂n-se
bYm¿∞ ]Xn-I-fm-sc∂v Is≠Øpw aptº ]Xn-Isf \n›-bn®v
in£ hn[n® cmjvS `oI-c-X-tbmSv tN¿∂p \n¬°m≥ aoUnb--Ifpw
Xøm-dmbn F∂Xv Kuc-h-amb Nn¥ A¿ln-°p-∂p. GsX-¶nepw
\n£n]vX Xmev]-cy-ß-fpsSt]cn¬ Bkq-XWw sNøp∂ AI-a-
]-≤-Xn-Isf "Ckvem-anI `oI-cX' F∂ apZ-IpØn temI-Øn\p
am¿§-Z¿i-\-amb Hcp ]Xy-b-im-kvX-sØ-Øs∂ A]-Io¿Øn-s∏-
Sp-Øp-I-bmWv. temI-Øn\p ta¬ kmº-Øn-I, cmjvSo-b, kmwkvIm-
cnI A[o-i-Xz-ambn \n¬°p∂ Ata-cn-°≥ kmam-Py-XzsØ tNmZyw
sNøp-∂-h-sc-sb√mw "`oI-cX' F∂ apZbneqsS H‰-s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw
BI-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
hnb‰v\mw bp≤-Øn¬ 33 e£w Xt±-io-bcpw 5800 Ata-cn-°≥
]´mf°mcpw cmjvS-Øns‚ hn`-h-a-Xbpw D∑q-e\w sNø-s∏´v h¿j-
߃ Ign-™-t∏mƒ Ata-cn-°≥ ssk\n-I-Ø-e-h-\mb tdm_¿´v
aIv\m-amd ]d™p: ""\ΩpsS \S-]Sn sX‰m-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc henb sX‰v.
Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-c-sØbpw Ncn-X-sØbpw cmjvSo-b-sØbpw Ipdn®v
\mw A⁄cmb-XmWv ImcWw.'' h¿j-߃°p-tijw A^vKm≥
bp≤-sØ-°p-dn®pw CXp-t]me Hcp £am-]-W-Øn\v Ata-cn°
apXn¿∂mepw Poh≥\jvS-s∏-´-hcpw arX-]m-b-cp-amb P\-e-£-
߃°v F¥p ]Icw sh°m≥ Ignbpw?
Hcp `oI-c-X-tbbpw bp≤w-sIm≠p ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√.
bp≤w sIm√pI \nc-]-cm-[n-Isf amX-am-Wv. bYm¿∞ hnizm-kn°v
Hcn-°epw `oI-c-\m-Im≥ Ign-bn-√. Hcp apkven-ans‚ hm°pw ]hr-
Ønbpw Ckvem-ans\ sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°m≥ CS-bm-°n-Iq-Sm. temI-Øn\p
shfn®w ]I-cp-I-bmWv Ckvem-ans‚ am¿§w. \oXnbpw kam-[m-\-
hpamWv Ckvem-ans‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. "BcpsS D]-Z-h-ß-fn¬\n∂v
Xs‚ Ab¬hmkn kpc-£n-X-\m-Ip-∂n-√tbm Ah≥ hnizm-kn-bm-
hp-I-bn-√.' F∂mWv Ckvem-ans‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sv. kaq-l-Øn¬ Ckvem-
ans‚ kXy-k-‘-amb apJw kzPo-hn-X-am-Xr-I-bn-eqsS ImWn-®p-sIm-
Sp-°m-\p≈ hnizm-kn-bpsS ]cn-io-e-\-L-´-amWv da-km≥. Xs‚
Hmtcm hm°pw I¿ahpw kaq-l-Øn\p im¥n ]I-cp-∂-Xp- am-X-am-
I-W-sa∂v ZrV-\n-›bw sNøpI.
amXr-`qan da-km≥ kπn-sa‚ v 2001
99
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
am\-hn-IX-bpsS
]Nm-c-I-cm-hpI
\ΩpsScmPyw kzmX¥yw t\Sn-b-Xn\ptijw Aº-Xp-h¿j-߃
]n∂n-Sp-I-bm-Wv. \tΩm-sSm∏w kzmX¥yw t\Snb ]e Bt^m-˛-G-
jy≥ cmPy-ßfpw kzmX-¥y-Øn-s‚bpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw am¿-
K-ßfn¬\n∂v A[nIwsshImsX hyXn-N-en®p t]mb-t∏mƒ alm-
∑m-cmb tZiob t\Xm-°-fpsS ]Xo-£-Iƒ ]q¿Æm¿∞-Øn¬ k-
^-eo-I-cn-®n-s√-¶nepw kzX¥ P\m-[n-]Xy cmjvS-ambn C¥y \ne-
\n¬°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv Hcp sNdnbImcy-ambnImWm≥ tZmssj-I-Zr-°p-
Iƒ°-√msX Ign-bp-I-bn-√. Bfl ]iw-k-bn-eq-∂nb s]mß® ]I-
S-\-tam, I¨ap-∂n¬ ]I¬sh-fn®w t]mse t_m[y-am-Ip∂ t\´-
ßsf I≠n-s√∂p \Sn-°p∂ Hcp \ntj-[nbpsS A`n-]m-b-]-I-S-\-
tam \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p]Icw Inbm-fl-I-am-b, cmPy Xm¬∏cyw ap-≥-\n-
¿Øn-bp≈ Hcp kzbwhna¿i-\-Øn\v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-ambka-
bw Cu kph¿Æ Pq_nen BtLmj \mfp-IƒXs∂-bm-Wv.
Aº-Xp-h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ imkvX˛ kmt¶-XnI taJ-e-I-fn¬
\mw t\Snb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpw hnZym-`ymk ssh⁄m-\nI cwK-ß-fn¬
\ap-°p-≠mbt\´hpw P\-ß-fpsS PohnX \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-≠mb apt∂-
‰hpw cmPy-Øns‚ kºZvLS-\-bn¬ ]I-S-amb A`n-hr-≤nbpw
B¿°pw hnkva-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. F∂m¬ ]iv\-I-ep-jn-Xhpw ]bm-
k-]q¿Æhpw sh√p-hn-fn-I-fm¬ k¶o¿Æ-hp-amb h¿Ø-am\-bm-Ym-¿-
∞y-߃°n-S-bn¬ \mw B¿÷n® t\´-ß-sf√mw aßn-t∏m-Ip-∂p-sh-
∂XmWv tJZ-I-c-amb hkvXp-X. C¥y-tbmfw sshhn-[y-߃ \nd-
100
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
™ Hcp cmPyw temIØv Dt≠m F∂Xv kwi-b-am-Wv. hn`n∂ `m-
j-Ifpw aX-ßfpw PmXn-Ifpw D]-Pm-Xn-Ifpw kwkvIm-c-ßfpw `-
£WcoXn-Ifpw hkvX[mcmWmkº-Zm-b-ßfpw kPo-h-am-bn \ne-
\n¬°p∂ C¥y-bpsS NcnXwcNn® ]m›mXyNcn-X-Im-c≥ Xms\-
gp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-Øn\v t]cn-´Xv " The Wonder that was India'' F∂m-
bn-cp-∂p. D]- tZ-io-b-X-I-fpsS then-tb-‰-߃°n-S-bnepw PmXn-aX
`m¥p-I-fpsS sIme-hn-fn-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw mjmshdn-b-∑m-cpsS t]m¿hn-
fn-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw Hcp cmjvS-ambn Ct∏mgpw C¥y \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-
sh-∂Xv Ah-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-X-√.
`qXhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ \ne-°mØ kwhm-Z-amWv Ncn-
X-sa∂ C.-F-®v. Imdns‚ hymJym\w kzoI-cn-°m-sa-¶n¬ \ΩpsS
cmPy-Øns‚ h¿Ø-am-\-Imew \ap°v \¬Ip∂ \Sp°p∂ hm¿Ø-
Iƒ cmPy-Øns‚ `mhn-bn¬ Icn-\n-g¬ hogvØn-bncn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu
`oXn-Z-amb Ah-ÿ-bnepw \√ C∂-se-I-fnse a[p-cn-°p∂ Hm¿Ω-
Iƒ GsXmcp cmPy-kvt\-ln-sb-bmWv l¿j-]p-f-In-X-am-°m-Xn-cn-
°pI! Hcp lnwkP¥p-hn¬ \n∂v ]m°p-™ns\ c£n-°m≥ Xs‚
ico-c-Øn¬\n∂v B ]£n-bpsS Xq°-tØmfw amwkw apdn-®p-\¬In
am\-hn-I-Xbv°v Aaq¿Ø-amb am\w \¬Inb in_n NI-h¿Øn-
bpsS \m´n¬ ]´m-f-Øns‚ km∂n-≤y-an-√msX sXcp-hp-I-fn¬ aX-hn-
izm-kn-Iƒ°v \S-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂ Ahÿ ANn-¥-\o-b-am-sW-
¶nepw AXmWv hkvXp-X. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ kulr-Z-Øn¬ Ign™
C¥y-bnse aX-ß-fpw aX-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw G‰p-ap-´-ens‚ am¿Kw Ah-
ew-_n-®p-sh-∂Xv Hgp-°≥a´n¬ ]d-™p-t]m-tI≠ Imcy-a-√.
Fs‚ t£X-Øns‚ ]Sn-hm-Xn¬°¬\n-∂p- sIm≠v Hcp \nco-
iz-c-hm-Zn°v Xs‚ ]Xy-b-imkvXsØ∏‰n ]kw-Kn-°m≥ A\p-hm-
Z-ap≈ `mc-X-sØ-bmWv Rm≥ hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-sX∂v ]Jym-]n®
kzman hnth-Im-\µ≥ \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ aln-X-amb atX-X-c-Xz-
Øns‚ ]mc-º-cy-amWv Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn--®-Xv. hn`P\m-\-¥cw C¥y-bpsS
hnhn[ mK-ß-fn¬ apkvenwIƒs°-Xn-cmbn \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Iem-
]-߃°v AdpXn hcp-Ø-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v cmPy-Øns‚
IÆp-Xp-d-∏n-°m≥ D]-hm-k-am-cw-`n® C¥y-bpsS alm-flm-hn-s\,
t]cn¬ ln-µp-hmsW-¶nepw ]hr-Øn-bn¬ apk¬am-\mb Cu
a\pjy≥ Pohn-®n-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-s√-∂p-]-d™v hI-h-cp-Øn-b--h¿ atX-
X-c-Xz-Øns‚ Iim-∏pIm-cm-sW∂ Xncn®dnhv C\nbpw C¥y-°m-cn-
ep-≠m-Im≥ H´pw sshIn-°q-Sm. apkvenw-Isf hI-h-cp-Ønb h¿§ob
`m¥-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ sN∂p-sIm≠v "Fs‚ ap…nw ktlm-Z-c-ßsf
101
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
h[n-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw Fs∂ h[n°q' F∂v IWvT-an-S-dn-s°m≠v
]d™ alm-flm-Km‘n Xs‚ hnJym-X-amb D]-hmkw Bcw-`n-®-
t∏mƒ samgn™ hm°p-Iƒ Hm¿°p-∂Xp Cu BtLm-j-th-f-bn¬
]k-‡-am-bn-cn-°pw. ""]m°n-ÿm-\nse Iq´-°-im-∏n-s\ -Ip-dn-®√
Rm\n-t∏mƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv, auen-I-ambpw Fs‚ DXvIWvT Z¬ln-
bnepw sXm´-SpØ ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw \S-°p∂ Iq´-s°m-e-bn-em-Wv.
Rm\n-hnsS D]-hmkw XpS-ßm≥t]mIpI-bm-Wv. ChnsS hnP-bn-®m¬
Rm≥ ]m°n-ÿm-\n¬sN∂v D]-hmkw \S-Øpw. AXpw Fs‚ cmPy-
am-Wv.'' Aßs\ Hcp Zn\-ap-≠m-bm¬ AXv cmPy-Øns‚ ]p\-ssc-
Iy-Øn\v hgn-sh-t®°pw F∂v `b-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Iptam Km‘n-Pnsb
Ah¿ h[n-®p-I-f-™-Xv? kao-]-Im-eØv hnhn[ aX-hn-izm-kn-I-ƒ°n-
S-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ ]c-kv]-c- hnizm-k-an-√m-bva-bpw kwi-
bhpw \ΩpsS kzmX-¥ysØ Gsd Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
tcmKm-Xp-c-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v \ΩpsS kzmX-¥y-Øn\v tamN\w
e`n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ bqtdm-]y-∑m-cpsS BK-a-\-Øn-\p-apºv C¥y-bn-ep-
≠m-bn-cp∂ kmap-Zm-bn-Im-¥-co£w ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ 50˛mw ]nd-∂mƒ BtLm-jn-°p∂ Cu thf-bn-se-
¶nepw AXn-\p≈ ia-߃\S-Øm≥ _‘-s∏-´h¿ Xøm-dm-Ip-sa-
¶n¬ cmPy-Øns‚ `mhn \mw `b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse A]-I-S-I-c-am-hp-
I-bn-s√∂v \ap-°m-iz-kn-°mw.
NµnI kzmX-¥y-Zn\ hnti-j-∏-Xn∏v1997
102
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
\∑bpw kam-[m-\hpw
PohnXe£y-am-°pI
ssZh]Io¿Ø-\-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-kv]ckvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw BtLm-
j-amWv CuZp¬^n-Ø¿. ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw
ktµ-i-am-W-Xv. Bcpw ]´n-Wn-In-S-°-cp-sX∂ Nn¥-bn¬ ]c-kv]cw
Du´m\pw Bizmkw ]I-cm\pw hnizm-kn-Iƒ ap≥ssI FSp-°p∂
kµ¿`w. \∑ Xn∑-I-fpsS th¿Xn-cn-hmbn da-km≥ hXw a\p-jy\p
A\p-K-l-ambn \¬Inb ]]© \m-Y-t\m-Sp≈ \µn-]-I-S-\w-Iq-Sn-
bmWv sNdn-b-s]-cp-∂mƒ.
am\h temI-Øn-\m-sIbpw am¿KwImWn-°p∂ hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥
Ah-Xo¿Æ-amb amk-Øns‚ BXva \n¿hr-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p temI
apkvenw kaq-lw. F√mw A√m-lp-hn-\p≈XmWv F∂ ]c-a-ambNn¥-
bm-Wv da-km\pw a‰p Bcm-[\-Ifpw hnizm-kn-bn-ep-f-hm-°p-∂-Xv.
hy‡n-ip-≤n-bm¿÷n®v, kzm¿∞ Nn¥-Iƒ shSn-™v, emfnXyw
ssIh-cn®v hn\-bm-\zn-X-cmbn Pohn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w da-km≥
]I¿∂p\¬In.
ap∏Xp Znh-ksØ hXm-\p-jvTm\w \¬Inb kq£vaX Pohn-X-
ap-S-\ofw ]pe¿Øp-sa∂v ]Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-t°-≠Xpw Cu kpZn-\-Øn-
em-Wv. D]-t`m-K-XrjvW \nd™ Hcp kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-sØ-bmWv
hnizm-kn°v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m-\p-≈-Xv. [q¿Øpw BUw-_c-ß-fpw
amdnb PohnXkwkvIm-chpw IpSpw-_, kaql hyh-ÿ-Isf XInSw
adn-°p-I-bm-Wv. el-cnbpw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßfpw s]cp-In-h-cp-∂p. kaq-
lsØ Po¿Æ-X-bn¬\n∂p tamNn-∏n-°m-\p≈ GI D]m[n aX-\n-
103
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
jvT-bm-Wv. A√m-lp-hn-ep≈ AN-©-e-amb hniz-kw-sIm≠v F√m
Xn∑-I-sfbpw ]Xn-tcm-[n®v k∑m¿Kw ssIh-cn-°m-\m-Ipw.
Ckvem-anIaqey-ßsf Pnhn-X-Øn-te°v Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°m\pw AXp-
hgn kaq-l-Øn\p amXr-I-bm-Im-\p-ap≈ ]cn-io-e-\-amWv da-km≥
hXw ]I¿∂p \¬In-b-Xv. am\-h-cm-in-°p≈ imizX hntam-N-\-
am¿K-ambn Ckvem-ans\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ hnizm-kn-Iƒ°p -I-gn-
b-W-sa-¶n¬ kzPo-hnXw Ip‰-a-‰-Xm-I-Ww.
A[n-Im-c-Øns‚bpw ]Xy-b-im-kvX-ß-fp-sSbpw A[o-iXzw
ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ a’cw temI-saßpw tNmc-∏p-g-I-sfm-gp-°p-I-bm-Wv.
^e-kvXo≥ apX¬ tIcfKma߃ hsc lnwk-bpsS cmjvSob
`oI-c-cq]w ]q≠-Xns‚ NnX-amWv \ap-°vap-∂n¬ sXfn-bp-∂-Xv. D]-
t`mK kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ AXn-]-k-chpw a\p-jy-XzsØ ]cn-K-Wn-
°mØ ]pXn-b-tem-I-sØ-bmWv krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ a\p-
jy\pw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßfpw sX√pw ]cn-K-Wn-°s∏SmsX-t]m-Ip-∂p.
Cu B]Xvk‘n-bn¬ Kuc-h-]q¿∆w DW¿∂v ]h¿Øn-t°≠
_m[yX apkvenw kaq-l-Øn-\p-≠v. am\h Ipe-Øn-\mbn \nbp-‡-
cmb DØa kap-Zmbw F∂ hnti-jWw apkven-ans‚ kmaq-lnI
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-sØ-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \∑]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
Xn∑XS-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\ns‚ Xm°o-Xp-
Iƒs°m-Øp-b-cm≥ Ign-b-Ww. CuZp¬ ^nXz¿ AXn-\p≈ t]c-
W-bm-Wv.
Ckvem-an\p `oI-c-apJw Iev]n-°p∂ ]pXnb cmjvSobw temI-
hym-]-I-ambn i‡n-s∏-´p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. Ckvemw Hcp hntam-N-\-am¿Kw
F∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw "Ckvemw`oXn' hf¿Øp-I-bmWv Nne `c-W-Iq-S-
ßfpw ]ÿm-\-ßfpw aoUn-b-I-fpw. im¥n-bp-sSbpw kam-[m-\-Øn-
s‚bpw aX-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv temIw Ckvem-ans\ Bt«-jn-®-Xv.
kam-[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw ka¿∏-W-Øn‚bpw aX-amb Ckvemw Hcp Xc-
Øn-ep≈ Xoh`oIc h¿Kob Nn¥-I-sfbpw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. hn`m-
Ko-b-X-Iƒ°n-S-an-√mØ am\h kmtlm-Z-cyhpw kvt\l-hp-amWv
Ckvem-ans‚ hnfw-_-cw.
CXn-\p-hn-cp-≤-ambn Nn¥n-°p-∂Xpw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xpw Ckvem-
an\p \nc-°m-Ø-Xm-Wv. \n¿ -b-Xz-Øns‚bpw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw
XW-emWv Ckvemw. bYm¿∞ hnizm-k-]m-X-bn¬ \n∂p H‰-s∏-´p-
t]m-b-hsc D]-I-c-W-am-°n-sb-SpØpw \n£n]vX cmjvSob e£y-
߃°mbn IrXn-a-I-Y-Iƒ sa\™pw Ckvem-ans\ apgp-h≥ `oI-c-
am°n NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv A\ym-b-am-Wv. A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw
104
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
A\m-Nm-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw AIa hmk-\-bn¬\n∂pw temIsØ am‰n-
sb-SpØ al-Ømb kmwkvIm-cnI hnπhw \bn® BZ¿i-]-ÿm-
\-am-W-Xv. kaq-l-Øn¬ Hcp sX‰n-≤m-c-W-°pan-S-an-√m-Ø-hn[w
kwip≤ PohnXw \bn-°m≥ Hmtcm hnizm-knbpw Xøm-dm-hp-I.
temIw kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w CuZp¬^n-Xz¿ BtLm-jn-°p-tºmgpw
AI-a-߃°pw A\o-Xn-Iƒ°pw hnt[-b-cmbpw bp≤-s°-Sp-Xn-I-
fpsS Zpcn-X-a-\p- -hn®pw Zmcn-Zyhpw amdm-hym-[n-I-fp-ambn thZ-\m-]q¿Æ-
amb PohnXw X≈n-\o-°p∂ At\-I-tImSn ktlm-Z-c-ß-fp-≠v. ]Xn-
k-‘n-Iƒ adn-I-S∂v PohXhnPbw ssIh-cn-°m≥ ]m¿∞n-°p-I.
CXc BtLmj߃t]mse _l-f-amb Zn\-a-√, Bcm-[\m \n¿ -
c-amb BtLm-j-amWv Ckvem-anse c≠p -s]-cp-∂m-fp-I-fpw. da-km-
\nse Hcp amksØ ITn\ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS B¿÷n-s®-SpØ
k¬Kp-W-ß-sf√mw Pohn-X-ap-S-\ofw ]men-°p-sa∂v ZrV-\n-›bw
sNtø≠ ]Xn-⁄m-Zn-\-amWv CuZp¬ n-Xz¿. ssZhnI am¿§-Øn¬
k¿∆w kln-°m\pw XrPn-°m-\p-ap≈ k∂-≤-X-bmWv hnip≤ da-
km-\n-eqsS kn≤n-®-Xv. kº-Øn-t\m-Sp≈ B¿Øn Dt]-£n®v hn]p-
e-amb Zm\-[¿Ω-߃sNbvXpw `£-W-ap-t]-£n®v hni-∏ns‚ ImTn-
\y-a-dn-™pw kpJ-t`m-K-߃ XyPn®v Bcm-[-\-bpsS \n¿hrXn
tXSnbpw Hcp amk-°mew sIm≠v t\Sn-sb-SpØ PohnX ]cn-ip-≤n,
Imcp-Wy-Øn-s‚bpw kl-Pohn kvt\l-Øns‚bpw sFIy-Øn-s‚bpw
k¿t∆m-]cn a\pjy kºq¿Æ-X-bp-sSbpw ]mX-bn-eqsS k©-cn-°m≥
t]cW sNep-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.
kaq-l-Øns‚ kwkv°m-c-sØbpw A`n-cp-Nn-I-sfbpw XInSw adn-
°p-Ibpw ]p\¿ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ D]-t`mK kwkv°mcw
PohnX Zpc-¥-Øns‚ AKm-[-X-bn-te-°mWv a\p-jys\ \bn-°p-∂-
Xv. ]c-kv]c hnizmkwt]mepw \jvS-s∏-´, kzm¿∞cpw k¶p-Nn-X-
cpamb Hcp h¿§-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-amWv ]pXnb -Im-e-Øns‚ kw`m-
h-\. ssZhnINn¥ ]mtS Dt]-£n-®v, XmXv°m-enIkpJ-߃°v
]ndsI]mbp∂ kaqlw G‰p-hm-tß-≠n-h-cp∂ A\n-hmcyZpc-¥-ß-
fpsS alm-am-cn-Iƒ \mw ImWp∂p.
A√m-lp-hn-ep≈ bYm¿∞ hnizm-khpw `b-`-‡nbpw ZrV-X-c-
amb Hcp a\- nepw lnwk-bp-sSbpw AXn-I-a-Øns‚bpw Akm-
∑m¿§nIXbp-sSbpw IpSne Nn¥-I-fp-W-cn-√. Xulo-Zns‚ \nd-sh-
fn-®-amWv hnip≤ da-km≥ \Ωn¬ ]I¿∂-Xv. Cu hX-ip≤n Pohn-
X-ap-S-\ofw ]men-°m≥ bXv\n-°p-I. kaq-l-Ønse thZ-\n-°p-∂-hs‚
]£Øv \n¬°p-I. A\m-Y-Iƒ°pw AK-Xn-Iƒ°pw Bibw
105
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
\¬IpI.
Zmcn-Zyhpw \nc-£-c-Xbpw AI-‰m-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-߃ \n¿∆-ln-
°p-I. iXp-X-bp-sSbpw hntZz-j-Øns‚bpw a\- p-I-fn¬ kvt\lw
\nd-°p-I. Cu ]pWyZn\w Bfl-]-cn-tim-[\°pw \∑-\n-d™ `mhn-
bn-te-°p-ap≈ Nph-Sp-h-bv∏n-\p≈ ]tNm-Z-\-am-Is´. A√m-lp-hns\
hmgvØp-I. \ap°v Pohn-Xhpw \∑-bpsS hgnbpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb k¿∆-
i-‡s\°pdn-®p≈ a\w-\n-d™ kvac-W-bp-ambn apt∂m vt]mhp-I.
(2005)
106
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
aAvcn_v AW-s°´pw
k_Av kaq-lhpw
]mNo-\ -b-a-\n¬ k_-Av cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p
aAvcn_v. k_m, jo_m, ko_m F∂o \ma-߃ ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬
23 ]mhiyw h∂n-´p-≠v. Jp¿-B-\n¬ \wev, k_-Av F∂o kqd-Øp-
I-fn¬ k_-Av F∂mWv ImWp-∂-Xv.
k_-Av _n≥ bivP_v _n≥ bAvd_v _n≥ JlvØm≥ ]c-º-
c-bn¬ k_-Av F∂ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p G‰hpw ]K-¤\pw ]kn-
≤-\pw. At±-l-Øn\v "A_vZp-iwkv' F∂pw t]cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. [m-
cmfw k¥-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw c≠v ]pX-∑m¿°v amX-
amWv cmPm-[n-Imcw \¬I-s∏-´-Xv. (1)lnwb¿ (2)Ilvem≥. Ch-cp-sS
k¥m\ ]c-º-c-bmWv k_Av kaqlw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv Ah-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-Øn\pw "k_-Av' F∂ t]cv
h∂p-tN¿∂p.
k_-Av cmP-hwiw \n¿Ωn® G‰hpw henb AW-s°-´m-bn-cp∂p
aAv-cn_v Umw. hS-°≥ _eJv ]¿∆-X-Øn\pw a≤y-`m-K-Øp≈ ]¿∆-
X-\n-c-Iƒ°pw CSbn-emWv AXv \ne-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. ]pcm-X\ inem-
en-Jn-X-ß-fn¬ ad-_v, aco_v F∂o t]cp-Iƒ ImWp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw
C∂v ba≥Im¿ hnfn-°p-∂Xv "amcn_v' F∂m-Wv. CXns‚ \n¿ΩmWw
Bcw-`n-®Xv _n.kn. 1000-˛-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Kth-j-I-∑m¿ A`n-
]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Ing-°≥ b-a-\nse sU¬´m Xmgvhcbn¬\n∂v Ime-h¿j-ß-fn¬
AXn-i-‡-ambn Hgp-In-h-cp∂ ag-sh≈w sI´n-\n¿Øn he-Xp-`m-
107
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
KØpw CS-Xp-`m-K-Øp-ap≈ c≠v tXm´-ß-fn-te°v Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥
th≠n-bmWv AXv \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. ba≥ Xe-ÿm-\-amb k\m-bn¬\n∂v
173 In. ao‰¿ AIse k_-Av Xmgvhc-bn¬ AXv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.
1980-˛-I-fn¬ P¿Ω≥ ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-W-tIµw ]kn-≤o-I-cn®
t]∏-dp-I-fn¬ _n.-kn. 3000-˛-Øn¬ Im¿jn-Im-h-iy-߃°p-th≠n
AhnsS Pe-tk-N\w \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.
Jp¿-B-\n¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p.:-
k_-Av kaq-l-Øn\v Xß-fpsS hmk-ÿ-eØv Hcp ZrjvSm-¥-ap-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv c≠p-tXm-´-߃. he-Xp-`m-KØpw CS-Xp-`m-K-
Øpw. \mw Ah-tcmSv ]d™p: \nß-fpsS \mY≥ \¬Inb Blm-c-
Øn¬\n∂v \n߃ `£n-°p-hn≥. Ah-t\mSv \µn-Im-Wn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-hn≥. \s√m-cp-cm-Pyw, Gsd s]mdp-°p∂ Hcp \mY-\pw. (k-_-
Av˛15)
kpsse-am≥\-_n-bpsS ZqX≥ lpZv lpZv At±-l-tØmSv ]d-™p.
k-_-Av tZi-Øp-\n∂p hniz-k-\o-b-amb Hcp hrØm-¥-hp-ambn Rm≥
Aß-bpsS ASpØv h∂n-cn-°pI-bm-Wv. B P\-ßsf `cn-®p-sIm-≠n-
cn-°p∂ Hcp aln-fsb (_n¬Jokv cm⁄n) Rm≥ Is≠-Øp-I-bp-
≠m-bn. F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw th≠-sX√mw Ah¿°v \¬I-s∏- n-cp-
∂p. Kmw`o-cy-am-¿∂ Hcp knwlm-k-\hpw Ah¿°p-≠v. (kq-dØv \mev)
^e-k-ar-≤-amb Irjn-tØm-´-ß-fp≈ B cmPyw Hcp h≥i‡n
Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p. sI´n-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Ønepw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bnepw
\√ ]mhoWyw t\Sp-Ibpw hmWn-Py-cw-KØv AXnioLw IpXn-®p-
b-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aaq-ey-amb Hcp D¬]∂w IqSn Ah¿°v e`y-
am-bn. ep_m≥ (Frankincense) F∂ kpK-‘-[q-aw. a≤y-[-c-Wymgn
]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ep_ms‚ Bh-iy-IX h¿≤n-®p-h-∂-t∏mƒ hmWn-Py-
cw-KØv AXns‚ am‰v IqSn. Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]m¿∞-\m-k-a-
bØv B Zhyw Xo°-\-en-en-´-t∏mƒ AXns‚ [qa-kp-K‘w Ah¿
Bkz-Zn-®p. `c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kzoI-c-W-®-S-ßp-I-
fn¬ Ah¿ ssIam-dp∂ Aaq-ey-amb D]-lmcw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p
ep_m≥.
CXn\p ]pdsa a‰p-]e I®-h-S-®c-°p-Ifpw Ah¿ Ib-‰n-b-b-®n-cp-
∂p. hym]m-c-cwKw hnI-kn-®p-h-∂-t∏mƒ, Zo¿L-amb hgn-I-fn-eqsS
km[-\-߃ hln-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥ sI¬]p≈ hml-\-ß-sf-∏-
‰nbpw Ah¿ Nn¥n-®p-Xp-S-ßn. Aß-s\-bmWv H´-I-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-
®p-sIm-≠p≈ hmWn-Py-am¿§w- ˛ CARAVAN ROUT ˛ _n.kn. 1500-˛¬
Ah¿ Bcw-`n-®-Xv. ImbvI-\n-Iƒ \nd-™p-\n∂ Ad-_n-°-S¬ Xoc-
108
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Øp≈ J\m Xpd-ap-J-Øp-\n∂v km¿∞-hm-l-I-kw-L-߃ aAv-
cn_v ]´-W-Øn-eqsS s]Sm, Kmk, kndn-b, kDuZn Atd-_y,
CuPn]vXv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-te°v km[-\-߃ hln-®p-sIm≠v FØn-
t®¿∂p. Np°v, apf-Iv, Gew F∂o kpK-‘-Z-hy-߃, C¥y-bn¬\n-
∂p≈ taØcw XpWn-Ø-c-߃, Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bnse kz¿Æw, Aaq-
ey-amb ep_m≥ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p I®-h-S-®-c-°p-Iƒ.
_n.-kn. ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬ jo_m-dmWn _¬Jokv, ep_m≥
apX-emb hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ km[-\-ß-fp-ambn kpsse-am≥ \_nsb
kµ¿in-°m≥ bcp-i-e-an-te°v t]mbXv Cu hmWn-Py-am¿§-Øn-eq-
sS-Xs∂ Bbn-cn-°mw. Cu Imch≥ dq´n\v ]e-bn-SØpw acp-∏-®-Ifpw
hni-a-Øm-h-f-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
bas‚ \mK-cn-I-Xbpw ]uVnbpw hf¿Øn-s°m≠v aAv-cn_v
AW-s° v 1500 h¿j-߃ ]n∂n- p. AXn\v tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw
]‰n-bn-´p-≠v. At∏mƒ th≠ A‰-Ip-‰-∏-Wn-Iƒ sNbvXp-sIm≠v Umw
kpc-£n-X-ambn Ah¿ \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m-∂p.
F∂m¬ F.-Un. 570-˛¬ kw`-hn® XI¿® hfsc `bm-\-I-amb
Zpc-¥-am-bn-cp-∂p. AW-s°´v BsI s]m´n-Ø-I¿∂p. sh≈w IpØn-
sbm-en®v AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ Pe-tk-N\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-sf√mw Ah-
Xm-f-Øn-em-bn. ImbvI-\n-Iƒ \nd-™p-\n∂ Irjn-tØm-´-߃ \mam-
h-ti-j-am-b-t∏mƒ k_-Av kaqlw On∂-`n-∂-ambn \mSp-hn-´p.
B ]tZ-iØp \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv aAv-
cn_v ]´-W-Øn\v 110 slIvS¿ hnkvXo¿Æ-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F∂m-Wv.
AXns‚ Np‰pw F´v sKbv‰p-I-fp≈ kpZr-V-amb Hcp aXn¬s°´pw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. k_-Av cmP-hw-i-Ønse _¬Jo-kns‚ cmP-[m-\n.
KoIv-˛-tdm-a≥ cmPy-߃ Cu ]tZ-isØ ARABIA FELIX (ku-
`mKyhXn-bmb Atd-_y) F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
""Ah¿ \µn- Im-Wn-°msX Xncn-™p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ AW-s°- nse
sh≈w \mw Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ Ab-®p. Ah-cpsS c≠v tXm´-߃°v
]Icw ssI]p≈ ImbvI-\n-Ifpw Im‰m-Sn-a-c-ßfpw A¬]w Nne hmI-
a-c-ß-fp-ap≈ c≠v tXm -߃ \mw Ah¿°v sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''
F√mw \jvS-s∏´ k_-Av kaqlw On∂-`n-∂-am-hp-Ibpw \mSp-
hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ime-NIw Xncn-™p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. aAv-cn-_n¬ ]pcm-X\ AW-
s°-´ns‚ ÿm\-Øp-\n∂v aq∂v In.-ao. AIse Hcp ]pXnb AW-
s°´v C∂v ImWmw. 400 aney¨ Iyq. ao. Pe-kw-`-c-W-ti-jn-bp≈
Cu Umw 1986-˛¬ \n¿Ωn-®-Xm-Wv.
109
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]X-]-h¿Ø\w
CuPn-]vXn¬
GI-tZiw H∂c\q‰m≠v apºv CuPn]vXn¬ ]X-]-h¿Ø\w
Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≠v. ]t£ Kh: HutZym-KnI Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-
cn-°p-∂-Xn\pth≠namX-amWv A∂p ]Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-
Xv. 1822¬ BZy-ambn apl-Ω-Zen ]mj tP¿W¬ hyq F∂ t]cn¬
Hcp ]Xw Ad_n`mj-bnepw Xp¿°n`mj-bnepw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.
ssItdm-hnse tIm´-bn-ep≈ ] n-emWv B ]Xw A®-Sn-°-s∏-´n-
cp-∂-Xv. Kh: Adn-bn-∏p-Ifpw GXm\pw Ad-_n-°-Y-Ifpw Dƒs°m-
≈p-∂Xpw \qdp ]Xn-IƒamXw ]pd-Øn-d-ßp-∂-Xp-amb B ]Xw
HutZym-KnIhrØ-ß-fnte hnX-cWw sNø-s∏-Sm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.
AXn-\p-tijw 1828¬ A¬h-Jm-C-D¬ anknb F∂ t]cn¬
thsdmcp]Xw At±lw XpS-ßn. ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fnse ]X-ß-
fpsS Hc-\p-I-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p Cu ]Xw. IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-Iƒ A®-Sn-
°p-Ibpw DtZym-K-hr-Ø-߃°pw ]WvUn-X-∑m¿°pw hnin-jvS-cmb
Nne hnZym¿∞n-K-W-߃°pw hnX-cWw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂
Cu ]kn-≤o-I-cWw c≠m-asØ HutZym-KnI ]X-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXp-
Iq-SmsX 1848¬ Hcp Im¿jnI hymh-km-bnI hm¿Øm-]-Xn-Ibpw
At±lw Bcw-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
]t£, Kh¿sa-≠ns‚ HutZym-KnIhm¿Ø-Iƒ amXw Dƒs°m-
≈p∂ Cu ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃°p Hcp ]X-Øn-t‚-Xmb ssNX-
\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]n∂oSv ]kn≤ ]X-]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂
XlvXmhnbpsS ]Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ A¬h-Jm-C-D¬ anknb 1841¬
110
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]pXnbcq]-Øn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßn. apl-Ω-Zen ]mj-bpsS Hcp ]Nm-c-
th-e-°p-th-≠n -amXw D]-tbm-K-s∏-´n-cp∂ Cu ]X-Øn¬ ]mtZ-in-
I-hpw hntZ-io-b-hp-amb hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p ]m[m\yw \¬I-s∏-´p.
Ad_nhnπ-h-Øn-s‚bpw _n´ojv BK-a-\-Øn-s‚bpw Ime-
L´whtc°pw kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb hm¿Ø-I-sfm-gn®v as‰m∂pw Cu
]X-ß-fn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hmt´m-a≥ `c-W-tØm-
Sp≈ Aa¿jw P\-߃°v A[nIw AS-°n-\n¿Øm≥ km[n-°m-
sX-bm-bn. 19mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬ Xp¿°n-bn-epw kndn-b-
bn-epw CuPn-]vXn-ep-sams° Df-hmb A\n-›n-Xm-hÿ Imc-W-ambn
P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fnse Fcn--bp∂ Xo°-\-ep-Iƒ Bfn-°-Øm≥ XpS-ßn.
AtXm-Sp-IqSn hf-sc-b[nIw tZiob]X-߃ ]Xy-£-s∏´p. 1919se
kAvZv kKveq¬ hnπhw htc°pw hntam-N-\-]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ B ]X-
߃ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p.
Ch°p]pdsa Xp¿°n Aºm-kn-U-dp-sS-bpw ^©v tIm¨kp-en-
s‚bpw [\-k-lm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ hntZ-i-]-X-ßfpw
Bcw-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1868¬ Bcw-`n® apJØw F∂ ]Xw
_n´ojv aqe-[-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. tZiob]X-ß-fn¬
]eXpw Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX \ndp-Ø-em-°-s∏-´p.
1913¬ A»-A_v XpS-ßn. 1914¬ CuPn]vXv Hcp _n´ojv ]pXn-
Im-cm-Py-ambn ]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ B hm¿Ø BZysØ t]Pn¬
]kn-≤o-I-cn-°Wsa∂v Kh¨sa‚ v F√m ]X-߃°pw DØ-chv
\¬In. ]t£, A»A_v ]Xm-[n-]-cmb Aao-dp¬ cn^mCu DØ-
chv \nc-kn® Imc-W-Øm¬ B ]Xw ]qt´-≠n-h-∂p.
1919se hnπ-h-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]ns∂bpw ]e
]X-߃ ]Xy-£-s∏-´p. A n-bmk , A¬akn , kuXp¬-
DΩ F∂nh Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ Nne ]X-߃
kzX¥ \b--amWv ssIs°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xv.
apkvenw-I-fp-sSbpw JnkvXn-I-fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ _n´o-jp-Im¿ hnX-
dnb `n∂n-∏ns‚ _oP-߃ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw cmjvSo-b-amb cwK-
ß-fn¬ th≠ \n¿t±-i-߃ \¬In P\-ßsf \bn-°p-∂-Xnepw
CuPn-]vjy≥ ]X-߃ ][m-\-amb ]¶v hln-®n-´p-≠v.
C∂v CuPn-]vXn¬ G‰hpw ]Nm-c-ap≈ Zn\-]-X-ß-fmWv A¬-
Alvdmw , A¬AJv_m¿ , A¬Ppw-lq-cnø , A¬a-km-Av F∂n-h.
C∂v Cu ]X-߃°p aq∂pe£w hoXw tIm∏n-Iƒ sNe-hm-Ip-∂p-≠v.
hnπ-h-Øn\papºv Hcpe£w ]Xn--IƒhoXw amXta hn¬°-s∏-´n-cp-
∂p-≈q.
111
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
CuPn-]vXnse G‰hpw]g-°-ap≈ A¬-Alvdmw 1876¬ ÿm]n-
°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. kp¬Øm≥ A_vZp¬l-ao-Zns‚ ImeØv CuPn-
]vXn¬h∂p A`bw]m]n® e_-\m≥Im-c-\mb Hcp IokvXob
bphm-hm-Wv- C-Xns‚ ÿm]-I≥. A∂p Ae-Ivkm-µn-b-bnse Hcp
sNdnbsI´n-S-Øn¬ \mep-t]-Pp-I-fp≈ hmcn-I-bm-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p CXm-
cw-`n-®-Xv. A©p-sIm-√-Øn-\p-≈n¬ AXv hf-sc-b-[nIw ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw ssItdm-hn-te°p ÿew-am‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-IbpwsNbvXp. A∂sØ
Ad_n t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ apkvX^m Iman-ens‚ enh , ]kn≤ Fgp-
Øp-Im-c-\mb epXv n køn-Zns‚ ]Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ A¬-
˛-P-coZ F∂o ][m\ kl-Po-hn-Isf AXv sh√p-hn-fn-®n-cp-∂p.
Alvdm-ans‚ C∂sØ ]Xm-[n-]-cmb lk-ss\≥ ssl°-ens\
]uVn-bn-te-°p-b¿Øn-bXv 1946¬ At±lw Fgp-Xnb cmjvSob\ncq-
]-W-ß-fm-Wv. ^e-kvXo-\nepw sImdn-b-bnepw Alvdm-ans‚ bp≤-
hm¿Øm- te-J-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Ct±lw 1960¬ ][m\]Xm-[n-]-cmbn
\nb-an-°-s∏-´p. Zn\-]XwIqSmsX Hcp F°tWm-anIv ssZzhm-cn-Ibpw
Alvdmw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.
1941¬ apkvX^m Aao≥, Aen F∂ Cc-´- ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ ÿm-
]n® AJv_m-dp¬buw ssZ\wZn\w i‡n-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
apkvX^m Aao-\mWv C∂v CXns‚ ]Xm-[n-]Xyw hln-°p-∂-Xv.
Bcw-`-Øn¬ kz¥w ] v C√m-Xn-cp∂XpsIm≠v Alvdm-ans‚
] n-em-bn-cp∂p CXv A®-Sn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xv. 1946¬ apl-ΩZv Xm_nCbpsS
BJn¿kmA F∂ hmcnI AJv_m dp¬buw hmßp-I-bp-≠m-
bn. 1952-˛¬ A¬ AJv_m¿ F∂ Zn\-]-Xhpw A¬Po¬ F∂
NnX-hm-cn-Ibpw Bcw-`n-®p. Ct∏mƒ Hcp hºn® ÿm]-\am-bn-
Øo¿∂ "A¬ AJv_m-dn's‚ Ãm^n¬ ]X-]-h¿Ø-I-\mb apl-
ΩZv Xm_nCu, \mS-I-Ir-Ømb Xu^o-°p¬ l°ow, t\mh-en-Ãmb
alvaqZv A°mZv F∂o ]kn≤ hy‡n-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.-
A¬ AJv_m-dnse BZysØ h\nXm]Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂p
ssajm-lo≥. ]t£, CXn\p hfscapºv 1910-˛¬ A¬PcoZ-bn¬
_lvPØp¬ _mlnkv F∂ Hsc-gp-Øp-Imcn km[m-cW ]Xy-
£-s∏-Sm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cmWv hmkvX-h-Øn¬ CuPn-]vXnse
BZysØ ]X-]-h¿Ø-I.
hnπ-h-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ c≠p ]X-ß-fmWp 1952-˛¬ Bcw-`n®
A¬a-∂A F∂ kmbm-”-]-X-hpw 1953-˛¬ XpS-ßnb A¬Ppw-
lq-cn-øbpw . Zmdp¬Xlvcocn¬ \n∂mWv Ch c≠pw ]kn-≤o-I-
cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A¬Ppw-lq-cn-ø- bpsS tPm. FUn-‰¿-˛C≥˛No^v
112
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]kn≤ kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb tUmIvS¿ Xmlm lpssk-\m-sW-∂Xv
]kvXm-hy-am-Wv. Cu c≠v ]X-߃°p ]pd-sa, CuPn-]vXy≥
sabn¬, Lee progress Egyptian F∂o ]`m-X-]-X-ßfpw LaBourse F∂ kmbmlv\]-Xhpw Progress dimanche F∂ hmcn-
Ibpw "Zmdp-Ølvco¿' ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ccp-∂qdp ]Xm-[n-]-
∑m¿ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ G‰hpw henb Hcp ÿm]-\-am-Wn-Xv.
hnipXNcn-X-Im-c-\mb tPm¿Pn-ssk-Zm≥ 1892- ¬ Zmdp¬ lnem¬
F∂ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ime ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. GI-tZiw Read-ers Digests‚ cq]-Øn¬ ChnsS\n∂p ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ A¬ln-
em¬ amknI hfsc]Nm-c-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. AXpIqSm-sX, A¬
Ckvss\≥ , A¬ apk-∆¿ F∂o hmcn-I-Ifpw Zmdp¬ln-em¬
]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p. 1924-˛-emWv A¬ap-k-∆¿ Bcw-`n-®-Xv. Ima-
gse F∂ ^©v amkn-Ibpw a‰p Nne ]pkvX-I-]-c-º-c-Ifpw
Zmdp¬ln-em-en ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
tdmkp¬bq-k^v F∂ A]-c-\m-a-Øn¬ ]kn-≤-bmb ^mØna
bqkp^v 1926-˛¬ Hcp ]Xw ]pd-Øn-d-°n. A∂p 16 t]Pp-I-fmbn
Bcw-`n® tdmkp¬ bqkp^v C∂p ]Nm-c-ap≈ Hcp cmjvSob
Im¿´q¨ hmcn-I-bm-Wv. \Sn-bm-bn-cp∂ ^mØn-a°v Ie-tbmSpw \mS-
I-tØm-Sp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ A]m-c-amb ]Xn-]Øn Ah-cpsS hmcn-I-bn¬
]I-S-am-bn-°m-Wm-am-bn-cp-∂p. \mSIIesb kw_-‘n-®p-≈-Xm-bn-
cn°pw an° teJ-\-ßfpw. 1910\pw 1920\pw CS-bn¬ hf¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-
≈-h-cpw, C∂p ]i-kvXn-bpsS Xe-∏-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-amb Ht´sd
]X-]-h¿Ø-Isc hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ tdmkp¬ bqk^v
hln® ]¶v \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hn-√. lkss-\≥ ssl°¬, apkvX^
Aao≥, Aen Aao≥ F∂o t]cp-tI´ ]X]h¿Ø-I¿ Hcp
ImeØvv tdmkp¬ bqk^n embn-cp-∂p.
tdmkp¬ bqk^n s‚ C∂sØ ]Xm-[n-]¿, ^mØnam bqk-
p^ns‚ ]pX\pw ]kn≤ IYm-IrØpw kmlnXy Iem-a-WvU-e-Øns‚
knI -´dn P\-d -ep -amb l\m≥ A_vZp¬ Jq±qkv BWv.
k_ml¬ssJ¿ Fs∂mcp amkn-Ibpw A¬In-Xm-_p-±-l_n
F∂ ]pkvX-I-]-c-º-cbpw CXns‚ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ
2,00,000 ]hs‚ kzØpw 20,000 aqe-[-\hpw Cu ÿm]-\-Øn-\p-
s≠∂p IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ]-X-߃ apgp-h\pw 1960¬
tZi-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´p.
kmwkvIm-cnI Imcy-a¥n anlmXnw sNb¿am-\mb Ub-d-IvS¿
t_m¿Uv \S-Øp∂ Zn P\-d¬ CuPn-]vjy≥ \yqkv B‚ v ]ªn-
113
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
jnwKv Hm¿K-ss\-tk-js‚ Iogn-emWv \mj-\¬ ]ªn-t°-j≥
lukv, \mj-W¬ UnkvSn-_yq-j≥ t^mw, 1956- ¬ Bcw- n® anUn¬
CuÃv \yqkv GP≥kn F∂o ÿm]-\-߃.
Ad_v H_vk¿h¿, kvssI_v F∂o amkn-I-Iƒ \mep hntZ-i-
`m-j-I-fn¬ Cu ÿm]\w ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. IqSm-sX, tdUntbm
sSen-hn-j≥, _\m-dp¬ hX≥ F∂o amkn-I-Ifpw CXn¬\n∂p ]pd-
Øn-d-ßp-∂p.
Hcp ] v kn≥Un-t°‰v cq]o-I-cn-°m-\mbn ]X-°m¿ 1912 apX¬
]cn-i-an®p XpS-ßn-sb-¶nepw hnP-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. ]n∂oSv Xß-
fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ ImØp-kq-£n-°m-\mbn 1919¬ ]X-°m¿ Hcp
tSUv bqWn-b≥ ÿm]n-®p. 1941-˛¬ ] v kn≥Un-t°‰v BZy-am-bn
cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXns‚ ]YaktΩ-f\w AtXh¿jw
Unkw-_-dn¬ tNcp-I-bpap-≠m-bn. ]n∂oSv kn≥Un-t°-‰n\p kz¥-
ambn HcpsI´n-Shpw ¢_pw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. hnπ-h-Øn∂ptij-ap≈
BZysØ Ad_v ]X-]-h¿ØI ktΩ-f\w 1953-emWv \S-∂-Xv.
1955¬ kn≥Un-t°‰v AXns‚ \nb-am-h-en-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. AX-
\p-k-cn®p kn≥Un-t°-‰n¬ Hcw-K-am-sb-¶nte ]X-tPmen sNøm≥
km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. Cu kn≥Un-t°-‰n¬ Ct∏mƒ 920 h¿°nMv
tP¿W-en-Ãp-I-fp-≠v.
NµnI BgvN-∏-Xn∏v 1960
114
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
A¬ Akvl¿
k¿hI-em-ime
a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ ]ucm-WnINcn-X-Øn¬ kp]-[m-\-am-
sbmcp`mKw A`n-\-bn® ]kn-≤-amb ankns‚ (Cu-Pn-]vXn-s‚) Xe-
ÿm-\-\-K-cn-bmb ssItdm-hn¬ Aw_-c-Npw-_n-I-fmb an\m-c-ß-fp-
b¿Øn-s°m≠v A¬-A-kvl¿ temIsØ amSn-hn-fn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb Aaq-ey-kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In Ckvem-an-I-tem-
I-Øn\p tkh\wsNbvX a[p-c-kva-c-W-Iƒ Cu ÿm]-\sØ
C∂pw ]pfIwsIm≈n-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Ncn-X-Øn-eqsS kpZo¿L-
amb Zqcwk©-cn® Cu alm-ÿm-]\w Ign-™p-t]mb Hcm-bncw
IY-Iƒ AXns‚ \n»-_vZ-amb `mj-bn¬ \ap°p ]d-™p-X-cp-∂p.
temIØns‚ hnhn[tImWp-I-fn¬ \n∂pap≈ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS
ktΩ-f-\-cw-K-am-Wn-Xv. C¥y-°m-c-\pw djy-°m-c\pw Ko°p-Im-c-\pw
kpUm≥Im-c-\pw ]e-kvXo≥Im-c-\pw ^nen-ss]≥Im-c\pw Chn-sS-
h®p ]c-kv]cw ssI]n-Sn-®p Ipep°n A`n-hmZyw sNbvXv Bfl-kp-
lr-Øp-°-fmbnØocp-∂p. tZi- `mj h¿W-ß-fpsS ]cn-[n-Iƒ°-
∏pdwIS∂v A¥m-cm-jvSob kmtlm-Z-cy-Øns‚ hnim-e-amb A¥-
co-£-Øn-emWv CXnse At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ Pohn-°p-∂-Xv.
Ncn-X-Øn-eqsS
Akvl¿ F∂p]d-bp-tºmƒ, ^mØn-anø: hsc CuPn]vXv ]nSn-
®-S-°p-Ibpw ssItdm Xe-ÿm-\-ambn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX
BbncwsIm√w apºp≈ Ncn-X-ß-fn-te-°mWv \ΩpsS lrZbw ]d-
s∂-Øp-∂-Xv. ^mØn-an-ø Jeo-^-bmb A¬ap-C- p en Zo\n√-bpsS
115
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
P\-d¬ Pul-dp- -Jn-en-bpsS B⁄-b-\p-k-cn-®mWv Akvl¿
\n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´-Xv. lnPvd 359 Pam-Zp¬-Duem 24- i\n-bmgvN (970˛A
D) CXns‚ inem-ÿm-]\-I¿Ωw \n¿∆-ln-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw 361 da-
km≥ 7˛¬ \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bm-hp-IbpwsNbvXp. mØn-anø hwi-
Øn-ep≈ Bflob t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-am-bpw, ankn¬ DS-se-
SpØ ]pXnbtÉns‚ hym]vXnsb hn]p-eo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Hcp D]m-
[n-bmbp-amWv Cu ]≈n ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-Xv. A∂p jnb hnizm-k-
]-am-W-߃ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Ah¿ Cu ÿm]-\sØ
][m-\-ambpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn. ^mØn-anø: hwi-Øn¬ \n∂pw
]n∂o-Sp-h∂ Hmtcm c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpw CXns\ Bflm¿∞-ambn ]cn-
]m-en-°p-Ibpw hf-sc-b-[nIw [\w CXn-te°p hJ^vsNøp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Ia-Øn¬ tlmÃ-ep-Iƒ, aZ-km-sI-´n-S-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS
ssh-]peyw IqSn-°qSn h∂p. `qan-im-kvXw, Huj-[-im-kvXw, \£-
X-im-kvXw, KWn-X-imkvXw F∂o hnj-b-߃ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-
∂-Xn¬ Ah¿ ][m-\-ambpw i≤-sN-ep-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v A-
kvlm-dns‚ hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-Øp≈ \ne-hmcw Db¿∂p-h-cn-Ibpw Hcp
kwkvIm-cnItIµ-ambnØocp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CuPn-]vXns‚ Bflo-
b-˛-`u-XnI hi-ß-fn¬ AXv kzm[o-\w sNepØnØpS-ßp-Ibpw sN-
bvXp. F¶nepw jnbm hnizm-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bp≈ GsXmcp K-Ÿhpw
CXn-\p-≈n¬ I¿i-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. amenIn aZvl-
_ns\ kw_-‘n® Hcp ]pkvXIw Iøn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn\v Hcp hnZym-
¿∞nsb Ah¿ AdÃv sNbvXn´p IqSn-bp-≠v.
c≠v iXm-_vZ-ß-tfmfw \o≠p-\n∂ mØn-anøm B[n-]-XysØ
Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v lnPd: 567(1171 F.-Un)¬ kp¬Øm≥ kem-
lp-±o≥ Aøq-_n-bpsS BK-a\w Hcp \ho-\m-≤ym-b-Øns‚ XpS-°-
am-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNbvX-bp-S-s\-Øs∂ jnbm-
°-fmb F√m ]WvUn-X-∑m-scbpw ]pd-Øm-°n. im^n-Cu, amen°n
apX-emb aZvl-_p-Iƒ°p ]tXyIw hnZym-e-b-߃ Xpd∂v Ckvem-
an-Im-Z¿isØ kwc-£n-®p- h-f¿Øp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Akvl-dnse
]T-\-hn-j-b-߃ XnI®pw hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tXmSpIqSn Ckvem-
anI cwKØv AXv A`n-hr≤ns∏Sm≥ XpS-ßn. XpS¿∂p-h∂ `c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-Ifpw kem-lp-±o≥ Aøq-_n-bpsS Im¬∏mSp-Isf Øs∂
A\p-K-an-®p.
Aøq_n hwi-Øn\ptijw CuPn-]vXns‚ `c-Wm-[n-Imcw ASn-
a-hw-i-Øns‚ lkvX-ß-fn-e¿∏n-°-s∏-´p. lnPvd 658 (1260 F.-Un)¬
A m-ln¿ t__-d-kvZq¬ _¬±-JvZpcn ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNbvX-
116
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
tij-amWv Akvl¿ hniz-hn-JymXn t\Sn-b-Xv. Cu ÿm]-\sØ
]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ i≤ ][m-\-ambpw tIµo-
I-cn-®p. A∂v CuPn-]vXnepw ]pdØpw Akvl¿ hn⁄m\w ]N-cn-
∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Aaq-ey-amb imkvXob KŸ-ß-fpsS Ie-h-d-bm-bn-cp∂
_KvZmZnse kp]-kn≤ KŸm-ebw \jvS-s∏-´-Xn\ptijw Ckvem-
anItemIsØ apgp-h\pw BI¿jn-°-Ø-°-hÆw Akvl¿ ]kn-
≤n-bm¿÷n-°bpw A∂p-apX¬ CuPn-]vXv hnZym¿∞n-I-fp-sS-bpw
]WvUn-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw Bim-tI-µ-ambnØocp-IbpwsNbvXp. Cu Im-
esØ Hcp kph¿Æ-Im-e-L´ sa∂p ]uckvXy mjm-im-kvX-⁄-
∑m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-®n´p IqSn-bp-≠v.
]n∂oSv ASn-a-hwiw AkvX-an-°p-Ibpw `cWw Dkvam-\nø hwi-
Øn-te°p \oßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch-cpsSImeØv CuPn-]vXns‚
kwkvIm-chpw ssNX-\yhpw \in-°p-Ibpw Iebpw imkvXhpw
A[:]Xn-°p-I-bp-amWv sNbvX-Xv. ]n∂oSv Akvl-dn\p apl-Ω-Z-en-
]m-j-bpsS Imewhtc°pw Nne hnj-a-L-´-߃ XcWw sNtø-≠n-
h-∂p. Cu ÿm]-\-Øn\p \jvS-s∏´ Poh≥ hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬
apl-Ω-Zen ]mj AXoh Xmev]cyw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw CXns‚
kmº-Øn-Ihpw hnZym- ym-k-]-c-hp-amb hi-ß-fn¬ th≠X t]m’m-
l\w \¬Ip-IbpwsNbvXp. A∂v CuPn-]vXns‚ kmwkvIm-
cnIcwKØv amX-a√ cmjvSo-b-cwKØpw kp]-[m-\-am-sbmcp `mK-
amWp Akvl¿ A`n-\-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Akvl-dn¬\n∂p ^m≥kn-
te°v Hcp hnZym¿∞n-kw-LsØ At±lw ]d-™-b-®n- p-≠v. s\t∏m-
fn-b≥ t_mW-]m´ns‚ ^©p-]S ssItdm-hn¬h∂-t∏mƒ, Hcp
cmjvSob Zohm≥ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥th≠n Akvl-dnse ]WvUn-X-sc-
bmWv At±lw ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn £Wn-®-Xv.
]n∂oSvh∂ c-Wm-[n-]-∑m-tcm-tcm-cp-Øcpw Akvl-dns‚ kar≤amb
KŸ-im-esb kq£va-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]cn-c-£n®p t]mcp-Ibpw B[p-
\n-I-amb hn⁄m-\-hn-j-b-߃ kne_- n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Aßs\ Akvl¿ Imtem-Nn-Xambn A`n-hr-≤n-s∏- v pB-
Zv, AXn-\p-tijw ^mdqJv F∂n-h-cpsS Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS B[p-
\n-I-bp-K-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cu kpZo¿L Ime-Øn-\n-S°p Akvl¿ temI-Øn\p hne-a-Xn-
°m-\m-hmØ hninjvSkw`m-h-\-I-fmWp \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. H´-[nIw
]WvUn-X-∑m-cpw Fgp-Øp-Imcpw Cu ÿm]-\-Øn-eqsS ]pd-tØ-°p
h∂p. Camw kp_v-°n, Camw Ckp-±o≥_n≥ A_vZp-kemw, C_v\p-
ln-imw, kndmPv Aen-_p¬Jm\n, Pem-ep-±o≥ kqbq-Øn, lm^nkv
117
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
C_v\p lP-dp¬ AkvJ-em-\n, XmPp-±o≥ Xn_vcokn, ssiJp¬
Ckvemw kI-cn-ø¬ A≥km-cn, Jmknw _n≥ apl-ΩZv Xp\o_n
F∂o hniz-hn-JymXn t\Snb alm-]p-cp-j-∑m-scbpw ]WvUn-X-∑m-
scbpw kw_-‘n-®p≈ al¬kva-c-W-Iƒ Akvl-dns\ ]pfIw
sIm≈n°mXncn-°ptam?-
Akvl-dnse ]T-\-co-Xn-I-fn-epw ]th-i-\-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw ]tXy-
I-amb \nb-a-ßtfm \n_-‘-\-Itfm apºv D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. CjvS-
ap≈ hnj-bhpw Xnc-s™-SpØv CjvSap≈ Hcp Kpcp-\m-Ys‚ Iogn¬
Hcp hnZym¿∞n°p FX-th-W-sa-¶nepw ]Tn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipsd
sIm√߃°ptijw B hnZym¿∞n Kpcp-\m-Ys‚ kΩ-X-tØmSpIqSn
A≤ym-]-I -hn-Zym¿∞n-I-f-S-ßnb sNdnb kZ- p-I-fn¬ ]kw-Kn-°m-
\m-cw- n-°p-∂p. B ]kw-K-Øn¬ Igºpw BI¿j-I-Xz-hp-ap-s≠∂p
ImW-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ B kZ- p-Iƒ°p IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ hf¿®-sh-
°p-Ibpw Abmƒ°p Hcp ]WvUn-X-ÿm\w ssIh-∂n-´p-s≠∂p
hy‡-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu \ne ssIh-cp-tºm-gmWv ssiJp¬
Akvl¿ B hnZym¿∞n°v ]kw-Kn-°p-hm-\p≈ ssek≥kv sImSp-
°p-∂-Xv. t\sc adn®v Xs‚ ]kwKw timXm-°-fn¬ bmsXmcp kzm[o-
\-hpw sNep-Øn-bn- n-s√-¶n¬ hnZym¿∞n ]cm-P-b-s∏- -Xmbn IW-°m-
°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw c≠m-aXpw ]Tn-t°≠n hcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Cu ÿm]\w \nb-¥n-°p-hm\pw AXns‚
ta¬t\m´w hln-°phm\pw Hcp ]tXyI hy‡ntbm, IΩ-‰ntbm
\n›-bn-°-s∏- n- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ aptJ\ cmPm-°-∑mcpw
cmP-Ip-am-c-∑mcpw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p s]mXp-hn¬ AXns‚ ta¬t\m´w
hln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. lnPvd 11-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Xm¬]-
cy-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw Cc-´n-®-tXm-Sp-IqSn Hcp ]tXyI`c-Wm-
[n-Imcn Bh-iy-ambnØocp-Ibpw AXn-\p-th≠n Hcp ssiJp¬
Akvl¿ \nb-an-°s∏Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
hnZym-`ym-k-co-Xn-bnepw CXp-t]mse am‰-߃ Bcw-`n-°m≥ XpS-
ßn. 1872-emWv BZy-ambnXs∂ Hcp ]pXnb \nb-a-kw-lnX cq]-
h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. Cu \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v sdIvS¿ De-am-°-fpsS Hcp
IΩ‰n Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw, B IΩ‰n apºmsI ]co£\SØn
hnP-bn-I-fmb hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p At±lw k¿´n-^n-°‰v sImSp-Øp-
t]m-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ]≤Xn 1897-hsc ]m_-ey-Øn¬ \n∂p.
]n∂oSv ]e t`Z-K-Xn-Ifpw am‰-Øn-cp-Ø-ep-Ifpw 1936-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-
ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn.
1936se ]≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-®mWv Akvl-dns‚ ]pXnb kne-_-kv.
118
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
AX-\p-k-cn®v CXnse ]T-\-Im-esØ \mep-L-S-I-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-
®n-cp-∂p.
1. ss]a-dn- sk-Ivj≥: CXv \mep -¢m- p-I-fp≈ Hcp hn`m-K-am-
Wv. I¿Ω-imkvXw, Ckvem-anI Ncn-Xw, `qan-imkvXw, KWnXw,
Btcm-Ky-imkvXw F∂ohnj-b-߃ CXn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
\mep-sIm√w sIm≠mWv Cuhn`mKw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xv.
2. sk°-≠dn skIvj≥: CXn¬ ta¬∏-d™ hnj-b-߃°p
]pdsa Ad-_n-km-ln-Xyw, X¿°-im-kvXw, Jp¿-B≥ hymJym-\w,
lZo-kv, ck-X¥w, nkn-Ivkv, Poh-im-kvXw, NcnXw F∂nh IqSn-
bp-≠v. A©p-¢m- p-I-f-S-ß-n-b-XmWp Cu Unhn-j≥. Cu c≠phn`m-
K-ß-fnepw \mep aZvl-_p-Iƒ°pw ]tXyIw ¢m p-I-fp-≠v. CtX
\ne-bn-ep≈ ]Øn-e-[nIw ss]a-dn-˛-sk-°-≠dn hnZym-e-b-߃
CuPn-]vXns‚ ]e-`m-K-ß-fn-embn Akvl¿ \S-Øp-∂p-≠v.
3. lb¿ sk-Ivj≥: Cu hn`mKw aq∂m-bn -XcwXncn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
1) Ip√nø Dkzqen-±o≥ (The Faculty of Theology)2) Ip√nø icoA: (The Faculty of Mohammaden Law)
3) Ip√nø epK: (Faculty of Arabic Language) Ch-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw HcptImgvkv sXc-s™-SpØp AXn¬
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p tNcmw. H∂m-asØ hn`m-K-Øn¬ aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-
X-Xz-ß-fpw, c≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ I¿Ω-im-kvXhpw aq∂m-at-Ø-Xn¬ Ad-
_n-`mj Kth-jWimkvX-hp-amWp ][m-\-hn-j-b-߃. CXn¬
Cw•o-jv, ^©v, P¿Ω≥ F∂nh sF—n-I-hn-j-b-am-sb-Sp-°p-∂p.
4. ss^\¬ skIvj≥: CtXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Akvl-dnse G‰hpw
Db¿∂UnKn Ic-ÿ-am-°p-∂-Xv. CXv c≠phn`m-K-am-Wv. c≠p-sIm-
√sØ tImgvkpw, A©v sIm√-tØ-Xpw.
Akvl-dn-se√mw IqSn GI-tZiw \m¬∏-Xn-\m-bncw hnZym¿∞n-
I-fp-≠v. ]mY-anI˛sk-°-≠dn hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ 1062 A≤ym-]-I-∑mcpw
tImtfPv hn`m-K-Øn¬ 273 s]m^-k¿am-cp-ap-≠v.
kpUm≥, samtdm-t°m, en_n-b, Xp\o-jy, AƒPo-cn-b, ba≥,
^e-kvXo≥, -d-jy, Xp¿°n, A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥, bptKm-…m-hy, Cdm-
Jv, Ipssh-‰v, Cdm≥, kuZn-A-td-_y, ]m°n-ÿm≥, ^nen-ss∏≥,
aem-b, _¿Ω, Ct¥m-t\-jy, C¥y, tPm¿±m≥, e_-\m≥, Z£n-
Wm-^n-° F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ChnsS ]Tn-
°p-∂p. CXn¬ 21 C¥y≥ hnZym¿∞n-I-fp-≠v. F√m hntZ-i-hn-
Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw Akvl¿ [\-k-lmbw sNøp-∂p-≠v.
\mem-bncw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p Xma-k-ku-I-cy-ap≈ Hcp ]pXnb
119
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
tlmÃ-ens‚ \n¿ΩmWw Ct∏mƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-cn°p-∂p. ktΩ-f-
\-lmƒ,- Nn-In-’m-e-bw, Ifn-ÿ-ew F∂o kuI-cy-ß-tfmSp IqSn-
b-XmWv Cu ÿm]-\w.
Akvl-dn\p ]uV-amb Hcp KŸ-im-e-bpap-≠v. 120000Øn-e-[nIw
KŸ-߃ CXn-ep-≠v. Ckvem-anI kwkvImcw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥
aP-√-Øp¬-˛-A-kvl¿ Fs∂mcp amkn-Ibpw Akvl¿ ]kn-≤o-
I-cn-°p-∂p.
e≠-\nepw hmjn-ßvS-Wnepw Akvl-dns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI tIµ-
߃ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ct∏m-gsØ ssiJp¬ Akvl¿ (sd-IvS¿)
Bb auem\ ssiJv alvaqZvi¬Øq-Xns‚ ]ptcm-K-a-\m-fl-I-amb
\b-߃°\p-k-cn®p kao-]-`m-hn-bn¬ temI-Øns‚ F√m `mK-ß-
fnepw Akvl-dns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-tI-µ-߃ kvYm]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw
Ckvem-anI kmtlm-Z-cy-t_m-[sØ Ah ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv.
ssZ\wZn\w \qdp-I-W-°n\v k©m-cn-Iƒ kµ¿in-®p-sIm-≠n-
cn°p∂ Cu Ncn-X-h-kvXp-˛-tem-I-Ønse G‰hpw ]g°w sN∂ Cu
k¿∆-I-em-im-e-˛-`m-hn-bn¬ hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°pw hn⁄m-
\-]-Imiw hoin-s°m-Sp-°-s´.
N-µnI ho°nen 1960 P\p-hcn 16
120
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Ad_n`mjm t_m[-\-Øn\v
CeIvtSm-WnIv Iw]yq- ¿
Ad_nIƒ°vt]mepw ]Tn-°m≥ hnj-a-ta-dnb `mj-bm-Wv Ad-
_n-sb∂pw Ad-_n-Iƒ FX-h¿jw ]cn-i-an-®mepw AXv icn°pw
]Tn-°m≥ km[y-a-s√∂pw km[m-cW ]d-b-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. F∂m¬
sSIvkmkv bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ Ata-cn-°≥ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
Ad_n]Tn-°m-\mbn Hcp CeIvtSm-WnIv Iw]yq-´¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v \S-
Ønb ]co-£Ww B [mcW sX‰m-sW∂v sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Ad_n A£-chpw Ah-bpsS D®m-c-Whpw ]Tn-°m≥amXw
km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ Btdm Gtgm BgvN -th-W-sa-¶n¬ shdpw
aq∂m-gvN-sIm≠v A£-c-߃ ]Tn-°m\pw hmbn-°m\pw amX-a√ Nne
hymI-cW \nb-a-߃ IqSn Kln-°m\pw Cu Iw]yq-´¿aptJ\ Hcp
hnZym¿∞n°v km[n-°pw. Hc-[ym-]-I-s‚tbm at‰m Bh-iy-an-√-Xm-
\pw. Iw]yq-´¿ ]mT-sa-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXm-h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw hnh-cn-®p-
sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\v ]pdsa hnZym¿∞n-I-tfmSv tNmZy-߃
tNmZn-°p-Ibpw sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hcp
Cb¿t^m¨ hgn-bmbn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v Ah-sb√mw hy‡-ambn
tIƒ°m≥ km[n-°pw. hm°p-I-fpsS D®m-cW coXn, tNmZy-Øns‚
icn-bmb DØcw F∂nh amX-a√ hnZym¿∞n-bpsS a\:imkvX-h-
i-߃IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-bn-emWv Cu Iw]yq-´-dns‚
kwhn-[m-\w. Ah≥ am\-kn-I-ambn £oWn-°p-Itbm ]mTw th≠X
Kln-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ Cu "b¥w' AXv Adn-bp-∂p.
]mT-Øn¬ GIm-K-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn i≤n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-tºmƒ ¢m v
121
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
as‰mcp ka-b-tØ°v \o´n-sh-°m≥ CXv hnZym¿ ∞nsb D]-tZ-in-
°pw. Hcp ]mTw icn°v ]Tn-®-Xn\vtij-a-√msX ASpØ ]mT-Øn-
te°v Cu b¥sØ \o°p-hm≥ km[n-°n-√.
Htc-k-abw ]Xn-\mdv ¢m v
hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS FÆw FX-bm-sW-¶nepw Htc kabØv ]Xn-
\mdv ¢m p-I-sf-Sp -°m≥ Cu Iw]yq -´ -dn\v Ign -bpw. Hmtcm
hnZym¿∞nbpw ap≥Iq´n cPn-ÿsNbvX \º¿ Xncn-®m¬aXn.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn "F' F∂ hnZym¿∞n ss]adn skIvj\n¬
aq∂mw ¢m n¬ cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xp-I. Ahs‚
cPn-ÿ\º¿ Iw]yq-´-dnepw Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. B
hnZym¿∞n ¢m n¬h∂v Xs‚ \º¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØnbIm¿Uv Iw]yq-
´-dn\v sImSp-Øm¬ Ah\v \n›-bn® ]mTw AXv FSpØv XpS-ßpw.
Ah\v \n›-bn®]mT-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw am‰w hcp-Øp-hmt\m
thsdmcp hnZym¿∞n°v FSp-°p∂ ]mTw ihn-°p-hmt\m km[n-°p-
I-bn-√. sSen-hn-j-t‚Xvt]mse Hcp sNdnb kvIo≥ Cu b¥-Øn¬
LSn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. ss]adn¢m nse hnZym¿∞nbmsW-¶n¬ kvIo\n¬
BZy-ambn A£-c-߃ ]Xy-£-s∏-´m¬ hnZym¿∞n Ah hmbn-
°p-∂p. D®m-cWw icn-bm-sW-¶n¬ sNhn-bn¬ LSn-∏n® Cb¿t^m-
Wn¬ Ah≥ tIƒ°pw. "icn hfsc \∂m-bn-´p≠v.' D®m-c-W-Øn¬
Aev]w sX‰p-s≠-¶n¬ Ipd-®p-IqSn \∂mbn D®-cn-°m-a-s√m? H∂p
IqSn ian-°q F∂v Iw]yq-´¿ ]d-bpw. sX‰m-sW-¶n¬ AXv ]dbpw:
"sX‰v' H∂pIqSn ian-°q. ]ns∂bpw sX‰mbn D®cn-°p∂]£w B
A£-c-Øns‚ icn-bmb D®-mcWw Iw]yq-´¿ a\- n-em°ns°mSp-
°p-∂p.
AXvt]mse hmIy-߃ kvIo\n¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-tºmgpw
hnZym¿∞n Ah hmbn-°p-Ibpw sX‰p-s≠-¶n¬ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥
Ahs\ klm-bn-°p-IbpwsNøpw. hnZym¿∞n icn-bmb coXn-bn¬
hmbn-°p-∂Xv hsc b¥w Ah-t\mSv ]d-™vsIm-≠n-cn-°pw. ""[rXn
Iq´-cpXv, kmh[m-\-Øn¬ hmbn-°q, i≤n®p hmbn-°q.''
I_-fn-∏n-°m-\m-hn-√
]mTw icn°pw hnZym¿∞n ]Tn-®n-´p-s≠∂v t_m[y-am-bm¬
amXta Iw]yq-´¿ ASpØ]mT-Øn-te°v ]th-in-°p-I-bp-≈p.
AXvsIm-≠v Cu b¥sØ B¿°pw I_-fn-∏n-°m≥ km[y-a-√.
Ad_n A£-c-߃ Xosc hnh-c-an -s√-¶nepw Cw•o-jn¬
Ipd™]cn-⁄m-\-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Cu Iw]yq-´¿ hgn Ad_n ]Tn-°p-
122
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
hm≥ Ign-bpw. CuPn-]vXp-Im-cn-bmb an nkv hnIvtSm-dn≥ A_q-ZmWv
CZw-]-Yaambn CØcsamcp Ad_n `mjm t_m[\kº-Zmbw
Iw]yq-´-dn¬ kwhn-[m\w sNbvX-Xv. Ah¿ ssItdm-hnse Ata-cn-
°≥ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬\n∂v _n.-F. _ncpZw t\Snbtijw A[ym-
]n-I-bmbn tPmen t\m°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\n-S-bn¬
ssItdm bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬\n∂v amÿ _ncpZw Ic-ÿ-am-°n.
]n∂oSv ¿Øm-hmb ]o‰¿kv A_q-Zns‚IqsS Ata-cn-°-bn¬t]mbn
AhnsS ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. AhnsS sSIvkmkv
bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬\n∂v tUmIvS¿ _ncpZw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]uc-kvXy-`m-j-I-fnepw ]tXy-In®v Ad_n`mj-bnepw ]mWvUnXyw
Ic-ÿ-am-°nb Cu am\yh\nX Ata-cn-°≥ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
Ad_n ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ ]pXnb am¿Kw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-߃
\S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-bmWv Cu Iw]yq-´¿
Ah¿ kwhn-[m\wsNbvX-Xv.
A\-d-_n-Iƒ°v Ad_n ]Tn-°m-s\∂t]mse Ad-_n-Iƒ°v
Cw•ojv, ^©v apX-emb `mj-Iƒ ]Tn-°m\pw Cu b¥w D]-I-
cn°pw.
Ggp hb v ]mb-ap≈ Hc-d-_n-hn-Zym¿∞n ]gb kº-Zm-b-a-\p-
k-cn®v ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒIqSp-X¬ thK-Øn¬ AtX ]mb-Øn-
ep≈ Hc-ta-cn-°≥ hnZym¿∞n°v Ad_n`mj ]Tn-°m≥ Cu Iw]yq-
´¿ aptJ\ km[n-°p-sa∂v CXns‚ kwhn-[m-bn-I-bmb an nkv
hnIvtSm-dn≥ A_qZv Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p.
NµnI hmcm-¥-∏-Xn-∏v ˛ 1972
123
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
B^n-°≥ \mSp-Ifpw
Ckm-tbepw
Ign™ Kojva-Øn¬ e_-\m-\n¬ temI N¿®v Iu¨kn-ens‚
Hcp ktΩ-f\w \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXn-te°v ]e \mSp-I-fnse
apkvenw-Ifpw £Wn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. hnhn[ cmjvS-ß-fn¬\n∂v
InkvXym-\n-Ifpw apkvenw-I-fp-a-S°w AºXv ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ ktΩ-
f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. B^n-°-bnse N¿®p-I-fpsS]iv\-amWv
N¿®m-hn-jbw sh®n-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ ][m-t\m-t±iyw
B^n-°≥ `qJ-WvU-Øn-ep≈ InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw apkvenw-I-
fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ [mc-Wbpw kl-I-c-Whpw hf¿Øm-\p≈
am¿K߃ Bcm-bp-Ibm-sW∂v temI N¿®v Iu¨kn¬ P\-d¬
skI-´dn tUm: bqPn≥ I¬k¨t_°v ]kvXm-hn-®p. B^n-°-
bn¬ Ckm-tb-ens‚ \pg-™p-I-b‰w B `qJ-WvU-Øn¬ Ckvemw
aX-Øn\pw InkvXp-a-X-Øn\pw Hcp-t]mse B]-ev°-c-am-bn-cn-°p-
sa∂v ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]e ]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw ]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
]pXnb temIw
B^n°-bn¬ \q‰n\mev]-Øn-b©v aney-Wn-e-[nIw apkvenw -
Ifpw \qdvaney¨ InkvXym-\n-I-fpw \qdv aney¨ hnK-lm-cm-[-I-cp-
ap-s≠-∂mWv IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. qan-im-kvX-]-c-ambpw kmº-Øn-
I-ambpw Hssc-Iy-cq-]ap≈ B^n°≥`qJ-WvU-Ønse Cu hºn®
P\-k-aqlw Ccp-]-sØm∂mw iX-I-Øn¬ temIØv cmjvSo-b-ambpw
kmº-Øn-I-ambpw ssk\n-I-ambpw ][m\ ]¶v hln-°p∂ Hcp
ÿnXnhnti-j-ap-≠m-bn-Øo-cp-sa-∂mWv hnZ-Kv[¿ IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.
124
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Bwt•b]WvUn-X-\mb k¿ tdm_¿´v sl≥kv Xs‚ "B^n°
Hcp \qX\ temIw' F∂ KŸ-Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ Cßs\ Fgp-
Xp-∂p:
""Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m≠v Hcp B^n-°≥ \q‰m-≠m-bn-cn°pw .
ImcWw B^n-°≥ \mSp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ kºq¿Æ-am-sbmcp sFIyw
ssIh-cp∂ kml-Ncyw A∂p-≠m-bn-Øo-cpw. Aßs\ kz¥w Bi-
b-ßfpw hnizm-k-ßfpw \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Hcp ]pXnbtemIw A∂v
cq]wsIm≈pw.''
Cu hkvXp-X-Iƒ IW-°n-se-SpØpsIm≠mWv Ckm-tb¬
B^n-°-bn¬ Imep-Ip-Øm-\m-cw- n-®-Xv. X߃°v kmº-Øn-I-ambpw
cmjvSo-b-ambpw ssk\n-I-hp-ambpw _‘wÿm]n-°m≥ B `qJ-
WvU-w hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂pw Ad_v temIsØ AXns‚
sX°v]-Sn-™mdv mKØv (CuPn]vXv apX¬ samtdmt°m hsc \o≠p-
In-S-°p∂ AXn¿Øn) \n∂v D]-tcm[w\S-Øm≥ AXphgn- km[n-
°p-sa∂pw Ckm-tb¬ IW-°m-°n. 1960 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw (an°
B^n-°≥ \mSp-Ifpw B h¿j-Øn-emWv kzmX¥yw ]m]n-®-Xv)
Ckm-tb¬ F√m B^n-°≥ cmjvS-ß-sfbpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw
an°-h-bp-ambn \bX¥_‘w ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNbvXvIgn-™n-
cp∂p.
F¥p-sIm≠v?
Ad_v temI-hp-ambn s]mXp-hnepw CuPn]vXp-ambn ]tXy-In®pw
klI-cn®v \n¬t°-≠n-bn-cp∂ cmjvS-߃ Ckm-tb-ens\ AwKo-
I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p th≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Aß-s\-b√
kw`-hn-®-Xv. F¥p-sIm≠v?
]tc-X-\mb ]kn-U≠v \mk¿ \bn-®n-cp∂ Ad_vtZio-bXzw
B^n-°≥ hntam-N\]ÿm\w t]mep≈ Hcp hntam-N\]ÿm\w
Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
Ad_v hntam-N\]ÿm\w sIm≠v Aº-Xp-I-fn¬ B^n-°≥
hntam-N\]ÿm-\-Øn\v Ipsd t\´-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. B^n-°≥
hntam-N\ ]ÿm\w ]mc-ay-Øn-se-Ønb kµ¿`-Øn¬ ssItdm
AXns‚ Xe-ÿm-\hpw \mk¿ AXns‚ ]Xo-I-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬, kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ L´-Øn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ ]pXp-Xmbn
kzmX¥yw t\Snb B^n-°≥ cmjvS-߃°v kmº-ØnIklmbw
\evIm≥ CuPn]vXn\v km[n-®n-cp-∂n-√. Cu cmjvS-Øn-\m-sW-¶n¬
hntZ-i-k-lmbw A\n-hm-cy-ambn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw. B kµ¿`w icn°pw
D]-tbm-Kn-®p -sIm-≠mWv Ckm-tb¬ Ah-cpsS cwK-]-th-iw
125
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
sNbvXXv. Ckm-tbens‚ Cu \pg™p-I-b‰w hf-sc-b-[nIw B]¬°-
c-am-sW∂v a\- n-em-°nb Ad-_n-Iƒ B^n-°≥\mSp-Iƒ°v
kmt¶-XnI klmbw (F©n-\o-b¿am¿, hn[-KvZ-∑m¿, A[ym-]-I-∑m¿)
\evIns°m≠v Ckm-tb-en-t\mSv a’-cn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-߃ \S-
Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]t£, Ckm-tb¬ hfscb[nIw apt∂m´v t]mbn-
°-gn-™n-cp-∂p.
1957-emWv Ckm-tb¬ B `qJ-WvU-Øn¬ Imep-Ip-Øm-\m-cw-`n-
®-Xv. Lm\ kzmX¥yw t\Sn-bXv AtX h¿j-am-bn-cp-∂p. kmº-
Øn-I, Im¿jnI, hnI-k\ cwK-ß-fn¬ amX-a-√, Bbp-[o-I-c-W-
Ønepw ssk\nI ]cn-io-e-\-Ønepw B^n-°≥ cmjvS-߃°v
klm-b-߃ \¬Im≥ Ckm-tb¬ k∂-≤X ]I-Sn-∏n-®p. ]pXp-
Xmbn kzX-¥-am-bXpw F√m aWvU-e-ß-fnepw ]n∂-Wn-bn¬ \n¬-
°p-∂-Xp-amb Cu \mSp-Iƒ°v Bh-iyhpw CXv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
]m›mXy kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ ]Xn-cq-]-am-bXpsIm≠v Ah-cpsS-
klmbw B^n-°≥ P\-Xbv°v kzoIm-cyhp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\p-
]p-d-sa, an° B^n-°≥ cmjvS-ß-fpsS t\Xm-°fpw Ahn-SsØ
hntam-N\]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]XmImhml-I-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-
bp≈ t\Xm-°ƒ ]m›mXy klmbw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ P\-
߃°v Ah-cn-ep≈ ]Xo-£-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-Sm\pw Imc-W-am-bn-
Øocpw.
aq∂mw i‡n
Cu hkvXp-X-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ B^n-°≥ cmjvS-ßfpw
Ahn-SsØ P\-ßfpw Ckm-tbens\ kzmKXwsNbvXp F∂p-≈Xv
icn-X-s∂. AtX Ah-ÿ-bn¬ B `qJ-WvU-Øn¬ ]tcm-£-amb
\ho\ sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-hp≈ Hcp "aq∂mw
i‡n' F∂\ne-bn¬ Ckm-tb¬ hln-°p∂ ]¶ns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw
hfschy‡-am-Wv.
Ckmtb-ens‚ ad-hn¬\n∂vsIm≠v kzbw Xmev]-cy-߃ kwc-
£n-°m-\p≈ Dt±-iy-tØmSpIqSn Ata-cn° Ckm-tb-ens‚ Cu
\pg-™p-I-b-‰-Øn\v hf-sc-b-[nIw ]tNm-Z\w \¬In-bn- p-≠v. B^n-
°-bn¬ Ckm-tb-en-s‚bpw Ata-cn-°-bp-sSbpw Xmev]-cy-߃
XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°m≥ Ata-cn° Xocp-am-\n-®-t∏mƒ AXn\v henb
]n¥pW \evInb Ata-cn-°≥ kmºØnIhnZ-Kv[\pw B^n-°≥
Kth-jW hIp-∏ns‚ ta[m-hn-bp-amb B¿t\mƒUv dn^v°n Bbn-
cØnsXm≈m-bn-cØn AºØn Hº-Xn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Hcp teJ-
\-Øn¬ C]-Imcw Fgp-Xn:
126
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
""]m›m-Xy¿s°-Xn-cmbn s]mcp-Xn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Ahn-I-knXcmPy-
ß-fnse P\-߃°v Ckm-tb-ens‚ anX-amb tkmjyenkw G‰hpw
kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cn°pw''
Bbn-c-Øn-sXm-≈m-bn-cØn Adp-]ØnH∂n¬ At±lw Cßs\
]kvXm-hn®p:
""Ahn-I-knXcmPy-߃°v kmt¶-XnIklmbw\¬Ip∂ Hcp
aq∂mwi‡n F∂\ne-bn¬ Ckm-tben-\p≈ ]¶v hfsc ]m[m-
\y-ap≈Xmbn-Øo-cpw. GsX-¶n-ep-samcp kzX¥cmPyw B^n-°°v
klmbw \evIm-\p-t±-in-°p∂ps≠-¶n¬ AXns‚ Hcwiw Ckm-
tben-eqsS Ab-°m≥ km[n-°pw. ImcWw B^n-°-bn-eqsS
GXm\pw cmjvS-߃ kzoI-cn-°p∂ Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ckm-
tb-en-∂p-≠v.
B^n-°-bn¬ Ckm-tbens‚ kzm[o\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ata-
cn-°°v klm-bn-°m-hp∂ Nneam¿K-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bmWv CXn¬ kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
aq∂v cq]-Øn¬
B^n°≥ \mSp-Iƒ°v klmbw\evIp∂ Ckm-tb¬ aq∂p
cq]-Øn-emWv Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂-Xv.
H∂v: B^n-°≥ \mSp-Iƒ°v hn´p-sIm-SpØ Ckm-tb¬ hnZ-
Kv[-∑m¿ Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ X¥-]-[m-\-amb ÿm\-ß-fn¬ \ntbm-Kn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
c≠v: hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿, tSUv bqWn-b≥ t\Xm-
°ƒ, ssk\n-tIm-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ F∂n-h-c-S-ßnb kwL-߃ Ckm-
tb-en¬\n∂v ]tXyI]cn-io-e\w t\Sp-∂p.
aq∂v: Ckm-tb¬ Kh¨a‚pw hyh-km-bn-I-fpw B^n-°≥cmjvS-
ß-tfmSvkl-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v kwbp‡ kmº-ØnI]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-
jvIcn-°p-Ibpw kzImcyIº-\n-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
CubnsS DKm-≠bpw NmUpw Ckm-tb-epambp--ff \bX¥-
_‘w hnt—-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\vapºv ap∏Xv B^n-°≥ cmjvS-ß-fp-ambn
Ckm-tben\v -_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Cßs\ B^n-°≥ \mSp-Iƒ Ad_vtemIØp\n∂v AI-ep-
Ibpw Ckm-tb-en-t\m-S-Sp-°p-I-bp-am-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
Ckvem-anI apt∂‰w
Bbnc-Øn-sXm-≈m-bn-cØn Adp-]Øn Ggn¬ Ad-_v-˛-C-km-
tb¬ bp≤-Øn\ptijw ss^k¬ cmPm-hn-s‚bpw en_n-b≥ ]kn-
127
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
U≠v K±m-^n-bp-sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ckvem-an-I-amb Hcp apt∂‰w
Ad-_v-tem-I-Øp-≠m-bn. AXn-s\-Xp-S¿∂p Nne B^n-°≥ \mSp-I-
fn-ep-≠mb ]Xn-I-c-W-߃ Cu apt∂-‰-Øns‚ Hcp ]Xn-I-c-W-
ambnØs∂ IW-°m-°mw. am¿®v amk-Øn¬ DKm-≠bpw \hw-_-
dn¬ NmUpw AXn\vtijw amenbpw Ckm-tb-ep-am-bp≈ \bX¥-
_-‘-߃ hnt—-Zn-®Xv \ap°v ImWm≥km[n-®p. tSmtKm, ss\P¿,
s_mtdm-≠n, sskKmƒ F∂o cmjvS-߃ AtX hgn°v \oßp∂
kqN-\-bp≠mbn.
B^n-°-bpsS Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw ]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv apkvenw-
Iƒ tIµo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ss\Po-cn-b-bnepw sk\-Km-fnepw
apkvenw-Iƒ A[n-I-ap-≠v. NmUn-epw Hcp apkvenwcmPy-amb amen-bn-
ep-ap-≠mb kw`hhnIm-k-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Ckvem-anI apt∂-
‰-Øn\v B^n-°-bpsS a[y-`m-K-ß-fnepw Ne-\-߃ krjvSn-°m≥
km[n-°pw. AXp-t]mse ]q¿∆m-^n-°-bn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ tIµo-I-
cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Sm≥km-\n-b, DKm-≠, FtXym]y F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw
\njv]-bmkw ]Xn-^-e-\-ß-fp-≠m-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.
]pcm-X-\-Im-esØ ZmhoZvkmam-Py-Øns‚ inev]n-I-fpsS hwi-
]-c-º-c-bn¬s∏´-Xm-sW∂v kzbw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ lnemkv emkn
NI-h¿Øn cn-°p∂ FtXym-]ybpw Ckm-tbepw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-
Øn\v aX-Øns‚ Hcp Ie¿∏v IqSn-bp-≠v. kmº-Øn-Ihpw cmjvSo-
bhpw ssk\n-I-hp-amb cwK-ß-fn¬ Cu cmPy-Øn\v Ckm-tben-
t\mSv hfsc ASpØ _‘-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.
sI\n-b-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI˛km-º-ØnI cwK-ß-fn¬ amX-a-√,
s]mXp-hn¬ F√m-cw-KØpw Ckm-tb-en\v \√kzm[o-\-ap≠v.
Ad_v]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ckm-tbens‚ A[n-\n-th-isØ sI\nb
A\p-Iq-en-®Xv AXns‚ ]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬ tkmam-en- em‚ v
Ckm-tbens\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Itbm AXp-ambn _‘w ÿm]n-°p-
Itbm sNbvXn-´n-√. dphm-≠, _tdm≠n F∂o cmjvS-߃ Ckm-
tbep-ambn _‘-ap≈hbm-sW-¶nepw dphm≠ Ckm-tbe-mI-asØ
A]-e-]n-°p-Ibpw _tdm≠n Ad-_n-Ifpw Ckm-tbepw XΩn¬
kw`mjW-߃ \S-Øm-\m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ckm-tbep-
ambn hn]p-e-amb tXmXn¬ _‘-ß-fp≈ Sm≥km-\n-bbpw Ckm-
tb-e-mI-a-WsØ A]e]n®p.
XymK-kva-cW
temIsaßpw apkvenwkaqlw C∂p _en-s]-cp-∂mƒ BtLm-
jn-°p-∂p. lkØv C_mlow \_n(-A)-bpsS XymK-\n¿`-c-amb
128
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
PohnX]mXsb kvacn®pw ssZhn-I-a-lXzw ]Io¿Øn®pw ]]©
kjvSmhv \¬Inb A\p-K-l-߃°p \µn ]Im-in-∏n®pw tZim-
¥-c-ß-fn¬ BÀm-Z-]q¿∆w XIv_o¿apg-ßp-I-bm-Wv.
kpJ ZpxJ t`Z-as\y GXp Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-bnepw apkvenw-Iƒ
Cu ]pWyZn\-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂p. Ckvem-anse
c≠v BtLm-j-߃ CuZp¬ ^nXvdpw CuZp¬ Akvlm-bp-am-Wv.
`‡n-bp-sSbpw ]m¿∞-\-bp-sSbpw hnip≤nhgn-bp∂ Cu BtLm-
j-th-f, PohnXhnP-b-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ hn\-bm-\zn-X-cm-Im\pw ]Xn-
k-‘n-Isf kp[ocw AXn-Po-hn-°m-\p-ap≈ t]c-W-bmWv. BÀm-
Zm-tLm-j-ß-ƒ aXnad-°m\p≈-X-√. IqSp-X¬ kq£va-X-tbmsS
A√m-lp-hn-te°v ASp-°p-∂-XmWv Cu kpZn\w. a\p-jy-\nse
\∑sb D±o-]n-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-ß-fpsS D¬k-h-am-Wn-Xv.
PohnXhnip-≤n-bpsS "kwkw' tImcn-°p-Sn-°p∂ l÷v I¿a-
Øns‚ A\p-_-‘-ambn _IoZv h∂p \n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. ]cn-ip≤
l÷v I¿aw \n¿h-ln-®p-sIm-≠v, Ckvem-ans‚ kºq¿WX t_m[y-
s∏-SpØn A¥y-]-hm-N-I≥ apl-ΩZv \_n (k) \S-Ønb hnJym-X-
amb Ad^m]`m-j-Ww \ΩpsS BtLmj aplq¿Ø-ß-fpsS
D≈n¬ h∂p\nd-b-Ww. ""P\-ß-tf, Cu \m´n¬, Cu am-k-Øn¬,
Cu Znh-k-Øn\v FX BZ-c-Wo-bX I¬∏n-°s∏Sp∂pt≠m
AXbpw BZ-chpw ]hn-X-Xbpw \nß-fn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw c‡-
Øn\pw kº-Øn-\p-ap-≠v. \n›-bw, AXv \n߃ ]c-kv]cw BZ-cn-
°-Ww. A\n-kvem-anI ImeØv ]c-kv]cw \S∂ a\pjylXy-bpsS
]Xn-Imc c‡w (Rm\nXm Fs‚ ]mZ-߃°p-Xm-sg) aÆn¬ aqSn-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. Fs‚ IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ sNdp-∏-°m-cs\ sIme-s∏-Sp-
Øn-b-Xns‚ ]Xn-Imc c‡wXs∂ Rm\nXm H∂m-a-Xmbn Zp¿_-e-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse A\n-kvem-anI ImeØv \ne-hn-
ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]eni CS-]m-Sp-Isf Rm\nXm Ipgn-®p-aq-Sp-∂p. Fs‚
]nXrhy ktlm-Z-c\p a‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n∂p e`n-t°≠ ]eni Xs∂-
bmWv BZy-ambn ths≠∂p sh°p-∂-Xv. AXv apgp-h≥ Zp¿_e-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
""P\-ß-tf, kvXoI-fpsS ]iv\-Øn¬ \n߃ A√m-lpsh
kq£n-°-Ww. \n›-b-ambpw Ah¿°v kpc-£n-XXzw \¬Im-sa∂v
A√m-lp-hns‚t]cn¬ Icm¿sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv \nßfhsc
hnhmlw sNbvX-Xv. Rm\nXm Hcp Imcyw \nßsf Gev∏n-°p-∂p;
A√m-lp-hns‚ al-Ømb KŸw. \nß-f-Xns\ apdpsI]nSn-°p∂
Ime-tØmfw \n߃°p am¿K-`wiw kw`-hn-°p-I-bn-√.''
129
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
D®-\o-N-Xz-ß-fn-√mØ Hcp kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-sbbmWv A√m-
lp-hns‚ -I-ev]\ ]Imcw A¥y-]-hm-N-I≥ kaq-l-k-a£w Ah-
X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. kXy-Øn\pw \oXn°pw am\-hn-I-X°pw th≠n, \∑amXw
-\nd™ Cu ]XybimkvXw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Gsd ]Xn-_-
‘-߃ ]hm-N-I\v t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. Xs‚ BZ¿i-_-‘p-c-amb
PohnXbmX-bn¬ lkØv C_m-lo-ans‚ Im¬∏m-Sp-Isf At±lw
]n¥p-S¿∂p.
If-¶-ta-imØ ssZh`‡n-bp-sSbpw AXn-c‰ ssZhnI kvt\l-
Øn-s‚bpw almamXr-I-bmbn Ncn-X-Øn¬ Pzen-®p-\n¬°p-I-bmWv
Jeo-ep-√mln C_m-low(-A). \o≠ ]m¿∞-\-Iƒs°m-Sp-hn¬
hm¿[-Iy-tØm-S-SpØv X\n°v e`n® GI ]pXs\ _en\¬I-
Wsa∂ A√m-lp-hns‚ Iev]-\sba\- n-f-°-an-√msX A\p-k-cn-°p-
tºmƒ AN-©-e-ambhnizm-k-Øns‚ Icp-Øn¬ Xnf-ßp-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p C_mlow \_n (A) bpsS Pohn-Xw.
kjvSm-hns‚ ]oXn-°-∏pdw Aaq-ey-ambn as‰m-∂p-an-s√∂p
lkØv C_mlow (A) sXfn-bn-®-t∏mƒ `‡s‚ \njvI-f-¶-X-
bn¬ kwXr-]vX-amb ssZhnIhN\w h∂p: ""C_m-low, Xm¶ƒ
kz]v\w km£m-Xv°-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \n›-bw, \mw \njvIf-¶¿°v Cu
hn[w ]Xn-^ew \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. \n›bw, CXp-X-s∂-bmWv hy‡-
amb]co-£Ww''
]Icw Hcm-Sns\ _en-b-dp-°m≥ I¬∏-\-bm-bn. A√m-lp-hns‚
B⁄-bv°p-ap-ºn¬ Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ BK-l-a-\p-k-cn®v `b-te-
ias\y Poh≥ \¬Im≥ Hcp-ßnb ]pX≥ Ckvam-Cuepw (A)Ncn-
X-Øn¬ XymK-k-∂-≤-X-bpsS alm A-[ym-b-ambn. kzbw ssZh-
ambn`mhn®v a\p-jy-\p-ta¬ k¿∆m-[n-]-Xn-bmbn°gn™ \wdq-Zns‚
tIm´-bn¬sN∂v "A√m-lp-hmWv alm≥' F∂p hnfn-®p-]-d™
lkØv C_mlow (A) BZ¿i-]m-X-bn¬ as‰m-∂n-s\bpw hI-h-
bv°m-Ø [oc-\m-bn. \wdqZv Hcp-°nb A·n-Ip-WvU-Øn¬ C_m-
loan\p c£-bm-bXpw A√m-lp-hns‚ alXzwXs∂.
h¿W, h¿K, tZi, `mj t`Z-ß-fn-√msX temI apkvenw kaqlw
Htc a¥-ß-fp -cp -hn´v ]m¿∞\m\nc-X-am -Ip∂ l÷v thf
C_mlow \_n-bpsS Pohn-X-L- -ß-fpsS ]hn-X-kva-c-W-bm-Wv. qJ-
WvU-߃ Xm≠n FØp∂ et£m-]-e-£-ß-fn¬, kl-km-_v[-
߃ ]n∂n-´n´pw hnip≤`qan-bnse Hmtcm Im¬h-bv]nepw C_mlow
\_n-bpsS PohnXKmY XpSn-°p-∂p-≠v.
""A√m-lp-th, \ns‚ hnfn-°p-Øcw \¬In Rß-fnXm FØn-bn-
130
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
cn-°p-∂p'' F∂p tXmfp-cpΩn \n∂p≈ at¥m-®m-cWw hniz-am-\-hnI
sFIy-Øns‚ alm-]-Jym-]-\-am-Wv. F√mw A√m-lp-hn-\p- ap-ºn¬
ka¿∏n-°p-I-bm-W-h¿. NI-h¿Ønbpw ]Pbpw Idp-Øh\pw shfp-
Ø-h\pw D®\pw \oN\pw [phm-¥-c-ß-fn-ep-≈-hcpw t`Z-an-√msX
Dcp-Ωn-t®¿∂p-\n∂p ]m¿∞n-°p-tºmƒ ka-Xzhpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw
Fß-s\-sb∂p t_m[y-am-Ip-∂p. l÷v I¿a-Ønse AXoh efn-
X-amb- th-j-hn-[m-\-߃ k¿∆ BUw-_-c-ßfp-sSbpw ]uVn-bp-
sSbpw \n m-cX shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
ssZhw F∂ alXvi‡n°p ap∂n¬ ]›m-Øm]hnh-i-cmbn
Xo¿∞m-S-I¿ ]m¿∞-\m-]q¿∆w Xe Ip\n-°p-I-bm-Wv. A√m-lp-
hns‚ B⁄ \nd-th-‰m≥ C_mlow \_n Cd-ßn-Øn-cn-®-t∏mƒ
]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥ ian® ]nim-Nns\ Is√-Sp-sØ-dn-t™m-Sn-°p-∂-Xns‚
kam-\-X-t]mse "Pwd' Fdn-bp-∂p. Zmlw sIm≠p-h-e™ ]n©p-
ss]X-emb Ckvam-Cu-en-\p-th≠n DΩ, Pew tXSn thKw thKw
HmSn-b-Xns‚ kvacWt]mse "k^m a¿h'-bpsS CS-bn¬ lm-Pn-Iƒ
[rXn-bn¬ t]mbn aS-ßp-∂p. l÷v I¿a-tØmSvtN¿∂v arK-_en \-
S-Øp-∂p. Ip™v Imen-´-Sn-®p -I-c™ÿeØv \ne-bv°mØ \ocp-
d-h-bmbn D¬`-hn® "kwkw' InW¿. "an\'-bnepw "Ad^'-bnepw
"apkvZ-en^'-bnepw amdn amdn-bp≈ X߬.
Bflm¿∞bpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpw A¿∏Wat\m-`m-hhpw AN-©-
e-amb ssZh-hn-izm-khpw a\pjyhnP-b-Øn\p \nZm-\-am-Wv. iXp-
Xbpw ]Ibpw hntZz-jhpw Akm-∑m¿KnINn¥-I-fp-sa√mw shSn-™v,
]m]hnap-‡-cmbn \h-PmXinip-hns‚ ss\¿aeyw kn≤n-°p-I-bmWv
l÷v Xo¿∞m-S-I-\.v Cu P∑ km^-ey-Øns‚ kt¥m-j-]-I-S-\w
IqSn-bmWv _en-s]-cp-∂mƒ.
ssZhnIam¿K-Øn¬ k¿hw XyPn-°m\pw kln-°m-\p-ap≈ k∂-
≤-X-bmWv hnizm-kn-°p-th-≠-Xv.
ae-bmf at\m-ca 2002 s^_p-hcn 23
131
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
`mKw c≠vA\p-_‘w
132
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
133
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
ivaim-\- qanJeo¬ Pn_m≥
]´-W-Ønse i_vZ-ap-JcnX-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬\n∂p hnap-‡-
am-bn, ]im-¥-kp-µ-c-amb hb-ep-I-fn-eqsS \S∂p \S∂p Ah-km\w
]Ir-Xn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Hcp Ip∂n≥]p-dØv Rm≥ sNs∂-Øn. Rm\-
hn-sS-\n∂p Np‰pw H∂p ItÆm-Sn®p. ^mIvS-dn -I-fn¬ \n∂p
Db¿∂ps]m-ßnb I\-Ø -[q-a-]-S-e߃°p Iosg Aw_-c-Npw-_n-
I-fmb kpµ-c-a-µn-c-ßfpw taml-\-ku-[-ßfpw \nd™ B \Kcw
hne-kp-I-bm-Wv.
Aßv hnZq-c-X-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ ]e-th-e-
Isf kw_-‘n®pw Nn¥n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Rm≥.
At∏mƒ Ah-bn¬ an°Xpw \nc¿-∞Ihpw \n m-c-hp-ambn-´m-sW-
\n-°-\p- -h-s∏- -Xv. AXn-\m¬ AØ-cw -Nn-¥-I-fn¬\n∂p lrZ-bsØ
hnc-an-∏n-°m-\mbn hb-ep-I-fn-te°p Rm≥ ZrjvSn-Iƒ Xncn-®p.
At∏mƒ, Ah-bpsS a≤y-Øn¬ Hcp ivaim-\-`qan Rm≥ ImWp-I-
bp-≠m-bn. shÆ-°-√p-IƒsIm≠p ]Wn-b-s∏-´-Xpw Np‰pw ssk]-
kva-c-߃ \´p-h-f¿Øn-b-Xp-amb ih-Ip-So-c-߃ AXn¬ ImWm-am-
bn-cp-∂p.
B c≠v \K-c-ß-fp-sS-˛-Po-hn-®n-cn-∏p-≈-h¿°p-≈Xpw ac-W-s∏-´-
h¿°p-≈-Xp-amb B c≠p \K-c-ß-fpsS˛a≤y-Øn-en-cp-∂p-sIm≠v
Rm≥ Nn¥n-°m≥XpS-ßn. \nc-¥-c-amb Ne-\hpw A\-¥-amb kwL-
´-\-hp-amWv Cu ]´-W-Øn¬! ivaim-\-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ \n›-e-amb
aqI-Xbpw ap‰n-\n¬°p∂ ]im-¥-Xbpw! Bibpw \ncm-i-bpw
kvt\l-hpw Iqc-X-bpw Ipt_-c-X-bpw IptN-e-X-bpw [¿Ω-hpw
134
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
A[¿Ωhpw Hcp-`m-KØv ]S-s]m-cp-Xp-tºm-ƒ, as‰mcp`mKØv aÆv
atÆm-Sp-tN-cp-I-bm-Wv. ]n∂o-Sv ]Ir-Xn- AXns\ ho≠pw kky-ßfpw
Pohn-I-fp-am°n am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂p. \ni-bpsS \n»_vZ-XbnemWv
CsX√mw \S-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw Nn¥m-]-hm-l-Øn¬ Rm≥ s]´n-cn-
°p-tºm-gmWv aµw aµw \oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcmƒ°q´w Fs‚
ZrjvSn-Isf BI¿jn-®-Xv. timIm-Xv-a-I-am-b-cmK-߃ Be-]n-®p-
sIm≠v Hcp Iq´w- kw-Ko-X-°m¿ Ah-cpsS ap∂n¬ \S-°p-∂p. hnhn[
thj-`q-jm-Zn-I-fn-ep≈ B P\m-h-en-bn¬ A¥ pw Kmw`o-cyhpw
kv^pcn®v ImWp-∂p-≠v. AsXmcp e£-]-`p-hns‚ ih-a-©-am-Wv.
AsX, shdpw Hcp arX-i-cocw! a\p-jy-Po-hn-Iƒ IÆo¿ hm¿Øp-
sIm-≠pw s]m´n-°-c-™p-sIm≠pw AXns\ A\p-K-an-°p-I-bm-Wv.
Ah¿ ivaim-\-Øn-se-Øn-t®¿∂-t∏mƒ ]m¿∞-\m-Zn-I¿Ω-߃
\n¿∆-ln-°m-\mbn ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ Hcp-`m-KØv Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn. kwKo-
X-°m¿ Ipd-®-Ise \n∂p-sIm≠v timIm-fl-I-amb cmK-ß-fm-e-]n-
°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ipd-®p-I-gn-™-t∏mƒ, Nne-]m-kw-Kn-I-∑m¿ ]tc-
Xs\ ]Io¿Øn-®p-sIm≠v DPz-e-am-b -]-`m-j-W-߃ \S-Øn. Ihn-
Iƒ B¿Z-amb hnem-]-Im-hy-߃ sNm-√n. apjn-∏n-°-Ø-°-hn[w
kpZo¿L-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p NS-ßp-Iƒ. Ipd-®p-IqSn Ign-™-t∏mƒ ih-
°pgn-bpsS hi-Øp-\n∂v Bfp-Iƒ amdn-\n¬°m≥ XpS-ßn. B ih-
Ip-Socw Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Z-Kv[∑m¿ Xß-fpsS kI-
e-an-Sp°pw ]tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Iem-hn-cp-Xp-≈ -I-c-ß-fm¬ Ia-
\o-b-am-bn -X-øm-dm-°-s∏´ ]qs®-≠p-Iƒ sh°-s∏-´n-cp∂p AXn-\p-
Np-‰pw. Ah¿ \K-c-Øn-te°p Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. Nn¥m-a-·-\m-bn-s°m≠v
Rm\-sX√mw t\m°n-°m-Wp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]I-te-i≥ ]Sn-™m-´p-
Nm-™p. hr£-ß-fp-sSbpw ]md-°-√p-I-fp-sSbpw \ng-ep-Iƒ \o≠p-
\o-≠p-t]m-bn. ]IrXn AXns‚ ]tim-`n-X-amb hkvX-߃ Agn-
®p-sh-°m≥ XpS-ßp-I-bm-Wv.
s]s´∂p Rms\m∂p Xncn-™p-t\m°n. At∏m-gXm as‰mcp ih-
a-©hpw hln-®p-sIm≠v c≠m-fp-Iƒ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p. Iodn-s∏m-fn™
DSp-∏p-I-f-Wn™ Hcp kvXo ]n∂m-se-bp-≠v. Hcp sIm®p-Ip-™ns\
Ahƒ Npa-en¬ sh-®n-´p-≠v. IqsS-bp≈ Hcp-\mb CS-°nsS Ah-
fpsSt\scbpw B ih-a-©Øns‚-t\scbpw Xncn-™p-t\m-°p-∂p.
AsX, AK-Xnbpw Zcn-Z-\p-amb Hcp ]mh-s∏- -hs‚ arX-i-co-cw. ZpxJn-
X-bmb `mcy IÆo-scm-en-∏n-®p-sIm≠v AXns\ ]n¥p-S¿∂p. AΩ-
bpsS tcmZ\w I≠p s]m´n-°-c-bp∂ Hcp sIm®p-ss]-Xepw hniz-
kvX-\mb Hcp \mbbpw. Zp:Jhpw ]mc-h-iyhpw AXns‚ \S-Ø-Øn¬
135
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]I-S-ambn ImWmw.
Ah¿ ivaim-\-`q-an-bn-se-Øn. shÆ-°-√p-sIm-≠p≈ ih-IpSoc-
ß-fn¬\n∂p Ipsd-b-I-se-bmbn Hcp aqe-bn¬ Inf-®p-sh® Hcp Ipgn-
bn¬ B s]´n AS-°w -sN-bvXp. timI-aq-I-bmbn A®-S-°-tØmsS
Ah¿ Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. bP-am-\s‚ A¥y-hn-i-a-ÿm-\-tØ°p \mb
CS-°nsS Xncn-™p -t\m-°n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Ah-km\w B ac-°p-Sn-
ep-Iƒ°p ]nd-In¬ Ah¿ ad-™p-t]m-bn. At∏mƒ Rm≥ ]´-W-
Øns‚ `mK-tØ°p H∂p Xncn-™p-t\m-°n. F∂n´p Rm≥ Xs∂-
Øm≥ ]d™p: ]uVnbpw ]Xm-]-hp-ap≈ ]`p-°-fp-tS-Xm-WXv .
]ns∂ ivaim-\-`q-an-bpsS t\sc ItÆm-Sn-®p-sIm≠v Rm≥ ]d-™p.:
CXpw Ah¿°p-≈Xp Xs∂! F∂m¬ AK-Xn-Ifpw Ai-‡-cpamb
]mh-s∏-´-h-cpsS hmk-ÿew ]ns∂-sb-hn-sS-bmWv ssZhta?
kqcy-_nw-_-Øns‚ sN¶-Xn-cp-I-tf‰v kph¿Æ at\m-l-c-amb
Im¿ta-L-]-S-e-ß-fn-te°p IÆp-I-fp-b¿Øn-s°m≠v Rm\-dn-bmsX
]d-™p-t]m-bn.
At∏mƒ Fs‚ A¥¿`m-K-Øp-\n∂p Hcp i_vZw ]d-bp-I-bmWv:
AXm, A-ß-hn-sS...-
(Ad-_n-bn¬ \n∂pw sam-gn-am‰w : kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v X߃)
136
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
137
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
`mKw aq∂vkw`m-jWw
138
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
139
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
kw`m-jWw
Gsd-∏-d-bmsX F√mw]d™vtPmWn eqt°mkv
Ah-km\ XnøXn-I-fn-√mØ Ie-≠-dmWv
cmjvSo-bsa∂v Fgp-Xn-bXv hn.]n.knßm-Wv. F-
∂m¬ Nne Ah-km\ Xnø-Xn-Ifpw Xocp-am-\-
ßfpw Ie-≠¿t\m°msX Ipdn-°m≥ I-gn-bp∂
Nne i‡n-tI-µ-߃ cmjvSo-b-Øn-ep-ap-≠v.
]mW-°mSv kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v X߃
A°q-´-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.
IS-ep-≠n-∏p-g-bpsS XocsØ ]mW-°mSv F∂
sIm®p-Km-aØnse sImS-∏-\-°¬ Xd-hm-´n¬
FØp-∂-h¿°v inlm_v X߃ ]hm-N-Is‚
hwim-h-en-bn¬s]´ \mb-I\pw \ymbm-[n-]-\p-
am-Wv. apl-ΩZv \_nbpsS ap∏-sØm-ºXmw Xe-
ap-d-bnse t]c-°p-´n. hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v BNm-cy-
\pw \hm_pw kp¯m-\pw.
hnhn-[hpw Ipd-s®ms° hnNn-X-hp-amWv kµ¿-
i-I¿°v Xß-sf-s°m-≠p≈ Bh-iy-߃-˛-B-
izm-kw, A\p-K-lw, D]-tZ-iw, \n¿t±-iw, acp-
∂v, a¥w, ]m¿∞-\, km∂n-[yw˛DZvLm-S-\-
Øn\v˛Xd-°-√n-S-en-\v˛]kw-K-Øn\v Hcp Xnø-
140
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Xn˛ X߃ Bscbpw \ncm-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√. ssh-
°Øp \n∂p t_∏q-sc-Ønb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ kp¬-
Øm≥ A√m-lp-hns‚ JP-\m-hn-ep-s≠∂p I≠p-
]n-Sn® A\-¥-ambkabw \¬In At±lw F√m-
h-scbpw Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
F∂mepw Hcp BƒssZ-h-am-Im≥ \n∂p-sIm-
Sp-°p-∂n-√- X-߃. an≠m-Xn-cp∂v Rm≥ ssZh-
sa∂v Adn-™p-sIm-f-fp-ho≥ F∂ ktµiw \¬-
Ip-∂n-√. At±-l-Øn-\p-Np‰pw Ct∏mgpw ]t£,
Hcp \nKq-V-h-iy-X-bp-≠v. AXv At±lw krjvSn-
°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v ]d-bm≥Ign-bn-√.
Gsd aXn-ep-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw Bh-iy-
Øn\p ]me-߃ \n¿an-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂
BflobmNm-cy-∑m-cp-sSbpw cmjvSob t\Xm-°-fp-
sSbpw KW-Øn¬ inlm_v X߃ s]Sp-∂n√.
aXXoh-hm-ZsØ apkvenweoKv F∂ cmjvSo-
b-]m¿´ntbm AXns‚ kwÿm\ A[y-£-ÿm-
\Øv ap∏-Xp-h¿j-am-bp≈ inlm_v Xßtfm
A\p-Iq-en-®n-´n-√. F∂m¬, Nne ]iv\-ß-fn-ep-
≈ Xoh \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw ]m¿´n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-
\-ssi-en-bn¬ h∂ hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw apkvenw-
eoKn-s\bpw ]e-t∏mgpw ]Xn-°q-´n¬ \n¿Øn-
bn-´p-≠v. As∏m-sgms° ]m¿´n-tb-°mƒ Db-c-
Øn¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n-°m≥ inlm_v X߃°v I-
gn™Xv apkvenw eo-Kn\pw `mKy-am-bn. kmaq-ln-
IcmjvSob kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p∂ am‰w ]t£, Cu kpc-£n-X-XzsØ tNm-
Zyw sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ inlm_v X߃
CXn-sem∂pw BIp-e-\-√.
IΩyq-WnÃp]m¿´n-I-fpsS ]Zm-hen-bnep≈
]m¿e-sa‚dn hymtamlw ]mW-°mSv sImS-∏-\-
°¬ Xd-hm-´nse Xß≥am¿°v D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-
¶n¬ Kh¿W¿, a¥n, Fw. ]n XpS-ßn-b-]-Z-hn-
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
141
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Iƒ B Xd-hm-´n-te°v kzta-[bm h∂-W-bp-am-
bn-cp-∂p. ]n.Fw.Fkv.F. ]qt°mb X߃ Pohn-
®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ aqØ-a-I≥ inlm_v Xßsf tem-
Ivk- -bn-te°v a’-cn-∏n-°-W-sa∂v sNdnb aΩp-
t°bn kmln_v \n¿t±iwh®-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬
]qt°mb X߃ kΩ-Xn-®n-√. inlm_v Xßfpw
\mev ktlm-Z-c-∑mcpw Xß-fpsS c≠p ]pX-∑m-
cpw CØcw ]tem-`-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v AIew ]m-
en-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ ]m¿´n-bpsSbpw t]mj-I-kw-
L-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw Xe-∏Øv Ah-cp-≠v. AXpw
ths≠∂p hbv°Ww F∂mWv Xs‚ A`n-]m-
bw F∂v inlm_v X߃ Cu A`n-ap-J-Øn¬
]d-bp-∂p≠v.
Xßsf ImWm≥ ImØn-cp∂v apjn-tb≠n
h∂mepw Xßsf I≠m¬ Bcpw apjn-bn-√. an-
X-hm-Znbpw anX-`m-jnbpw amX-a√ kvanX-`m-jn-
bp-amWv X߃. kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ aµ-l-kn-
°p-∂-bmƒ F∂-Xn-ep-]cn aµ-l-kn-°p-tºmƒ
amXw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-bmƒ F∂p thW-sa-¶n¬
]d-bmw. CS°v \¿a-Øns‚ Du¿P-ap≈ Nne \n-
w-K-\n-co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS At±-l-Øns‚ ckn-
IXzw ]pd-Øp-h-cpw. Xß-fp-ambn t\ctºm°p-
Iƒ ]¶p-h-bv°m≥ kzmX-¥y-ap-f-f-h¿ t\cw
t]mIp-∂Xv Adn-bn-√.
CØ-c-samcp A\p-`hw sImc-º-bn¬ Al-
ΩZv lmPn Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. tkmWn-bm-Km-‘nsb
ImWm≥ Xßfpw sImc-º-bnepw IqSn U¬ln-
bn¬t]mbn aS-ßp-tºmƒ c≠p-t]cpw hnam\-
Øn¬ ASp-Ø-SpØ ko‰n¬ Ccn-°p-∂p. Icn-
∏q-¿ hnam-\-Øm-h-f-Øn\v ASp-sØØn Xmgv-∂p-
]d-°p-tºmƒ hnam\w Ipep-ßm≥XpS-ßn. A-
t∏mƒ X߃ ]d™p: CXv BIm-isØ ]-
©m-b-Øv-tdmUv Bbn-cn-°pw. X߃ CXp ]d-
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
142
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
bp-tºmgpw tIc-f-Øn¬ ]©m-bØv hIp∏pw
s]mXp-a-cm-a-ØvhIp∏pw At±-l-Øns‚ ]m¿´n-
bpsS I-øn-¬-Øs∂ Bbn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww.
CuPn-]vXnse ]i-kvX-amb A¬-˛-A-kvl¿
k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnepw ]n∂oSv sIbvtdm k¿h-
I-em-im-e-bnepw ]Tn®v Ad-_n kmln-Xy-Øn¬
_ncpZwt\Sn-b -in-lm_v X߃ sIbvtdm k¿h-
I-em-imebnse ssiJv A_vZp¬ leow alvaqZv
F∂ kq^n-h-cys‚ injy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. -Hcp ]-
WvUn-Xs‚IqsS kabw sNe-h-gn®v kq^nkw
tImgvkpw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ad-_n-km-
ln-Xy-Øn-ep≈ Xmev]cyw Ct∏mgpw IqsS-bp-
≠v. F∂m¬ hnIm-c-ßsf F∂ t]mse ]m-Wv-
Un-Xy-sØbpw At±lw hm°p-I-fn¬ ]mgm-°p-
∂n-√.
]mW-°m´v FØp∂ B¿°pw Nmb Dd-∏v.
Nne-t∏m-sgm-s° ]e-lm-c-ß-fpw. F∂m¬ hm°p-
I-fpsS [mcm-fnØw sIm≠v inlm_v X߃
Bscbpw Aßs\ k¬°-cn-°m-dn-√. GXp tNm-
Zy-sØbpw At±lw Hcp Nncn-tbmsS t\cnSpw.
Nncn-sbm-cp-Ø-c-am-Ip-tºmƒ Nne tNmZy-߃ A-
\m-Y-am-Ipw. Zo¿L-amb DØ-c-ßfpw hni-Zo-I-c-
W-ßfpw At±-l-Øn\p ]Yy-a-√. ]t≠ bp≈
Cu ep_v[n¬ sX√v Abhphcp-Øn-bmWv A-
t±lw kwkm-cn-®-Xv.
X߃ Ipdt® kwkm-cn°q F∂-dnbmw.
AXp ioew sIm≠m-tWm, AtXm a\:]q¿∆-
amb Hcp Icp-Xtem?
Btem-Nn®p kzoI-cn® Hcp am¿K-sam-∂p-a√
AXv. Ipd®p kwkm-cn-°pI F∂Xv Fs‚ ]Ir-
X-am-Wv. Rm≥ Aß-s\-bmWv. hnIm-c-`-cn-X-\m-
hm-dn-√. AXp kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.
]qt°mb Xßfpw Cu ]Ir-X-°m-c-\m-bn-
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
143
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
cpt∂m?
_m∏bpw AXym-h-iy-Øn\p amXta kwkm-
cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.
\m´p-cm-Py-ßsf C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ ebn-
∏n-®n-cp∂ ImeØv sslZ-cm-_m-Zn-ep-≠mb ]-
iv\-ß-tfmSv A\p-_-‘n®v ]qt°m-b-X-ß-
sfbpw AdÃp sNbvXn-cp-∂p-h-t√m. _m∏sb
Ad-Ãv-sNbvXp-sh∂v Adn-™-t∏mƒ D≠mb
hnImcw F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
Rm\∂v kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hmkvX-
h-Øn¬ A∂v F\n-°p-≠mb hnIm-c-sØ-∏‰n
Ct∏mƒ ]dbm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. Aß-s\- DXv°-
Samb Hcp Hm¿Ω AtX-°p-dn®v C√m-Ø-Xp-t]m-
se. Hcp ]t£, B AdÃns‚ A¿∞hpw hym-
]vXnbpw a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ ]mbhpw Adnhpw
As∂-\n°v C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-hmw.
Fs¥m-s°-bmWv hy‡n-]-c-amb Xmev]-cy-
߃? _mUvan‚¨ Ifn-bnepw ae-I-b-‰-Øn-
epw a‰pw Xmev]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn tI´n-
´p≠v?
tImgn-t°mSv Fw. Fw. kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºm-
ƒ _mUvan‚¨ Ifn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂p
kvIqfn¬ Rß-fpsS Nmºy-\m-bn-cp∂p jnbm-
en-t°m-b. At±lw ]n∂oSv Kpcp-hm-bq-c-∏≥ tIm-
tf-Pn¬ A[ym-]-I-\m-bn. At±-lsØ ASp-Øn-
sS ho≠pw I≠p. ChnsS h∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
\S∏v apºv CjvS-am-bn-cp-∂p. DucIw ae-bpsS
apI-fn¬ \S-∂p-I-bdpw. ae-∏p-dsØ Ip∂n\p apI-
fnepw Ib-dpw. F¥n-\m-W∂v ae-I-bdn \S∂-
sXm-s°-sb∂v C∂v Btem-Nn-®m¬ A∂v ]-
tXy-In®v ]Wn-sbm∂pw C√m-™n-´m-sW∂v a\-
n-em-hpw. Ct∏mƒ ka-b-an-√m-Ø-Xp- sIm≠v \S-
∏p-an-√. hoSns‚]n∂n-ep≈ ]qt¥m-´-Øn¬ Ip-d-
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
144
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
®p t_m¨km-bn-sbms° D≠v. AsXms°
I-≠v AhnsS Ipd®p \S-s∂-¶n-em-bn.
Xnc-°ns\ Fß-s\-bmWp kao-]n-°p-∂Xv?
Xnc-°p-≈Xv hnj-a-amtWm? Icp-Wm-I-c-s\-t∏m-
se, DΩ≥Nm-≠n-sb-t∏mse?
Icp-Wm-I-c\pw DΩ≥Nm-≠n°pw Xnc-°n-s√-¶n¬
Ah-cpsS BtcmKyw Xs∂ icn-bm-hn-√. Icp-Wm-
I-c\v Ipd®v sS≥j≥IqSn-bp-s≠-¶nte Djm-dm-
hq. F∂m¬ F\n°v Aß-s\-b-√. Xnc°v IqSn-
tb Xocp-sh-∂n-√. H‰-°n-cp∂v hmbn-°m\pw C-
jvS-am-Wv. ]t£, Xnc°v FX Atem-k-c-am-bm-
epw AXn-t\mSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥ hnjaw tXm-
∂m-dn-√.
Xnc-°p-aq-e-ap-≠mb \jvS-ßsf∏‰n Nn¥n-
®n- pt≠m? CjvS-ap-≠m-bn´pw Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-
h∂ ioe-߃...
]Ir-Xn-`wKn ImWm≥ F\n°p ]tXyI Xm-
¬∏-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]Ir-Xn-bpsS Nne ]tXy-
I-X-Iƒ Fs∂ F∂pw BI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. apsºm-
cn-°¬ \oe-°p-dn-™n-]qØp F∂p tI´-t∏mƒ
Rm≥ AXp ImWm≥ CSp°n `mK-Øp-t]m-bn.
IqsS Nne kplr-Øp-°fpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bmX-
bmWv as‰m-cn-jvSw.
bmXm-th-f-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmWv D]-tbm-K-s∏-
Sp-ØpI? ]Ir-Xn-`wKn I≠mtWm?
bmX F\n°v ]T-\-th-f-bm-Wv. CuPn-]vXn¬
]Tn-°p-tºmƒ ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ kµ¿in-®v Ipdn-s∏-
SpØv Rm≥ teJ\w Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. Ncn-X-kvam-
c-I-߃ ImWm-\mWv F\n°v G‰hpw Xmev]-
cyw. CubnsS sslZ-cm-_m-Zn¬ t]mbn-cp-∂p. \m-
\qdv sIm√-Øn-\-∏p-d-ap≈ ss\km-ans‚ `c-W-
Im-esØ∏‰n ]e-Im-cy-ßfpw a\- n-em-°m≥ I-
gn-™p. sslc-Zm-_m-Zn¬ ss\km-an-t‚Xv A-√m-
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
145
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Ø ]e tIm´-Ifpw a‰pap≠v. F∂m¬ Xnc-°n´
bmX-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ AsXm∂pw ImWm≥ ]‰n-
bn-√. AXn¬ k¶-S-ap-≠v.
Im¿ bmX CjvS-amtWm?
Ipd®v CjvS-amWv F∂p ]d-b-Ww. Imdn-em-
hp-tºmƒ a‰v Akz-ÿ-X-I-sfm-∂p-an-√. AXp-sIm-
≠v hmbn°mw Fs∂mcp ]tbm-P-\-ap-≠v.
bmX-°nsS ]m´p-tIƒ°-sem-∂p-ant√?
]m´p-tIƒ°pw. Ad-_n-Km-\-ßfpw lnµn Km\-
ß-fp-amWv CjvSw.
GXp ÿe-amWv C\n ImWm≥ BK-l-ap-
≈Xv?
Dkv_°n-ÿm-\n¬ t]mI-W-sa∂p Iptd-°m-
e-ambn BK-ln-°p-∂p. ]hm-NIhN-\-߃
kw_-‘n®v B[nIm-cn-I-ambn Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈
lZokv]WvUn-X≥ Camw _pJm-cn-bp-sS- P-∑ \m-
Smb _pJmd, Dkv_-°n-ÿm-\n-em-Wv. Ahn-sS-
t∏mbn F√mw ImW-W-sa∂v BK-l-ap-≠v.
Fgp-]Xmw hb- nepw kpµ-c-\m-b-Xp-sIm-
≠p tNmZn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CuPn]vXn¬ ]Tn-°p∂
ImeØv h√ _‘hpw....?
ehv As -b¿ BtWm Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. Aß-
s\-sbm∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]ns∂ kpµ-c≥
BsW-s∂ms° h√-hcpw ]d-bp-∂-X-t√. Rm≥
Aßs\ ]d-™n- pt≠m? (ap-JØv kpµ-c-am-sbm-
cp Nncn)
X߃°p tZzjyw hcn√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp
icn-bmsWm?
tZzjy-Øns‚ Imcy-a-t√, Nne-t∏mƒ h∂n-´p-
≠m-hpw.
CuPn-]vXnse A¬- -A-kvl¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-
‰n-bnepw ]n∂oSv sIbvtdm bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-
bnepw ]Tn-°p∂ Ime-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ kvac-W-
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
146
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Iƒ? k-l-]m-Tn-I-fn¬ Bcp-am-sb-¶nepw C-
t∏mgpw _‘-s∏-Sm-dpt≠m?
Rm≥ CuPn-]vXn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ ][m-\-
a¥n s\lvdp CuPn]vXv kµ¿in-°m-s\-Øn.
]Wv-Un-‰vPnsb ImWm≥ R߃ C¥y≥ Fw_-
kn-bn-¬t]mbn. AhnsS as‰mcp s\lvdphpw D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ Aw_m-k-U¿ _n.-sI. s\-
lvdp. CuPn]vXv ]kn-U‚ v \mkdpw s\lvdp-hns‚
H∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. R߃ C¥y≥ hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ-°v henb kt¥m-j-am-bn. R߃ s\lvdp-
hn\pw \mk-dn-\p-sam∏w \n∂v t^mt´m FSp-Øp.
s\lvdp-hns‚ Hmt´m-Km v hmßp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A-Xn-t∏mgpw ChnsS Fhn-sStbm Ds≠∂p
tXm∂p-∂p.
amen-Zzo]v ]kn-U‚ v A_vZp¬ Jøqw kl-
]m-Tn-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v tI´n-´p-≠v.
A_vZp¬ Jøqapw amen-Zzo-]nse hntZ-i-Im-
cy-a¥n ^X-lp√ Paoepw Fs‚ kl-]m-Tn-I-
fmbn-cp-∂p.
]T-\-Im-eØv Fgp-Øn¬ Xmev]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-
cp-∂-t√m. IhnX FgpXnbncpt∂m?
Ad-_n-bn¬ Ihn-X-sb-gpXn Fhn-sStbm ]-
kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Jeo¬ Pn_ms‚ Hcp sNdp-
I-Y ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn Nµn-I-bn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-
cn-®p. IqSp-Xepw teJ-\-ß-fmWv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. ]nc-
an-Up-I-fpsS Ncn-Xw. kqbkv I\mepw \mk¿
]≤-Xnbpw, CuPn-]vXnse ]X-]-h¿Ø\w,
C-_v\p-ko-\-bp-sSbpw A¬s_-dq-\n--bpsSbpw
PohnXw XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p hnj-b-߃.
A[ym-]-I≥ BIm-\m-bn-cp-∂nt√ BKlw?
CuPn-]vXn¬ Xs∂ \√iº-f-Øn¬ A[ym-]-
I-\mbn Ign-bm-sa-∂n-cns° XncnsIt]mcm≥
F-¥m-bn-cp∂p t]cW?
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
147
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
CuPn-]vXn¬ Xs∂ tPmenIn´p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Pn-±bnepw \s√mcp tPmen Xcs∏Spambn-cp-∂p.
]t£, D∏m°v kΩ-X-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-
≠mWv Rm≥ 1966¬ Xncn-®p-h-∂-Xv. ho´n¬ h∂-
Xn-\p-ti-jhpw Ad_n ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃ h-
cpØn hmbn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ho´n¬ D∏sb
ImWm-s\-Øp-∂-h¿°v Nmb sImSp-Øn-cp-∂Xv
Rm\m-Wv. cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ F\n°v Xm¬∏cy-
ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
l÷v thmf-≠n-b¿ Bbn-cp∂ ImesØ
Hm¿Ω-Iƒ?
Rm\pw ]tc-X-\mb ]n.sI. DΩ¿ Jm\p-amWv
I∏-en¬ thmf-≠n-b¿am-cmbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
]ns∂ c≠p sh¬^-b¿ Hm^o-k¿am¿. AXn-
sem∂p tUm. Icow. at‰-bmƒ sslZ-cm-_mZp-
Im-c≥. Fgp-∂q-dn¬]cw lmPn-am¿ I∏-en¬ D-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IS-en-f°w sIm≠v Nne¿°v O¿±n,
Nne¿°v ]\n. Ch-sc-sbms° tUmIvS-dpsS ASp-
Øp sIm≠p t]mIsems° thmf-≠n-b¿am-cpsS
Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. Hm¿°p-tºmƒ Nmcn-Xm¿∞yw
tXm∂p-∂Xpw AXn-em-Wv. ]Øp- ap-∏-Ø©p
sIm√w apºsØ Imcy-am-Wv. A∂v F´p-Zn-h-k-
sa-SpØp I∏¬ t_mws_-bn¬ \n∂v Pn±-bn
-se-Øm≥.
IpSpw-_-tbm-K-ßfpw hwim-hen tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øepw apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ km[m-c-W-b√-
t√m. X߃ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hwim-hen IrXy-
ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´pt≠m?
IpSpw-_-N-cnXw Fgp-Xp-∂ coXn s]mXp-sh-
bn√ F∂Xp icn-bm-Wv. X߃ IpSpw-_-Øns‚
hwim-hen ]t£, ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øn-t∏m-∂p.
X߃ IpSpw_w Z£n-W-b-a-\n¬\n∂v hf-
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
148
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
]´-WØv FØn F∂m-Wt√m Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ thcp-IƒtXSn ba-\n¬
t]mbn-´pt≠m?
1999¬ kuØv ba-\n¬ t]mbn. tIc-f-hp-ambn
]eImcy-ß-fnepw kmaywI≠p. lf¿au-Xnse
Xco-an¬ Ppam-a-kvPnZn¬t]mb-t∏mƒ \ΩpsS-
coXn Xs∂-bmWv Ahn-sS-sb∂pI≠v Rm≥ A-
¤p-X-s∏-´p. PpapA°p≈ JpØp_ InXm_v
ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp Xs∂. \Ωp-tSXp
t]mse sh≈-h-kvXhpw sh≈-sØm-∏nbpw. B-
Xn-Yy-a-cym-Z-bnepw ae-bm-f-°m-sc-t∏mse tXm∂n.
\√ kvt\l-ap-≈-h¿. kønZv ]c-º-c-sb-°p-dn®v
Ahn-SpsØ ]WvUn-X¿ F\n°p hni-Zo-I-cn-
®pX∂p. Hcp Ad-_nsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p. At±lw
ho´n-te°v \n¿_-‘-]q¿hw `£-W-Øn\phnfn-
®p. Fs‚ IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h¿ ]d-™p, t]m-
bm¬ Ah¿ BSns\ Ad-°pw, kZy-bp-≠m-°pw.
AsXms° Ignt™ t]mcm-s\m°q F∂-Xp-
sIm≠v B £Ww kvt\l-]q¿∆w \nc-kn-t°-
≠n h∂p. kab°pd-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
]talwIqSn ASp-Ø-bnsS U¬ln-bn¬ Nn-
In-’-bn¬ Ign-™-t∏mƒ ac-W- bw D-≠m-tbm?
ac-W-`-b-sam∂pw D≠m-bn-´n-√. ac-W-sØ-∏‰n
Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m F∂m-sW-¶n¬ ac-W-sØ-∏‰n
a\p-jy≥ Nn¥n-t°-≠Xp Xs∂-bt√?
cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ Xmev]-cy-an-√m-bn-cp∂p
F∂p kqNn-∏n-®-t√m. ]qt°mb-X-ß-fpsS ac-
W-tijw eoKv kwÿm\ ]kn-U‚ vÿm\w
Gs‰-Sp-ØXv a\-t m-sS-bmtWm?
As∂\n°v ap∏-sØm-ºXv hb-t -bp-≈q. ap-
kvenweoKv kwÿm\ ]kn-U‚ v ÿm\w Fs∂-
s°m≠v \n¿_-‘n®v Gs‰-Sp-∏n-®-Xm-Wv. _n. hn.
A_vZp-√-tIm-bbpw kn. F®pw \n¿_-‘n-®p. C-
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
149
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
Xns‚ `mcw Btem-Nn®p Ipd®pt\cw apdn-°p-
≈n¬Ibdn IX-I-S®v Ccp∂p. Rm≥ Ic-™p-
t]m-bn.
eoKns‚ t\XrXzw hln-°p-∂Xv ]n∂oSv
_p≤n-ap-´mbn tXm∂n-bn-´pt≠m?
Hcp _p≤n-ap´pw D≠m-bn-´n-√.
apkvenweoKv ]e \n¿Wm-bI Xocp-am-\-
ßfpw X߃°p-hn-Sp-I-bmWv ]Xnhv. Ipg∏w
]nSn® C-Øcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ X߃Xs∂-bm-
tWm Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv? Fß-s\-bmWv Xo-
cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv?
_‘-s∏- -h-cp-ambn Rm≥ Btem-Nn-°m-dp-≠v.
]t£, Ah-km-\-Xo-cpam\w Ft‚Xp X-s∂-bm-
bn-cn-°pw. Fs‚ Xocp-am\w Rm≥ Xs∂-bmWv
FSp-°p-∂-Xv. Xocp-am-\-߃ s]mXpsh sX‰m-
dn√ F∂mWv F\n°p tXm∂n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. F-
∂m¬ F√mw icn-bm-bn-s°m-≈Ww F∂n-√.
F¥m-bmepw apkvenw eoKn¬ Hcp Xocp-am\w
FSp-Øm¬ AXp \S-∏m-bn-cn°pw. AXn-se-\n°p
\n¿_-‘-ap-≠v. a‰p-≈-h¿ A°m-cy-Øn¬ kl-
I-cn-°m-dp-ap-≠v.
Xßsf B¿s°-¶nepw kzm[o-\n-°m≥ Ign-
bptam?
AXX Ffp-∏-a-√. Aß-s\-sbmcp kzm[o\w
Hcmƒ°p-an√.-
kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Bflobt\Xr-Xzhpw Hcp
cm-jvSo-b-]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xr-Xzhpw H∂n-®p-h-
ln-°p-∂Xp cmjvSo-bhpw aXhpw XΩn-ep≈
Iq´n-°p-g-°¬ Bhnt√?
cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ Bflo-bX ]mSn√ F∂hmZ-
amWv Cu tNmZy Øn\v ASn-ÿm\w. Fs‚ A`n-
]m-b-Øn¬ cmjvSobw Bflobw IqSn-bm-h-Ww.
Bflo-b-X-bpsS Awi-an-√mØ cmjvSobw tami-
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
150
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
am-bn-t∏m-Ipw. ]q¿W-ambpw A[m¿an-I-am-bn-t∏m-
Ipw. DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-an-√m-Ø-Xm-bn-t∏m-Ipw. u-Xn-
Iw amXw aXn-sb∂ Nn¥-bm-Wn-t∏mƒ cmjvSo-
bsØ tami-am-°n-b-Xv.
apkvenweo-Kns‚ cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ Bflo-b-
X-°v ÿm\-apt≠m? Agn-a-Xnbpw A[m¿an-I-
Xbpw eoKn¬ Cs√∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bptam?
apkvenweo-Knepw A\m-tcmKy ]h-W-X-Iƒ
D≠m-bn- p-≠v. at‰Xp ]m¿´n-bnepwt]mse. C°m-
cy-Øn¬ eoKns\amXw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv a-‰p-
Nne e£y-߃ h®p-sIm-≠m-Wv.
a¥n, Fw.]n. F∂p XpSßn GXpÿm\hpw
hnfn-∏p-d-Øm-bn´pw X߃ IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂v
Bcpw A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ß-fn-te°v hcm-ØXv
F¥p-sIm≠v?
F√m ÿm\-ßfpw R߃Xs∂ FSp-t°≠
Bh-iy-an-√. ]m¿´n-bn¬ Ign-hp-≈-h¿ thsd-bp-
≠-t√m. a¥n ÿm\-sam∂pw R߃°v Bh-
iy-an-√.
CXn\v as‰mcphi-ap-≠v. ]m¿´n-bnse Xm-
t°m-¬ÿm\-ß-fn-se√mw X߃ IpSpw-_mw-
Kß-fmWv. bqØveoKv ]kn-U‚ v ÿm\-Øp-
t]mepw. ]m¿´n-bn¬ a‰p t\Xm-°ƒ°v, ]tXy-
In®v bphm-°ƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ]mXn-\n[yw
\¬Im-Ø-sX¥v?
]m¿´n-bnse ÿm\-ß-sfm∂pw R߃ kzta-
[bm Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-X-√. a‰p-≈-h¿ \n¿_-‘n®v
G¬∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. -ÿm-\-Øn-cn-°m-\p≈ C-„w
sIm≠√ IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Hmtcmtcm ÿm\-
Øp-≈-Xv. ]m¿´nXocp-am\w A\p-k-cn-®m-Wv.
tIm¨Kkv ssl°-am≥Upw eoKpw XΩn-
ep≈ _‘w Nne]apJ tIm¨Kkv t\Xm-
°-ƒ°p Xs∂ Akqb D≠m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
151
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
F¥mWv Cu _‘-Øns‚ clkyw?
eoKpw tIm¨K-kns‚ tIµt\Xr-Xzhpw X-
Ωn-ep≈ _‘-Øn¬ cl-ky-sam-∂p-an-√. s\lvdp-
hns‚ ImeØp XpS-ßnb ]c-ky-_-‘-am-W-Xv.
Cµn-cm-Km-‘n-bpsSImeØv AXv i‡-am-bn.
tkmWn-bm-Km‘n-bpsS ImeØv Aß-s\-Xs∂
XpS-cp-∂p.
tIµ-`-c-W-Øn¬ apkvenweoKv ]¶m-fn-
bmbXv tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp _m[y-X-bmtbm?
tIm¨K-kn-s\ F√m- Im-cy-Ønepw \ymbo-I-
cn -t°≠ A-
h-ÿ?
Aßs\ \ymbo-I-cn-t°≠ Ah-ÿ-sbm-∂p-
an-√. eoKv AXym-h-iy-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ AXns‚ A`n-
]mbw ]d-™n-´p-≠v. tIm¨K-knse ]iv\-ß-
ƒ kw_-‘n®pw AXv ]d-™n- p-≠v. Nne hn`mK-
߃ sX‰n amdn-t∏m-hp-∂Xp icn-b-s√∂pw F√m-
hcpw tbmPn-®p-\n¬°-W-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p eo-Kn-
s‚ A`n-]m-bw. Ct∏mgpw AXmWv A`n-]m-bw.
_m^Jn X߃ D≠m-°nb ap∂-Wnsb s]mfn-
°-cpXv Ft∂ Rm≥ ]d-bq. tIm¨K-knepw
Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Hmtcm AP≠ ]mSn-√. sam-
Øw \mSn-s‚bpw ]m¿´n-bp-sSbpw KpWwIqSn
t\m°-Ww.
tIm¨K-knse A®-S-°-Øns‚ Imcy-
Øn¬ eoKns‚ \ne-]mSv F¥mWv?
AsXms° tIm¨KkvXs∂ Xocp-am-\n-°-
s´. F√m-hcpw D≠m-hWw Ft∂ -R-߃°p-
≈q. Bscbpw ]pd-Øm-°-cp-Xv. A®-S°w I¿i-
\-am-°Ww F∂ \ne-]mSv D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw
ssl°-am≥Un-s\-s°m≠v AXv AwKo-I-cn-∏n-
°m≥ Ign-™n-√ F∂mWv Rm≥ a\- n-em-°n-
b-Xv. ISpØ\S-]-Sn-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°Ww F∂v ssl-
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
152
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
°-am≥Upw BK-ln-®p-sh-∂mWv AXn-\¿∞w.
F¥m-bmepw ssl°-am≥Uv Hcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-
Øm¬ eoKv AXwKo-I-cn-°pw.
Hcp ]©m-b-Øv Xnc-s™-Sp∏p IqSnhcn-I-
bm-Wv. Ign™ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ apkvenweoKpw
kn.]n.FΩpw hncp≤ ap∂-Wn-I-fn¬ Bbn-cp-
s∂-¶nepw AS-hp-\-b-a-\p-k-cn®v ]c-kv]cw k-
lm-bn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ eoKpw kn.-
]n.F-Ωpw hfsc AI¬®-bn-em-Wv. hn. Fkv.
ANyp-Xm-\-µs‚ \ne-]m-SmtWm CXn-s\ms°
Imc-Ww?
Hcm-fpsS \ne-]m-Sns\ amX-ambn Rm≥ ]cm-
a¿in-°p-∂n-√. kn.]n.FΩns\ hniz-kn-°m≥
sIm≈n√ F∂v eoKn\v t_m[y-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
AXv A\p-`hwsIm≠p ]d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. kn.]n.-
Fw. \yq\-]£ kwc-£-I-cmbn Ft∏mgpw cwK-
Øp-h-cpw. ]t£, AXn¬ Bflm¿∞-X-bn-√. A-
h¿°v Hcp AP≥U-bp-≠v. AX-h¿ \S-∏m-°pw.
Bcp IqsS-\n-∂mepw \S-∏m°pw; \n∂n-s√-¶nepw
\S-∏m-°pw.
F.sI. B‚-Wn-bpsS hnhm-Z-]-kvXm-h-\-
sbØpS¿∂p≈ eoKns‚ ]Xn-I-cWw AXn-cp-
I-S-∂-Xmbn F∂v ]n∂oSv tXm∂ntbm? AXv
tIc-f-Øn¬ kmap-Zm-bnI hn`-P-\-Øn\v hgn-
sh-®nt√?
B‚Wn Aßs\ ]d-™-Xn¬ hnjaw tXm-
∂n. eoKns‚ ]Xn-I-cWw Gsd-°psd icn-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ i‡-ambn ]Xn-I-
cn-°-Ww. B‚-Wn-bp-am-bp≈ hy‡n-_-‘-Øn\v
Ct∏mgpw Ipd-shm-∂p-an-√.
F≥.Fkv.Fkpw Fkv.F≥.-Un. -]n-bpw
tbmPn-®p≈ \o°-ß-fn¬ eoKn\v Hcp ktµ-
i-ap-≈-Xm-bn tXm∂p-∂pt≠m? CØcw Iq´m-
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
153
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
bva-Iƒ h¿§o-b-am-sW∂v]d-bmtam?
Hcp kap-Zmbw A\y-k-ap-Zm-b-ßsf tami-am-
bn NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂n-SØmWv h¿§obX ImtW-
≠-Xv. kz¥w Imcyw ]d-bp-∂Xv h¿§o-b-X-b-√.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A¿ln-°p∂ ÿm\-
߃ F√mw kwL-S-\-Iƒ°pw sImSp-°-Ww.
apkvenwIƒ lnµpkwL-S-\-I-sfbpw lnµp-°ƒ
apkvenwkwL-S-\-I-sfbpw BZ-cn-°-Ww. adn-®p-
≈ \ne-]mSv icn-b-√.
\mb¿- -Cu-gh sFIy-Øn-s‚bpw ssIkvX-
h-k-`-I-fpsS tbmPn-®p≈ \ne-]m-Sn-s‚bpw
]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ apkvenw kwL-S-\-Iƒ°n-S-
bn¬ IqSp-X¬ sFIy-Zm¿Vyw ]Xo-£n-°p-
∂pt≠m? kp-∂n, apPm-lnZv `n∂-X-Iƒ adn-I-
S-°m≥ Ign-bptam?
cmjvSo-b-ambn H∂n®p ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬
kp∂n, apPm-lnZv hyXym-k-sam∂pw ]iv\-am-In-
√. aX-hn-`mKw F∂\ne-bn¬ ]tXyI hnizm-
k-߃ D≠m-hmw. ]t£, cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ A-
sXm∂pw XS- -a-√. apkvenw eoKn¬ kp∂n-Ifpw
apPm-ln-Zp-I-fp-ap-≠-t√m. Fw. sI. lmPnbpw _m-
^-Jn-Ø-ßfpw H∂n®p ]h¿Øn-®p. Fw. kn.
kn. A_vZp- d-ln-am≥ aue-hnbpw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-
cpw apPm-lnZv t\Xm-°fmbn-cp-∂-t√m. AXp-t]m-
se koXn-lm-Pn.
Im¥-]pcw hn`m-K-Øn\v Ct∏mƒ kn.]n.
F-Ωn-t\mSv BWt√m B`n-ap-Jyw.
B cmjvSobw eoKv hncp≤w Ft∂-bp-≈q.
tIc-f-Ønse ap∂Wn `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-
Øn¬ eoKn\v Xr]vXn-bmtWm? ][m\ hIp-
∏p-I-sf√mw Ipsd-°m-e-ambn eoKv ssIhiw
h®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-¬ Imcy-amb Aa¿j-ap-≈-h-
cp-≠v.
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
154
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
B Aa¿j-sams° Akq-b- sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-
Wv. A¿l-X-bp-≈tX eoKn\p e`n-®n-´p-≈q. ap-
∂Wn kwhn-[m\w _m^-Jn-X-߃ D≠m-°n-
b-Xm-Wv. AXns\ Xf-fn-∏-d-tb≠ Imcy-an-√.
apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Ønse bmYm-ÿn-XnI Im-
gvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒam‰n Hcp \thm-∞m-\-Øn\p hgn-
sbm-cp-t°-≠Xp kmaq-lnI cmjvSob ]ÿm-
\-ß-ft√? apkvenw eoKv AXp sNøp-∂pt≠m?
kap-Zmb t\Xmhv F∂ \ne-bn¬ X߃ AXn-
\p ap≥ssI FSp-°ptam?
kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏mSv am‰m\pw hnZym-
`ym-k-]-c-ambn ]ptcm-KXn t\Sm-\pap≈ ia-߃
Rß-fpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂v D≠m-hp-∂p-≠v. skan-
\m-dp-Iƒ, tbmK-߃ Hs° kwL-Sn-∏n®v t_m[-
h¬°-cWw \S-Øp-∂p. kmwkvIm-cn-I-am-bp≈
hf¿® kaq-Zm-b-Øn\v D≠m-h-Ww. AXn\v Du-
∂¬ sImSp-°m-\p-≠v. apºv ae-_m-dn¬ ssl-
kvIqƒt]mepw Zp¿e`-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ B
\ne-sbm° amdn. eoKv Hm^o-kp-I-tfmSv tN¿∂v
hmb-\-ime ÿm]n-°Ww F∂v ]tXyIw \n-
jv°¿jn-®n- p-≠v.
tcmK-]o-U-Iƒ°pw am\-kn-I-]-iv\-߃-
°pw ]cn-lmcw tXSn Xßsf Ht -sd-t∏¿ kao-
]n-°m-dp-≠-t√m? A‘-hn-izm-k-ßsf t]m-
’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ hnizm-k-Nn-In-’-bmtWm A-
h¿°p \¬Ip-∂-Xv. AtXm bYm¿∞ a-cp-
t∂m?
Rm≥ sImSp-°p-∂Xv acp-∂m-Wv. a¥hpw
X¥-hp-sam-∂p-a-√. A‘-hn-izm-k-sa-s∂ms°
]d™v AXv hnhm-Z-am-t°-≠. bq\m-\nbpw
Bbp¿th-Zhpw tN¿∂-XmWv Fs‚ NnIn-’m-
hn-[n. AXp IpSpw-_-Øn\p ]c-º-c-bmbn In´nb
Adn-hm-Wv. Rm≥ Ht´sd ]pkvX-I-߃ hmbn®p
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
155
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-ap-≠v.
]mW-°mSv sImS-∏-\-°¬ Xd-hm-´n¬ Znh-k-
hpw FØp∂ FXtbm t]¿°mWv inlm_v
X߃ km¥z-\-a-cp-fp-∂-Xv.
hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw ssI∏p-Wy-Øn-s‚bpw
Huj-[-kv]¿iw Adn-™-h-cn¬ kmlnXy A-
°m-Zan ]kn-U‚ v bqk-^en tIt®-cn-bp-ap-≠v.
At±lw Hcp A\p-`hw Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-cn-°p∂p:
Rm\pw Fs‚ ]Xv\n IZo-Pbpw IqSn ]mW-
°m vsN∂v At±-lsØ I≠Xv Hm¿°p-∂p. Hcp
hnj-a-L- sØ XcWw sNøp-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv
R߃ At±-lsØ ]mW-°mSv sN∂p I≠-
Xv. Rm\pw Fs‚ ]Xv\nbpw R߃°p-th≠n
A√m-lp-hn-t\mSv ]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v At±-l-
tØmSv At]-£n-®p. Rß-fpsS C∂sØ ]bm-
k-߃ C√m-Xm-°n-Ø-cp-hm≥ ]tXy-In®v A√m-
lp-hn-t\mSv ZpB sNø-W-sa∂pw R߃ At]-
£n-®p. DS-s\-Øs∂ B alm≥ c≠pssIIfpw
Db¿Øn-s°m≠p Ad-_n-bn¬ Hcp ]m¿-∞-\-
sNm√n. F∂n v Rßsf Im∏n°v £Wn-®p. he-
XpssI Db¿Øn Fs‚ Npa-en¬ Xtem-Sn-s°m-
≠v kvt\l-tØmsS X߃ ]d™p: Xm¶ƒ
t]mbvs°m-≈q. A√mlp c£n-°pw. R߃
Xncn®pt]m∂p. t]mcp-tºmƒ Fs‚ ]Xv\n IZo-
P \qdp-cq-]-bpsS ]Øpt\m´p-Iƒ Xß-fpsS ssI-
bn¬ ka¿∏n-®p. H´pw aSn-°msX At±lw B
Id≥kn-Iƒ ssIbn-se-SpØv IZo-PsbXs∂ Xn-
cn-t®¬∏n®p-sIm≠p ]d-™p: tamtf, F\n-°n-
sXm∂pw th≠, \n߃ kam-[m-\-tØmsS t]m-
bvt°m-fq. Xncn®v R߃ tIt®-cn-bn-se Rß-
fpsS hk-Xn-bn-se-Øn. GXm\pw Znh-k-߃
Ign-™-t∏m-tg°pw Rßsf _m[n® hnj-a-L-
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
156
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
´w Rß-fn¬\n∂v AI∂pIgn-™n-cp∂p F∂
kt¥m-j- h¿Ø-am\w R߃°p In´n.''
Znhy-amb Cu kn≤n At±-l-Øn\p ssIh-
∂Xv \nc-¥-c-amb km[p-P-\-tk-h\w H-∂p-sIm-
≠p amX-am-sW∂v Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂p.
A\nkvemanIw F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂ ]e-
Xn-s\bpw cmjvSo-b-]m¿´n-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ap-
kv-enweo-Kn\v \ymbo-I-cn-t°≠n hcnt√? DZm-
l-c-W-Øn\v ]eni ]mSn√ F∂ XXzw. AXp
ew-Ln-°-s∏-Sp-I-bt√?
Nne hn´p-ho-gvN-Iƒ°v \Ωƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-
cm-hpw F∂Xv icn-bmWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcm-
ƒ Hcp ]pXnb Im¿ hmßp-∂p. apgp-h≥ ]Whpw
sImSp-Øm-bn-cn-°n-√ AXp hmßp-∂-Xv. AXn\v
Hcp t_¶v hmbv]- th≠nhcmw. AXp tcJ-I-fn-
¬ Imt´≠nhcpw. hmbv]-bm-hp-tºmƒ ]en-ibpw
D≠mhpw. Cßs\ Nne ]mtbmKnI ]iv\-ß-
fp-≠v.
Fß-s\bpw ]W-ap-≠m-°Ww F∂ I®-
hS-Xmev]-cy-Øn¬ apkvenw kap-Zmbw ]n∂n-
em-sW-∂p ]d-bm≥ Ign-bptam?
]W-tØm-Sp≈ B¿Øn IqSn-h-cn-I-bm-sW-
∂Xv icn-bm-Wv. AXp-]t£, GsX-¶nepw Hcp
kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-b-√. temI-Øns‚
s]mXpHgp°v B coXn-bn-em-Wv. apkvenw kap-
Zm-bsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw I®-hSwsNbvXv
em -ap-≠m-°p-∂Xv \njn-≤-amb Imcy-a-√. dkq¬
(]-hm-N-I≥) sNbvX sXmgn-emWv I®-h-Sw. ]en-
itb \njn-≤-am-bn-´p-≈q. [\-k-ºm-Z\w Hcp
sX‰mbn ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√. ]W-Øn-\mbn ]Ww
D≠m-°-cpXv F∂p ]d-bmw. IrXy-ambn Hcp hn-
lnXw k°mØp sImSp-°pI F∂ ISa Hm¿a-
s∏-Sp-Ømw. ]t£, I®-hSw sNø-cp-sX-t∂m, em -
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
157
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
ap-≠m-°-cp-sXt∂m Hcp kap-Zm-b-t\-Xm-hn\pw
]d-bm≥Ign-bn-√.
_m_dnakvPnZv XI¿°-s∏´ Znh-k-ap-≠m-
b hnImcw? A∂v Dd-ßm≥ Ignt™m?
\ΩpsS mK-Øp-\n∂v ]tIm-]-\-]-c-amb \S-
]-Sn-Iƒ H∂pw D≠m-hm-Xn-cn-°m-\mWv A∂v i-
≤n-®-Xv. Aº-e-ß-fpsS aXn-en¬ t]mepw Bcpw
sXmScpXv F∂v kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-tfmSv Rm≥
A`y¿∞n-®p ]kvXm-h-\-bnd-°n. Hcp Ipg-∏-hp-
ap-≠m-bn-√.
A_vZp¬ \mk¿ aA-Z\n-tbm-Sp≈ eoKns‚
\ne-]m-Sn¬ Imcy-amb am‰w ImWm-\p-≠-t√m.
a-A-Z\n-bp-ambn `mhn-bn¬ H∂n®v ]h¿Øn-
°m-≥ km[y-X-bpt≠m?
aA-Z\n-tbmSv am\p-jnI ]cn-K-W\ Im´Ww
F∂p]d-bp-∂Xv eoKns‚ \ne-]m-Sn¬ h∂ am‰-
a-√. aAZ\n eoKns\ FXn¿°p-∂-bm-fm-Wv.
At±-l-tØm-Sp≈ cmjvSob \ne-]m-Sn¬ Hcp
am‰-hp-an-√. At±-l-Øns‚ Pbn¬tamN-\-Øns‚
Imcy-amsW-¶n¬ AXp Xan-gv\mSv k¿°mcpw
tImS-Xnbpw Xocp-am-\n-t°≠ ImcyamWv.
`mjm-t]m-jnWn hm¿jn-I-]-Xn∏v 2005
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
158
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
P\m-[n-]-Xy-tN-cn-bpsS i‡n-tkm-X v]n.-sI. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
]mW-°mSv kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xß-fp-ambn Rm≥ BZy-
ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂Xv apkvenw eoKpw kn.-]n.-sF.bpw Hcp-an®v tIcfw
`cn-®n-cp∂ Ime-Øm-Wv. sFIy-ap-∂-Wn-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬
apkvenw eoKn\v ][m-\-s∏´ ]¶p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kønZv A–p-d-ln-
am≥ _m^Jn Xßfpw Npcp-ßnb Imew ]mW-°mSv ]qt°mb
Xßfpw At±-l-Øns‚ \ncym-W-tijw inlm_v Xß-fp-sams°
sFIy-ap-∂Wn `c-WsØ apt∂m´p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\v \n¿Æm-
b-I-amb ]¶p-h-ln-®n- p-≠v. ]qt°mb Xß-fpsS ac-W-tijw eoKns‚
t\Xr-ÿm-\Øp inlm_v X߃ h∂p. Rm\∂v sFIy-ap-∂-Wn-
bpsS tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t\-j≥ IΩ-‰n-bn¬ AwK-am-Wv. Aß-s\-bmWv
inlm_v Xß-fp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
sFIy-ap-∂-Wn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-߃ N¿® sNøm≥ ae-
∏p-dØv ]mW-°m-Sp≈ Xß-fpsS hk-Xn-bn¬ Rm≥ t]mbn-´p-≠v.
A∂v inlm_v X߃ sNdp-∏-am-Wv. F¶nepw ]Iz-X-bm¿∂ s]cp-
am‰w, CcpØw hs∂mcp t\Xm-hns‚ ]Xn-Om-b-bmWv F∂n¬ Df-
hm-°n-b-Xv. Bh-iy-Øn\p amXw kwkm-cn-°p∂ ]Ir-Xw. hfsc
hn\-b-]q¿∆-amb CS-s]-S¬. kvt\lw \nd™ hy‡n-sb∂v ]Xy-
£-Øn¬Øs∂ B¿°pw tXm∂pw. inlm_v Xß-sf-°p-dn®v A°m-
e-Øp-Xs∂ F∂n¬ aXn-∏p-f-hm-°nb Imcy-ß-fm-Wn-sX-√mw.
]n∂oSv cm„o-b-ambn R߃ hgn-]n-cn-™p. R߃ CS-Xp-]£
ap∂-Wn-bpsS cq]o-I-c-Whpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn apt∂m-´p-t]m-bn.
apkvenw-eoKv as‰mcp hgn-°pw. AXn-\p-ti-j-am-hs´ apkvenw eoKv
159
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
bp.-Un.-F-^nse ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp LS-I-I-£n-bm-hp-Ibpw AXns‚
t\Xr-ÿm-\-Øp-Xs∂ ][m\ ]¶p-h-ln-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
\ΩpsS C∂sØ hn[n-\n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]iv\w h¿§ob ^mkn-
k-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. atX-Xc C¥y°v \nc-¥c oj-Wn-bmbn
h¿Øn-°p∂ kwLv]-cnhmdns\-°p-dn®v ]s£ P\-߃ th≠X
a\- n-em-°n-bn-´pt≠m F∂ Imcyw kwi-b-am-Wv. h¿§o-bX B]¬-
°-c-am-Wv. kwLv]-cn-hm¿ ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ h¿§obX cmPy-
Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n-s\-Øs∂ tNmZyw sNøp∂ Xc-Øn-em-Wv.
ln‰vedpw aptkm-fn-\n-bp-sams° ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXn-cp∂ h¿§o-
b-Xsb ]c-ky-ambn _lp-am-\n-°p-hm≥t]mepw kwLv]-cn-hm¿ aSn-
°p-∂n-√.
hfsc Bkq-Xn-X-ambn ]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ kwLv]-cn-hm-
dns\ t\cn-Sp-hm\pw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw hn]p-
e-amb atX-X-c-i-‡n-I-fpsS sFIy-\nc Bh-iy-am-Wv. C¥y-bnse
aX-\yq-\-]-£-߃°pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-ÿm-\-߃°pw C°m-cy-
Øn¬ ][m\ tdmfp-≠v. B ]¶v hln-t°-≠-sX-ßn-s\-sb∂v Ah¿
Kuc-h-ambn Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Hcp h¿§o-b-Xsb as‰mcp h¿§o-
bX sIm≠v ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\m-hn-√. h¿§o-b-X-bpsS hf¿®-bm-bn-
cn°pw ^ew. aX-\yq-\-]-£-߃ atX-Xc P\m-[n-]-Xy-i-‡n-I-fp-
ambn Hcp-an®v t]mcm-´-Øn\p i‡n-]-I-tc-≠-Xp-≠v.
lnµp-aX hnizm-kn-I-sf√mw B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv A\p-`m-hn-I-f-√.
C¥y-bpsS ss]Xr-Ihpw ]mc-º-cy-hp-sams° kmam-PyXz hncp≤
ka-c-ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. PmXn- aX t`Z Nn¥-Iƒ°-Xo-X-ambn
Km\v[n-Pn-sb-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬Inb kmam-PyXz hncp≤
ka-c-߃ lnµp-°ƒ F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ C¥y-°m¿ F∂ hnIm-c-am-
Wv Ahsc Hcp-an-∏n®p \n¿Øn-b-Xv. AXmWv C¥y-bpsS ]mc-º-
cyw. h¿§o-b-X-bpsS Nq≠-bn¬ Hcp sNdnb hn`m-KsØ tIm¿sØ-
Sp-°m≥ Ign™p F∂-√msX hen-sbmcp iX-am\w lnµp-°-sfbpw
Iøn-se-Sp-°m≥ ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ°m-bn-´n-√.
hfsc PmK-X-tbmsS kwLv]-cn-hm¿ AS-°-ap≈ h¿§o-b-i-‡n-
Iƒs°-Xnsc \nc-¥-c-amb Bi-k-b-k-a-c-߃ \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. B
ImgvN-∏m-tSm-sS-bm-bn-cn-°Ww aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßsf ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-
°p∂ kwL-S-\-Iƒ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. ^mkn-Ãp-i-
‡n-Iƒs°-Xnsc hnim-e-amb atX-X-c-]-ÿm\w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
tIc-f-Øns‚ ]tXyI cm„ob kml-N-cy-Øn¬ c≠p-ap-∂-Wn-
Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒØs∂ A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-ƒ \ne-\n¿Øn-
160
aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw
s°m≠p Xs∂ tbmPn-°m-hp∂ taJ-e-I-fn-sems° tbmPn-®p-sIm≠v
CS-Xp-]£ ]ÿm-\-ßfpw aX-\yq-\-]-£ß-fp-sams° tbmPn-®p-
\n¬tI≠-Xp-≠v.
B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. BI-a-W-߃ hf-sc-tbsd i‡n-s∏-´p-h-cn-I-
bm-Wv. CXn-s\-Xnsc \yq\-]-£-߃ AtX \mW-b-Øn¬ Xncn-®-Sn-
°p-∂-Xm-hs´ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn KpWw sNøp-I-bn-√. tIc-f-Ønepw
sNdn-b-tXm-Xn-em-sW-¶nepw apkvenw hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Xoh-hmZw i‡n-
s∏-´p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. AØcw ]ÿm-\-߃ apkvenw eoKn\pw sh√p-hn-
fn-bm-sW-∂-Xm-Wv bmYm¿∞yw. apkvenw eoKv Xoh-hmZ \ne-]m-Sp-
Iƒ kzoI-cn-®n-´n-s√-∂-Xns‚ G‰hpw henb sXfnhv Atbm-≤ym-]-
iv\-Øn¬ eoKv kzoI-cn® \ne-]m-Sp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. sshIm-cn-I-amb
aplq¿Ø-߃ Gsd-bp-≠m-bn-´p-t]mepw XnI®pw ka-Nn-Ø-X-tbm-
sS-bmWv inlm_v X߃ Cu ]iv\sØ t\cn-´-Xv. hfsc ]Iz-
amb Hcp t\Xr-Xz-Øn\p amXta CXp km[y-am-Iq. tIc-f-cm-jvSo-
b-Øn¬ Cu \ne-]m-Sm-hs´ \n¿Æm-b-I--hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F≥.-Un.-F-^v-
-]n.-Un.]n t]mep≈ kwL-S-\-Iƒ kzoI-cn® \ne-]m-Sm-bn-cp∂p C°m-
cy-Øn¬ apkvenw eoKv kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv F¶n¬ tIcf cm„obw
Xs∂ IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v Imivao¿ t\cn-Sp-∂-
Xp-t]m-ep≈ `oIcamb Hc-h-ÿ-bn-te-°p-t]mepw Hcp-]s£ AXv
\oßn-t∏m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.
tIc-f-cm-„o-b-Øn¬ s]mXp-hnepw \yq\-]-£-߃°n-S-bn¬
]tXy-In®pw kzm[o-\-ap≈ apkvenw eoKv Xoh-hm-Z-Øn-s\-Xnsc i-
‡-amb t]mcm-´-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw mkn-Ãp-i-‡n-Iƒs°-Xnsc
atX-X-c-Iq- mbva F∂ Bibw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-ep-sams° ap≥ssI
FSp-Øn-´p≈ Imcyw it≤-b-am-Wv. inlm_v Xß-fpsS t\Xr-]m-
Shw C°m-cy-Øn¬ apkvenw-eo-Kns\ kzm[o-\n-®n- p-≠m-Ip-sa∂v Rm≥
a\- n-em-°p-∂p.
Hcp cm„ob t\Xmhv F∂-Xn-ep-]cn kmaq-ly-˛-km-kvIm-cn-I-˛-a-
X-cw-K-ß-fnepw tkh\ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-ep-sams° ]tim-`n-®p-\n¬-
°p∂ inlm_v Xßsf Hcp tIhe cm„o-b-°m-c-\mbn ImWm≥
Rm\m-K-ln-°p-∂n-√.
(2001¬ Fgp-Xn-b-Xv)